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"ABSTRAKMinyak alga Botryococcus braunii merupakan sumber energi terbarukan. Kandungan minyak pada alga ini mencapai 75% biomassa keringnya. Kondisi pengekstrakan yang optimal dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan minyak yang maksimal. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengekstrakan minyak alga ini dengan metode sonikasi. Pelarut yang dicoba adalah air, n-hexane, methanol dan alkohol. Sedangkan, frekuensi sonikasi yang dipakai adalah + 40 kHz. Waktu sonikasi divariasikan pada saat proses ekstraksi, yaitu 15, 30 dan 45 menit. Hasilnya, pelarut yang bisa menghasilkan minyak adalah n-hexane, methanol dan alkohol. Minyak yang dihasilkan n-hexane sebesar 3%. Sedangkan dengan methanol, minyak yang didapatkan sebesar 21.25%. Untuk variasi waktu sonikasi 15, 30 dan 45 menit dengan pelarut methanol, minyak yang didapatkan adalah 21.25%, 13.75% dan 7.5%.

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ABSTRACTOil from the Botryococcus braunii algae is a renewable energy source. Oil content in this algae can reach 75% of its dry biomass. Optimal extraction conditions are required in order to obtain the maximum oil content. Research on algae oil extraction using sonication is done using distilled water, n-hexane, methanol and alcohol as solvents. Meanwhile, the sonication frequency used is + 40 kHz. Sonication time is varied during the extraction process, with 15-, 30-, and 45- minute intervals used. The results find that the solvents that can produce algae oil are n-hexane, methanol and alcohol. Oil yielded by the n-hexane solvent amounts to 3%. While with methanol, the amount of oil obtained is 21.25%. For sonication time variation with methanol solvent, the amount of oil obtained using 15-, 30-, and 45-minute intervals are 21.25%, 13.75% and 7.5% respectively"

"[ABSTRAKDi beberapa negara, perkembangan bioteknologi telah meluncurkan produk pangan yang dikenal dengan makanan kesehatan. Dimana mikroalga saat ini dapat dijual dalam bentuk kapsul atau di dalam makanan seperti aneka minuman dan pasta yang telah menunjukkan khasiat pengobatan dalam perlakuan kondisi seperti hiperkolesterolemia dan aterosklerosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar protein pada mikroalga Botryococcus braunii dengan variasi spektrum cahaya tampak dengan metode Biuret. Hasil kadar protein untuk variasi spektrum cahaya tampak adalah dengan cahaya langsung 17,60 % , pemberian cahaya merah 13,48 % dan pemberian cahaya biru 11,82 %. Asam amino tertinggi yang dimiliki B.braunii baik sampel A, sampel B dan sampel C adalah Leusin/Leucine untuk asam amino esensial dan Alanin/Alanine untuk asam amino non esensial. Pada penelitian ini juga dapat didapatkan metode nilai kapasitansi lebih relevan dibandingkan metode absorbansi untuk melihat pertumbuhan mikroalga B. braunii.ABSTRACTIn some countries, the development of biotechnology has launched a food product known as health food. Now microalgae can be sold in capsule or in foods such as drinks and pasta that has shown efficacy in the treatment of treatment of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. This study aims to determine levels of protein in microalgae Botryococcus braunii with variations in the visible light spectrum with Biuret method. Results for the protein content of the visible light spectrum variation is 17.60% for direct light, 13.48% for giving the red light and 11.82% for blue light giving. The highest amino acid B.braunii owned both the sample A, sample B and sample C is Leucine for amino acids essential and Alanine for non-essential amino acids. In this study, can also be obtained capacitance value method is more relevant than the absorbance method to see the growth of microalgae B. braunii.;In some countries, the development of biotechnology has launched a food product known as health food. Now microalgae can be sold in capsule or in foods such as drinks and pasta that has shown efficacy in the treatment of treatment of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. This study aims to determine levels of protein in microalgae Botryococcus braunii with variations in the visible light spectrum with Biuret method. Results for the protein content of the visible light spectrum variation is 17.60% for direct light, 13.48% for giving the red light and 11.82% for blue light giving. The highest amino acid B.braunii owned both the sample A, sample B and sample C is Leucine for amino acids essential and Alanine for non-essential amino acids. In this study, can also be obtained capacitance value method is more relevant than the absorbance method to see the growth of microalgae B. braunii., In some countries, the development of biotechnology has launched a food product known as health food. Now microalgae can be sold in capsule or in foods such as drinks and pasta that has shown efficacy in the treatment of treatment of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. This study aims to determine levels of protein in microalgae Botryococcus braunii with variations in the visible light spectrum with Biuret method. Results for the protein content of the visible light spectrum variation is 17.60% for direct light, 13.48% for giving the red light and 11.82% for blue light giving. The highest amino acid B.braunii owned both the sample A, sample B and sample C is Leucine for amino acids essential and Alanine for non-essential amino acids. In this study, can also be obtained capacitance value method is more relevant than the absorbance method to see the growth of microalgae B. braunii.]"

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sonikasi dengan media air terhadap serbuk timbal sebagai material aktif elektroda positif (PAM) dan hubunganya terhadap kapasitas baterai lead acid. Serbuk timbal yang dipakai merupakan standar pabrik yang di produksi dengan metode ball mill (Shimadzu). Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi kemudian dianalisa dengan Partikel Size Analizer (PSA), X-ray diffraction ( XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS dan Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Aglomerasi serbuk timbal terjadi pada awal proses sonikasi. Telah didapat serbuk timbal dengan ukuran nano (92 nm) pada sonikasi 600 menit. Serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi digunakan sebagai elektroda positif yang dipasangkan dengan elektroda negarif dari standar pabrik. Kapasitas mula yang dihasilkan ternyata lebih kecil dari kapasitas standar pabrik hal ini karena hilangnya komponen free lead pada serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi. Semakin kecil free lead yang terkandung dalam serbuk timbal hasil sonikasi dengan media air, PAM secara mekanik tidak stabil, proses formasi sulit dan kapasitas baterai yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Ditemukan pula bahwa semakin besar ukuran partikel serbuk timbal sebagai bahan material aktif positif maka umur pakai baterai semakin baik.

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ABSTRACTOur goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It?s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better;Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better, Our goal in this research was to determine the effect of sonication leady oxide with distilled water as positive active material (PAM) and relation to the lead acid batteries capacity. Industrial product leady oxide (ball mill method) was used as raw material in this research. The prepared leady oxide was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), GSAS, SEM/EDS and Gravimetric Free Lead Test. Agglomeration occurs at the beginning of sonication. Been obtained the nanostructure leady oxide with particle size 92 nm at 600 minutes sonication. It’s sonication results are used as positive electrode which coupled with industrial negatives plates. The resulting initial capacity is smaller than Industrial product because loss of free lead components on leady oxide sonication results. The lack of free lead components in leady oxide as a result of water solvent sonication, cause PAM is mechanically unstable and difficult to form, and hence the plates have lower capacity. It was also obtained that larger particle size of leady-oxide , the life cycle of the battery is getting better]"

"Propolis dikenal akan kandungan senyawa aktif berupa Flavonoid yang menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antitumor. Namun, senyawa aktif tersebut memiliki stabilitas dan ketersediaan hayati terbatas yang mempengaruhi efek terapeutiknya. Maka, dilakukan enkapsulasi ekstrak propolis ke dalam liposom untuk mempertahankan karakteristik fungsionalnya. Enkapsulasi propolis ke dalam liposom dilakukan melalui thin film hydration, freeze thaw dan sonikasi. Sonikasi dilakukan untuk meratakan dan memperkecil ukuran liposom hingga diperoleh karakteristik yang ideal untuk meningkatkan kemampuan persebaran obat di dalam tubuh. Pada penelitian ini, diberikan variasi terhadap durasi sonikasi yang beragam dari 20, 30, hingga 40 menit untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik liposom. Setiap variasi sampel tersebut akan melalui pengujian efisiensi enkapsulasi berbasis kandungan flavonoid, penentuan karakteristik liposom menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), serta pengujian gugus fungsi menggunakan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Melalui uji ANOVA, diperoleh pengaruh yang signifikan antara durasi sonikasi terhadap efisiensi enkapsulasi dan karakteristik liposom. Jika dibandingkan, sampel C2 yang melalui sonikasi 30 menit memiliki karakteristik liposom yang terbaik, dimana ukuran partikel dan indeks polidispersitasnya masing-masing sebesar 115,667 ± 3,800 nm dan 0,309 ± 0,059. Sampel ini juga menunjukkan efisiensi enkapsulasi yang tinggi, yaitu mencapai 97,887 ± 0,025%.

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Propolis is known for its active compounds in the form of Flavonoids which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, these active compounds have limited stability and bioavailability which affect their therapeutic effect. Thus, encapsulation of propolis extract into liposomes was carried out to maintain its functional characteristics. Propolis encapsulation into liposomes was carried out through thin film hydration, freeze thaw and sonication. Sonication was carried out to reduce and homogenize the size of the liposomes in order to improve drug delivery. In this study, various sonication durations were varied from 20, 30, and 40 minutes to determine the effect on liposome characteristics.  Each variation of the sample will be tested for encapsulation efficiency based on total flavonoids, determination of liposome characteristics using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and functional group testing using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Through the ANOVA test, a significant effect was obtained between sonication duration on encapsulation efficiency and liposome characteristics. The C2 sample that was sonicated for 30 minutes had the best liposome characteristics, where the particle size and polydispersity index were 115.667 ± 3.800 nm and 0.309 ± 0.059, respectively. This sample also showed high encapsulation efficiency, which reached 97.887 ± 0.025%."

"Liposom sebagai sistem penghantaran obat yang baik pelu menjaga kestabilan ukurannya. Metode pengecilan ukuran liposom yang umum digunakan adalah ekstrusi dan sonikasi. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan pengecilan ukuran dengan metode ekstrusi bertingkat dengan melewatkan suspensi liposom melalui membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm sebanyak satu siklus, dilanjutkan dengan melewatkan suspensi liposom melalui membran polikarbonat 0,22 μm sebanyak 3,6, dan 9 siklus dan metode sonikasi selama 10, 20 dan 30 menit. Setelah dievaluasi distribusi ukuran liposom dan efisiensi penjerapan liposom, diperoleh liposom hasil ekstrusi 6 siklus dan sonikasi 10 menit mempunyai hasil yang terbaik yang kemudian digunakan dalam formulasi gel. Setelah diformulasi ke dalam gel, gel yang mengandung liposom hasil ekstrusi 6 siklus mengalami peningkatan ukuran sebesar 7,71 kali dan gel yang mengandung liposom hasil sonikasi selama 10 menit mengalami peningkatan ukuran sebesar 12,18 kali. Hal ini memperlihatkan bahwa gel yang mengandung liposom hasil ekstrusi menunjukkan hasil pengecilan yang lebih baik dibandingkan gel yang mengandung liposom hasil sonikasi.

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Liposome as a good drug delivery system need to maintain a stable size. Liposome size reduction method that mostly use is extruction and sonication. The aimed of this research is to compare size reduction method using two step of extruction by extruded liposome suspension through 0,45 μm polycarbonate membrane 1 cycle and then extruded it through 0,22 μm polycarbonate membrane 3, 6, and 9 cycles and sonication method for 10, 20, and 30 minutes.

Result showed that liposome after 6 cycles extruction and 10 minutes sonication showing the best evaluation for size distribution and entrapment efficiency. These liposome was also being proceed for gel formulation. Size distribution evaluation in gel showed that liposome size after 6 cycles of extruction has increased by 7,71 times and liposome size after 10 minutes sonication has increased by 12,18 times. Gel contained liposome after extruction had a better size reduction than gel contained liposome after sonication."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian alga cokelat (Sargassum) dalam ransum terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan ikan nila srikandi (Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus) yang dipelihara dengan sistem akuaponik. Terdapat 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. P0 yang diberi pakan tanpa campuran Sargassum, kelompok P1 yang diberi pakan dengan campuran Sargassum 2%, kelompok P2 yang diberi pakan dengan campuran Sargassum 4%, dan kelompok P3 yang diberi pakan dengan campuran Sargassum 6%. Hasil uji anava satu faktor (P > 0,05) menunjukkan tidak adanya pengaruh nyata pemberian Sargassum terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan pada semua kelompok perlakuan.

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The research was done to observe the effect of brown algae (Sargassum) in the ration on the growth and survival of Srikandi tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus) were maintained aquaponics system. There are 4 treatments and 3 replication. P0 mixture fed without Sargassum, P1 group fed with a mixture of 2% Sargassum, P2 group fed with a mixture of Sargassum 4%, and the P3 group fed with Sargassum mixture of 6%. The feed is given three times daily for 8 weeks. The result anova test (P > 0.05) showed no significant effect on the survival and provision of Sargassum growth in all treatment groups."

"Algae are a promising source of biofuel but claims about their lipid content can be ambiguous because extraction methods vary and lipid quantitation often does not distinguish between particular lipid classes. One of algae types that meet this condition is Nannochloropsis sp."

"Studi avval pemanfaatan alga hijau sebagai biosorben ion Iogam PbCu” dan Co” telah dilakukan ciengan memakai metode batch, identifikasidengan FT-IR dan Kuantifikasi dengan SSA (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom).Perbedaan konsentrasi ion Iogam mula-mula (C) ciengan konsentrasi sebelumdan sesudah perlakuan merupakan jumlah ion Iogam yang terserap (Cb).Optimasi kondisi biosorpsi biomassa alga hijau dilakukan dengan memvariasikanpH, vvaktu kontak, jumlah biomassa dan konsentrasi. Kemudian uji selektifitasIogam dilakukan dengan mengkombinasikan ion Iogam Pb, Cu dan Co dalamerlenmeyer dan dikontakkan dengan 100 mg biomassa alga hijau, sedangkanuntuk recovery dilakukan dengan cara biomassa alga hijau yang telah menyerapIogam dikontakkan dengan 25 mL asam nitrat. pH optimum biosorpsi alga hijauterhadap masing-masing ion Iogam Pb2+, Cu” dan Co” berturut-turut adalah 7,6 dan 6. \/\/aktu kontak optimum diperoleh pacia vvaktu 60 menit. Jumlahbiomassa optimum adalah pada100 mg sedangkan konsentrasi awal ion Iogamadalah 50 mg/L untuk masing-masing Iogam Pb, Cu dan Co. Hasil uji recoveryion Iogam Pb2+, Cu” dan Co” berturut-turut sebesar 75,83 %, 69,30 % dan78,49 %. Perhitungan dengan persamaan Iangmuir diperoleh kapasitas serapanmaksimum biomassa alga hijau untuk masing-masing ion Iogam Pb, Cu dan Coberturut-turut 1 0.4596 mmoL, 0.0533 mmoL, dan 0.0266 mmoL per grambiomassa alga hijau."

"Kultivasi alga selain dapat mereduksi CO2, juga menghasilkan produk biomassa yang bermanfaat. Dalam memproduksi biomassa Chlorella di dalam suatu fotobioreaktor, dibutuhkan parameter hidrodinamika yang benar agar didapat hasil biomassa yang optimal. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemodelan dan simulasi fotobioreaktor kolom gelembung untuk kultivasi alga Chlorella. Pola aliran untuk fasa gas dan fasa cair dimodelkan dengan menggunakan konsep dispersi dengan mempertimbangkan konveksi, difusi, lapisan batas dan laju perpindahan massa antarfasa.Simulai menggunakan program dilakukan guna mengetahui pengaruh dari parameter hidrodinamika terhadap konsentrasi alga. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi reaktor kolom gelembung mengakibatkan turunya hold up fasa gas dan kenaikan koefisien perpindahan massa. Berbeda dengan laju superfisial gas umpan, semakin besar laju superfisial gas umpan hold up fasa gas meningkat dan terjadi penurunan koefisien perpindahan massa.

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Cultivation of algae in addition to reducing CO2, biomass also produces useful products. In producing Chlorella biomass in a photobioreactor, the correct hydrodynamic parameters required in order to obtain optimal biomass yield. This research is modeling and simulating a bubble column photobioreactor for the cultivation of algae Chlorella. Flow regim for gas phase and liquid phase are modeled by using the concept of dispersion taking into account convection, diffusion, boundary layer and mass transfer rate.

Simulations using program was conducted to determine the effect of hydrodynamic parameters on the concentration of algae. Simulation results show that the higher the resulting bubble column reactor hold downs and rise up the gas phase mass transfer coefficient. Unlike the superficial gas feed rate, where the greater the rate of superficial feed gas hold up increased gas phase and a decrease in the mass transfer coefficient. "

"Alga coklat (S. polycystum) yang diekstraksi dengan berbagai macam pelarut diketahui memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik pada sel kanker kolon HCT-116. Nilai IC-50 paling baik ditunjukkan pada alga coklat (S. polycystum) yang diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek ekstrak alga coklat (S. polycystum) dalam menghambat kolitis terkait kanker kolon secara in vivo. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit jantan galur Balb/C dibagi acak dalam 5 kelompok yaitu normal, negatif, dosis 1 (18 mg/kgBB), dosis 2 (90 mg/kgBB), dosis 3 (450 mg/kgBB). Hewan model dibuat dengan mengadministrasikan Dekstran Sodium Sulfat (DSS) selama 24 hari secara berturut-turut dengan konsentrasi 2% selama 7 hari, konsentrasi 1% selama 10 hari, dan konsentrasi 2% selama 7 hari. Pemberian ekstrak alga coklat (S. polycystum) diberikan pada hari ke-8 berlanjut hingga 14 hari setelah induksi. Selama penelitian berlangsung dilakukan pengukuran berat badan hewan, kemampuan bertahan hidup, dan penilaian Disease Activity Index (DAI). Setelah pengorbanan hewan dilakukan isolasi kolon untuk mengukur panjang, berat kolon, kerusakan jaringan, jumlah sel goblet dengan metode histopatologi kolon serta analisis ekspresi Caspase-3 pada jaringan kolon menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak alga coklat (S. polycystum) pada dosis 1 (18 mg/kgBB), menunjukkan perbaikan kerusakan jaringan kolon paling optimal dan memiliki konsentrasi Caspase-3 paling tinggi dibandingkan kelompok dosis lainnya.

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Brown algae (S. polycystum) extracted with various solvents is known to have cytotoxic activity on HCT-116 colon cancer cells. IC-50 value is best shown in brown algae (S. polycystum) extracted using ethyl acetate solvent. This study aims to prove the effect of brown algae extract (S. polycystum) in inhibiting colitis associated with colon cancer in vivo. Thirty male mice Balb/C strain were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal, negative, dose 1 (18 mg/kgBB), dose 2 (90 mg/kgBB), dose 3 (450 mg/kgBB). Animal models were made by administering Dextran Sodium Sulphate (DSS) for 24 consecutive days with a concentration of 2% for 7 days, 1% concentration for 10 days, and 2% concentration for 7 days. Brown algae extract (S. polycystum) was given on the 8th day and continued until 14 days after induction. During the study, animal body weight, survival ability, and Disease Activity Index (DAI) were measured. After animal sacrifice, colon isolation was carried out to measure the length, weight of the colon, tissue damage, number of goblet cells using the colon histopathology method and analysis of Caspase-3 expression in colon tissue using the ELISA method. The results showed that brown algae extract (S. polycystum) at dose 1 (1.8 mg/kg BW) showed the most optimal colonic damage improvement and had the highest concentration of Caspase-3 compared to the other dose groups."