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"[Dari tahun ke tahun, terdapat kecenderungan peningkatan prevalensi kasus penyakit demam tifoid yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi. Telah banyak dilaporkan hasil penelitian mengenai aktivitas antibiotik untuk menangani infeksi S. typhi yang sudah tidak sensitif. Oleh karena itu diperlukan tatalaksana alternatif untuk infeksi S. typhi. Di berbagai negara, Nigella sativa Linn. dipercaya oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. sebagai antibakteri Salmonella typhi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia dengan desain eksperimental secara in vitro pada agar nutrisi menggunakan metode difusi cara sumuran. Nigella sativa Linn. diuji potensinya sebagai antibakteri dalam bentuk ekstrak dengan pelarut metanol pada konsentrasi 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, dan 62,5 mg/mL sebanyak empat kali pengulangan, serta diukur dalam bentuk zona hambat yang dibandingkan dengan larutan antibiotik siproflokasasin konsentrasi 5 μg/mL sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. tidak berpotensi sebagai antibakteri Salmonella typhi., There is a trend of increasing prevalence of typhoid fever cases caused by Salmonella typhi. It has been widely reported, some research results on the activity of antibiotics to deal with S. typhi infections that are not sensitive. Therefore, we need an alternative for the treatment of S. typhi infection. In many countries, Nigella sativa Linn. is trusted by the community to treat various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Nigella sativa Linn. extract as an antibacterial agent for Salmonella typhi. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia with experimental design, in vitro on nutrient agar using well diffusion method. The potential of Nigella sativa Linn. was tested in the form of extract with methanol at a concentration of 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL, four times repetition, and measured in terms of inhibition zone that were compared to antibiotic ciprofloxacin solution at a concentration of 5 mg/mL as a positive control and to distilled water as a negative control. The experiment showed that the extract of Nigella sativa Linn. has no potential as an antibacterial agent for Salmonella typhi.]"

"Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi nomor dua di Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) adalah salah satu patogen tersering yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit infeksi. Resistensi terhadap antibiotik untuk mengobati S. aureus adalah masalah yang perlu dicari solusinya. Salah satu alternatif yang digunakan sebagai pengobatan adalah ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antimikroba dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn.terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. diekstrak dari bijinya menggunakan pelarut metanol di Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FKUI) dan kemudian disiapkan dalam lima konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, dan 62,5 mg/mL. Masing-masing ekstrak kemudian diuji secara in vitro dengan cara sumuran dan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif antibiotik siprofloksasin 1 mg/mL dan kontrol negatif akuades. Pengujian dilakukan sebanyak dua kali dengan pengulangan masing-masing sebanyak empat kali di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap S. aureus. Faktor yang dapat memengaruhi hasil penelitian diantaranya adalah sifat bahan dasar, pelarut ekstrak, serta pemilihan metode uji.

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Infectious disease is the second cause of death in Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most pathogen that can cause those diseases. The resistance of antibiotic to treat S. aureus is a problem that needs to be resolved. The alternative treatment which can be used is Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract. This research aimed to find out the antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract against S. aureus. Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract was extracted from the seeds using methanol in the Pharmacy Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (FMUI). The extract then prepared in five different concentrations : 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62,5 mg/mL. Each extract was tested in vitro using agar well plate method and compared with ciprofloxacin 1 mg/mL as positive control and aquadest as negative control. The experiment was done twice with each repetition as much as four times in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of FMUI. The result showed that Nigella sativa Linn.’s extract does not have antimicrobial effect against S. aureus. Some factors that may affected the result were characteristic of the seeds, solvent extract, and the test method."

"[Pendahuluan: Penyakit menular di Indonesia masih menjadi permasalahanutama. Salah satu etiologi ISPA tersering ialah Streptococcus pyogenes. Seiringmeningkatnya angka resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik lini utama, ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. dikembangkan sebagai alternatif terapi. Biji jintan hitam(Nigella sativa Linn.) dipercaya memiliki potensi efek antibakteri. Penelitian iniditujukan untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak Nigellasativa Linn.Metode: Percobaan dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Potensiaktivitas antibakteri diamati melalui tiga percobaan. Percobaan pertamamenggunakan lima konsentrasi berbeda yakni 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL. Percobaan kedua dan ketiga menggunakan limakonsentrasi lain, yakni 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL dan62,5 mg/mL. Ekstrak kemudian diuji secara in vitro dengan metode difusi carasumuran, dibandingkan dengan antibiotik amoksisilin 10 ug/mL sebagai kontrolpositif dan larutan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Setiap percobaan dilakukandengan empat kali pengulangan.Hasil: Tidak terdapat zona hambat pada sumuran ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn.Hasil ini berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. Pyogenes. Beberapafaktor yang berpotensi memengaruhi hasil penelitian ialah penggunaan pelarutekstrak, sifat dari bahan dasar biji jintan hitam, serta metode uji, Introduction: Infectious diseases in Indonesia are still a major problem. One ofthe most common etiology of respiratory infection is Streptococcus pyogenes.Several studies have shown an increase of antibiotic resistance for treatment ofStreptococcus pyogenes, extracts of Nigella sativa Linn. was developed as analternative therapy. Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa Linn.) is believed to havethe potential antibacterial effect. This study aimed to determine the potentialantibacterial activity of extracts of Nigella sativa Linn.Methods: Experiments were performed at the Department of ClinicalMicrobiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. Potential antibacterialactivity was observed through three experiments. The first experiments using fivedifferent concentrations of the 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL,12.5 mg/mL. The second and third experiments using five differentconcentrations, 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL and 62.5mg/mL. Extracts were then tested in vitro using agar well plate method, comparedwith the antibiotic amoxicillin 10 ug/mL as a positive control and aquades as anegative control. Each experiment was tested with four repetitions.Results: There was no inhibition zone on extracts of Nigella sativa Linn. Theseresults differ from previous studies that showed antibacterial activity of Nigellasativa Linn. Some of the factors that could potentially influence the outcome ofresearch is the use of solvent extract, the nature of the basic ingredients of blackcumin seeds, as well as test methods.]"

"[Di Indonesia, penyakit menular akibat infeksi virus dan bakteri masihmendominasi penyebab kematian bersama dengan non communicable disease.Salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi sertaresistensi terhadap berbagai antibiotik yaitu bakteri gram negatif, Pseudomonasaeruginosa.Karena itu diperlukan suatu alternatif antibiotik untuk infeksi bakteriini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efek antibakteri dari ekstrakNigella sativa Linn. terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penelitiandilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI dengan desain penelitianeksperimental secara in vitro menggunakan metode sumuran. Penelitianmenggunakan lima konsentrasi berbeda dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. yaitu 1g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml dibandingkan dengankontrolpositif yaitu antibiotik siprofloksasin dengan konsentrasi 1 mg/ml dan kontrolnegatif yaitu akuades. Penelitian dilakukan dua kali dengan masing-masing empatpengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat efek antibakteri dariNigella sativa Linn. terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Of all the causes of death in Indonesia, communicable diseases caused bybacterial and viral infections, along with the non communicable diseases, havebeen the leading causes of death. The gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, is one of the causes of high morbidity, mortality, and antibioticresistance. For that reason, we need to find another alternative antibiotic choicefor infections caused by this bacteria. The aim of this study is to assess theantibacterial effect of the Nigella sativa Linn.extract towards Pseudomonasaeruginosa. This in vitro experimental trial was done in LaboratoriumMikrobiologi FKUI using the agar welldilution method. This study used fivedifferent concentration ofNigella sativa Linn.extract: 1 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml,0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml. Ciprofloxacin 1mg/ml was used for the positive controland aquades was used for the negative. The trials were done twice with fourrepetitions. The results showed no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativaLinn.extract towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa.]"

"Penyakit menular di Indonesia merupakan masalah kesehatan. Salah satu penyakit penyakit menular disentri basiler akibat Shigella dysenteriae. Pengobatan disentri basiler adalah siprofloksasin. Resistensi S. dysenteriae terhadap siprofloksasin sudah terjadi. Berdasarkan studi di Dhana dan Matlab tahun 2010, 4 dari 273 S. dysenteriae mengalami resistensi siprofloksasin. Nigella sativa Linn sudah diketahui memiliki efek antibakteri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ingin menunjukkan apakah ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Shigella dysenteriae dengan harapan menjadi pengobatan alternatif guna mencegah resistensi siprofloksasin. Ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn dibuat di Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FKUI) dengan pelarut metanol. Peneliti membuat lima konsentrasi yaitu 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, dan 62.5 mg/mL. Kemudian setiap konsentrasi dilakukan uji in vitro dengan metode difusi cara sumuran dan dibandingkan dengan siprofloksasin (5 μg) sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian dilakukan sebanyak dua kali dengan jumlah pengulangan empat kali di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat zona hambat pada ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. Hasil penelitian ini berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menyebutkan bahwa ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Shigella dysenteriae. Faktor yang mungkin memengaruhi ialah bahan metode penelitian, pelarut ekstrak, dan sifat zat bahan ekstrak.

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Infectious diseases in Indonesia is health problem. One of infectious disease is bacillary dycentry that caused by Shigella dysenteriae. First choice of treatment bacillary dycentry is ciprofloxacin. Resistance Shigella dysenteriae to ciprofloxacin is already known. Study in Dhana and Matlab 2010 show that 4 of 273 Shigella dysenteriae are resistance to ciprofloxacin. Nigella sativa Linn is already know have antibacterial effect. Therefore, this research want to know effect antibacterial Nigella sativa Linn against Shigella dysenteriae for the solution of alternative treatment bacillary dycentry to reduce occurrence resistance ciprofloxacin. Nigella sativa Linn extract was made at Laboratory of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (FMUI) with methanol as solvent. Five concentrations was made: 1000 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL. Then, each concentration extract was tested in vitro using agar well plate method and compared to ciprofloxacin (5 μg) as positive control and aquades as negative control. Test are conduceted twice the number of repetitions four times in Laboratory of Microbiology FMUI. Result showed that there was no inhibition zone on extracts Nigella sativa Linn. This result differs from previous research that says extracts Nigella sativa Linn has an antibacterial effect against Shigella dysenteriae. Factors that may contribute to this research are method, solvent extracts, and extract material substance."

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Latar Belakang: Peningkatan jumlah bakteri Salmonella Typhi dengan resistensi terhadap antibiotik lini pertama menjadi beban ganda bagi negara berkembang di Asia termasuk Indonesia sehingga diperlukan antibiotik alternatif untuk menghadapinya. Daun Carica papaya memiliki komponen-komponen antibiotik sehingga berpotensi menjadi antibiotik alternatif.

Metode: Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji eksperimental dengan ekstraksi daun C.papaya dengan pengenceran menjadi 4 konsentrasi; 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, dan 25 mg/ml. Tiap konsentrasi diuji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella Typhi dengan metode difusi cakram dan uji konfirmasi dengan metode broth dilution. Diameter zona inhibisi pertumbuhan bakteri dengan metode difusi cakram diukur kemudian dianalisis

Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian difusi cakram tidak membuktikan adanya aktivitas antibiotik dari ekstrak daun C.papaya terhadap Salmonella Typhi sementara uji konfirmasi dengan metode broth dilution membuktikan adanya aktivitas antibakteri oleh keempat konsentrasi ekstrak terhadap Salmonella Typhi.

Kesimpulan: Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ekstrak daun C.papaya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella Typhi

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Background: Increasing incidence of resistant Salmonella Typhi strain towards first-line antibiotics has become a high burden in Asia’s developing countries including Indonesia impacting the need of an alternate antibiotic. Carica papaya leaves extract contain antibiotic components making it a potential alternative antibiotic.

Methods: This experimental research uses extraction of the C.papaya leaves with dilution into 4 concentrations; 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml. Each concentration undergo antimicrobial susceptibility testing towards Salmonella Typhi with disc diffusion method and confirmatory test with broth dilution method. Diameter of inhibition zone of Salmonella Typhi bacterial growth in disc diffusion method will be measured and analyzed.

Results: Results show that the disc diffusion method was not able to prove the antibacterial activity of C.papaya leaves extract against Salmonella Typhi while the confirmatory test with broth dilution method has successfully proven antibacterial activity of the four extract concentrations towards Salmonella Typhi.

Conclusion: This research concluded that Carica papaya leaves extract has antibacterial activity towards Salmonella Typhi.

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"[ABSTRAKPenyakit diare masih merupakan masalah serius di Indonesia, terutama pada anak-anak. Salah satu patogen tersering penyebab diare adalah Escherichia coli, terutama ETEC. Penggunaan Nigella sativa untuk berbagai penyakit sudah diteliti, namun hasil penelitian terhadap Escherichia coli belum konklusif. Oleh karena itu dilakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap Escherichia coli. Penelitia dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI secara in vitro, menggunakan metode sumuran. Konsentrasi ekstrak N. sativa yang digunakan ialah 1000 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, dan 62,5 mg/ml, dengan siprofloksasin sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Percobaan dilakukan tiga kali dengan pengulangan masing-masing empat kali. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya efek antibakteri Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap Escherichia coli. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh karakteristik Nigella sativa di Indonesia

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ABSTRACTDiarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia;Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia;Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia, Diarrhea is still a serious problem in Indonesia, especially in children. One of the most common pathogen causing diarrhea is Escherichia coli, particularly ETEC. The use of Nigella sativa for various diseases have been studied, but the results of a study of Escherichia coli has not been conclusive. Therefore an experiment is conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. The experiment is conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine in vitro, using agar dilution method. N. sativa extract concentration used was 1000 mg / mL, 500 mg / mL, 250 mg / mL, 125 mg / ml, and 62.5 mg / ml, with ciprofloxacin as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Experiments were performed three times with each repetition of four times. The study results show no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn. against Escherichia coli. It can be caused by the characteristics of Nigella sativa in Indonesia]"

"Pendahuluan: Periodontitis merupakan inflamasi kronis yang terjadi pada jaringan periodonsium, ditandai dengan hilangnya perlekatan ligamen periodontal dan kerusakan tulang alveolar. Periodontitis yang terus berlanjut tanpa ditangani dapat menyebabkan kehilangan gigi. Bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans merupakan salah satu bakteri yang memiliki berbagai faktor virulensi penyebab terjadinya periodontitis. Hal ini menyebabkan diperlukannya agen antibakteri, untuk melakukan kontrol terhadap aktivitas bakteri periodontopatogen. Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) diharapkan mampu menjadi agen antibakteri karena sifat antibakteri yang dimilikinya.Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans secara in vitro.Metode: Uji zona hambat dan total plate count dilakukan dengan bahan uji gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25%, gel klorheksidin 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif, serta gel tanpa bahan aktif sebagai kontrol negatif. Uji zona hambat dilakukan pada tiga koloni bakteri berbeda, dengan cara meletakkan cakram kertas yang telah dipaparkan bahan uji pada 5 plat agar Mueller-Hinton untuk tiap satu koloni bakteri. Pada uji total plate count, dilakukan penghitungan koloni bakteri yang tumbuh setelah dipaparkan bahan uji.Hasil: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 15% dan 25% menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p-value <0,05). Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans pada konsentrasi 15% dan 25%.

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Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontium, characterized by loss of periodontal ligament attachment and alveolar bone destruction. The advanced form of periodontitis could lead to tooth loss. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a bacterial that has a significant role in periodontitis by its various virulence factors. Therefore, antibacterial agents are needed to control the periodontal pathogen bacteria activity. Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) could be an antibacterial agent because of its antibacterial effect.

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on in vitro study.

Methods: Disk diffusion test (zone of inhibition) and total plate count test were performed using roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 25%, 0.2% chlorhexidine gel as positive control and blank gel as negative control. Zone of inhibition test was carried out on three different bacterial colonies, by placing paper disk that had been exposed to gel on 5 Mueller-Hinton agar plates for each bacterial colony. Total plate count test was performed by counting bacterial colonies after exposed from the test material.

Results: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentrations of 15% and 25% showed statistically significant differences when compared to negative controls (p-value <0.05).

Conclusions: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) is effective in inhibiting the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 15% and 25% concentrations."