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"Proses elektroplating pada riset ini akan berfokus pada efek yang dihasilkan oleh pH, pengotor dan rapat arus pada proses elektroplating. Proses tersebut akan diawali oleh proses loading, degreasing, pickling, electro cleaning, electro plating dan unloading. Riset ini dilakukan dengan memvariasikan nilai pH, pengotor dan arus listrik dan juga melakukan studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil dan interpretasi dari riset dapat disimpulkan bahwa pH, pengotor dan rapat arus sangat mempengaruhi proses elektroplating, lebih lanjut faktor yang paling signifikan adalah arus listrik. Melalui hasil eksperimen didapatkan bahwa kondisi operasi standar yang paling optimum adalah proses elektroplating dengan pH berkisar 5.5-6, tanpa keberadaan zat pengotor dan pada besaran arus listrik 42 Ampere. Ketebalan terbaik pada electroplating berkisar antara 15-25 mikron dengan level kecerahan A dan 96.14% efisiensi. Untuk menjaga efektifitas dari proses elektroplating, pemeliharaan berkala terhadap peralatan elektroplating dan alat ukur lainnya harus dilakukan.

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Electroplating in this research will be focusing in the effect of pH, impurities and electric current in the electroplating process. The processes will be starting from loading, degreasing, pickling, electro cleaning, and electro plating and unloading. In the process of electro plating, there are several factors that affect the end result, which are pH, impurities and electric current. Varying the amount of the pH, impurities and electric current as well as doing the literature review will do the research. Based on the result and interpretation of the research can be concluded that pH, impurities and electric current are affecting the electroplating plating, Furthermore the most significant factor is the electric current. From the result of the experiment obtained that the most optimum standard operating conditions in the electroplating process are with pH ranged 5.5-6, no impurities and 42 Ampere of electric current. The range of optimum thickness is between 15-25 micron, with level of brightness A and having 96.14% of plating efficiency. In order to keep the effectiveness of electroplating process, continuous maintenance of electroplating and measuring equipment have to do.;"

"Proses elektroplating pada riset ini akan berfokus pada efek yang dihasilkan oleh pH, pengotor dan rapat arus pada proses elektroplating. Proses tersebut akan diawali oleh proses loading, degreasing, pickling, electro cleaning, electro plating dan unloading. Riset ini dilakukan dengan memvariasikan nilai pH, pengotor dan arus listrik dan juga melakukan studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil dan interpretasi dari riset dapat disimpulkan bahwa pH, pengotor dan rapat arus sangat mempengaruhi proses elektroplating, lebih lanjut faktor yang paling signifikan adalah arus listrik. Melalui hasil eksperimen didapatkan bahwa kondisi operasi standar yang paling optimum adalah proses elektroplating dengan pH berkisar 5.5-6, tanpa keberadaan zat pengotor dan pada besaran arus listrik 42 Ampere. Ketebalan terbaik pada electroplating berkisar antara 15-25 mikron dengan level kecerahan A dan 96.14% efisiensi. Untuk menjaga efektifitas dari proses elektroplating, pemeliharaan berkala terhadap peralatan elektroplating dan alat ukur lainnya harus dilakukan.

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Electroplating in this research will be focusing in the effect of pH, impurities and electric current in the electroplating process. The processes will be starting from loading, degreasing, pickling, electro cleaning, and electro plating and unloading. In the process of electro plating, there are several factors that affect the end result, which are pH, impurities and electric current. Varying the amount of the pH, impurities and electric current as well as doing the literature review will do the research. Based on the result and interpretation of the research can be concluded that pH, impurities and electric current are affecting the electroplating plating, Furthermore the most significant factor is the electric current. From the result of the experiment obtained that the most optimum standard operating conditions in the electroplating process are with pH ranged 5.5-6, no impurities and 42 Ampere of electric current. The range of optimum thickness is between 15-25 micron, with level of brightness A and having 96.14% of plating efficiency. In order to keep the effectiveness of electroplating process, continuous maintenance of electroplating and measuring equipment have to be done."

"ABSTRAKDailzm memasuéi era cfigitafrsasi efeétronié cénvasa ini, Eeéutufian aléan yerangkat yang semaéin 'ringéas dim sedérnamz sa-ngat cfiperfukan.;$a&1H satu yenuryang yarangéat tersefiut ada&li jléisxfef TCB (iprintecf Circuit 1?0¢I1'¢{). De-ngan _fungsinya seéagai _pengfiantar arus dalizm trap -ra-ngéaian tan_pa teguutus -maéa cfifiutuliéan suatu, meaG`a Eondiaétor tetryvi ma-myu menwnulii yersyaratan f£EeEsi6f£¥ta_s yang diéatufiéan. Dengan 5erEe'm1'5angnya teén0[ogi1feEayasaye1-mu/éaan, Eita mamjm menguéafi syfat yermuéaan !ém5a1'an _pQu*i£ _pofietdén tramyarant aizri z1saEzto?r vnevyadi Eomfuétm' dimgan meézyfsfan niéef secara céétroéas d21n|d"r12ugut.?an c£angan yelhyisan tem.6aga seccrra eié Etrqplating.Da&zm menentu§an Ee6c1'liasi!21n_prosas_pe.f£z}>isan terse5ut, 6e5e'raya Eamfisi dizlam tafzayan /Eritis seyertiyrases etsa, etéétroézs dim e!2zE1~rry:»&zting Harus diyerliatiéan. ftsa seéagai takap a1vaIyersfa_pan untufi ?rruzmEentu£_porfporiyermuéaan se6agai tempat iliatan inti fbgam Eatafis c&Ln c£é£tro&s seéagai ta£a_pa:n yengendayan niéef sefanjutnya sangat diyengaruhi oféii -waétu dim temperafur. iE£éEtrry:&1ting yang c{i£21£u»?an untué memyerteéaf éayzlsa-n fiasif dizri eléétrolés sangat cfiyengarulii oléh Eesarnya rapat arus yang rfgamaéan.?r0ses etsa yang 5er@5x1ian aléan menye-:6a5»?an distorsiyaaia samye(yang dayat menye5a5Ean yecafmya fuvrlf l21_p11s°an niéel' yang ter5ent?u§.Troscs elkétroéizs yang Eurang a§an mengfasifian Jve(2z._pz1ran yang Ewrang 'merata yada yermuéaan. Troses efeiit-rqplizting cééngan rapat arm' yang Eurang aéan 'n1engfiasi{Ean Qzyvisan tem6aga yang tidafi mzrata, secézngéan rayat ara.: yang terlizfu Eesar aléan -menyeéaééan Qzyxlvan tamyaé teréaéan.Dari Rasifpencfitian, didayatéan Eaii-wa iionrfsi qptimum proses etsa yang cfiéléuéanpah temyeratur 60-65°C afwapai é1@1??I. waétu. 6 menit ofengan anémya Eefii&zngan Eerat se5esar 0,0045 gram. ?Untu.E _proscs eéétrofes yang ¢{i&1EuEanyad21 tem_peratur 40-4 5"C1 éandisi cyatimum clicapai zfafam ?waétu 3 menit ciimgan Eerat Qyofsan ni.?e£` yang cGH.a_si{Qan seéesar 0,0021 gram. Sedangfian untulé _proses e[e.?t'rcyJ&¢ting yang a"z£21EuEan seézma IS menit, »E0nd`|.si qptimum dica_pa.i cléngan menggu.na§an rapat arus seéesar 0,04 A/c~m=.

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"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh konsentrasi sodium citrate sebagai aditif dan rapat arus terhadap ukuran butir hasil lapis listrik nikel pada baja baja spcc dengan menggunakan Watts bath dengan memvariasikan rapat arus 3-7 A/dm2 dan dengan mengandung sodium citrate 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 g/L. X-ray diffraction dan rumus schehrer digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran butir dari hasil lapis listrik nikel. Hasilnya ukuran butir menurun seiring meningkatnya rapat arus 3-6 A/dm2. Hasil rapat arus terbaik diperoleh pada 6 A/dm2 dengan ukuran butir 16.8 nm. Sedangkan watts bath yang mengandung sodium citrate 45 g/L memperoleh ukuran butir terendah dengan 36.8 nm. Nilai kekerasan, ketahanan korosi dan kekuatan adesif lapisan juga diteliti.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of sodium citrate concentration and current density on the grain size of nickel lapis listrik spcc steel. For this purpose, nickel were deposited from a Watts bath with different current densities 3-7 A dm2 and different sodium citrate concentration 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 g L . Xray diffraction and Schehrer equation were used to determine the average gain size of the nickel coatings. The experimental result showed that the coating grains decreased by increasing current densities 3-6 A dm2 . The smallest grain size was obtained with grain size 16.8 nm at current density 6 A dm2. Whereas, nickel lapis listrik with Watts bath containin 45 g L sodium citrate achieved grain size with 36.8 nm. Hardness number, corrosion resistance and adhesive strength were also evaluated in this work."

"[Proses electroplating adalah proses pengendapan elektro lapisan logam pada elektroda yang bertujuan untuk membentuk permukaan logam dasar dengan sifat atau dimensi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh parameter waktu, suhu dan kuat arus pada pelapisan terhadap lapisan morfologi, kekuatan tarik, kekuatan tekuk dan kekerasan permukaan dengan menggunakan spesimen berupa plat baja karbon rendah berjumlah 41 buah dengan ukuran panjang 260 mm, lebar 30 mm dan tebal 2 mm sebagai logam dasarnya, sedangkan nikel dan krom sebagai pelapisnya. Variasi waktu pelapisan adalah 5 menit, 10 menit dan 15 menit., variasi suhu 50°C, 55°C dan 60°C dan variasi kuat arusnya 4 Amper, 5 Amper dan 6 Amper. Pelapisan pada plat dengan waktu 15 menit, temperatur 50°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper mempunyai nilai ketebalan yang paling tinggi yaitu 14 mikron bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi yang sama dengan waktu 5 menit yaitu 8 mikron dan untuk waktu 10 menit 9 mikron. Sedangkan untuk nilai kekuatan tariknya pada waktu 10 menit, temperatur 50°C dan kuat arus 5 Amper mempunyai nilai yang paling tinggi yaitu 376 N/mm2 bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi temperatur yang sama dengan waktu 5 menit dan 15 menit yaitu 317 N/mm2 dan 309 N/mm2. Kekuatan tekuk pada waktu 15 menit, temperatur 60°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper menunjukkan nilai yaitu 10.25 kg/mm2 sampai 10.5 kg/mm2 yang tidak mempunyai perbedaan kekuatan tekuk dibandingkan dengan bahan dasar aslinya yaitu 10.5 kg/mm2. Sedangkan pelapisan pada waktu 5 menit, temperatur 60°C dan kuat arus 6 Amper mempunyai nilai kekerasan paling tinggi yaitu 100 VHN bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi temperatur yang sama, waktu 10 menit maupun 15 menit yaitu 97 VHN dan 99 VHN. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa parameter waktu, suhu dan kuat arus pada pelapisan kurang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kekuatan tarik, kekuatan tekuk dan kekerasan.

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Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness.;Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness., Electroplating is a process of electro deposition of metal layers on the electrode which aims to form a metal surface with different properties or dimensions from the metal base. The purpose of this study is to know the effects using parameters of time, temperature and current on coating toward the morphology layer, tensile strength, bending strength and hardness using a steel plate speciment with the measure of 260 mm length, 30 mm width, and 2 mm thickness which amounts to 41 pieces and metal as the base while the nickel and chrome as coatings. The variables time of coating are 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes, variables of temperature are 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and variables of current are 4 amperes, 5 amperes and 6 amperes. Coating a speciment at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 50 °C and current of 6 amperes has the highest thickness value which is 14 microns wide if compared to the same condition with time of 5 minutes which is 8 microns wide, and with time of 10 minutes which is 9 microns wide. While for the value of tensile strength at time of 10 minutes, temperature of 50°C and current of 5 amperes has the highest value which is 376 N/mm2 if compared to the condition with the same temperature, time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes which are 317 N/mm2 and 309 N/mm2. The bending strength at time of 15 minutes, temperature of 60°C, and current of 6 amperes showed the value is 10.25 N/mm2 until 10.5 N/mm2 that does not have bending strength differences if compared with the original base material which is 10.5 N/mm2. While coating at time of 5 minutes, temperature of 60°C and current of 6 amperes has the highest hardness value which is 100 VHN if compared to condition with the same temparature, time of 10 minutes and 15 minutes which are 97 VHN and 99 VHN. From the results of this study concluded that the parameters of time, temperature and current on coating give less significant effects toward tensile strength, bending strength and hardness.]"

"Lembaran graphene diperoleh menggunakan reaksi elektrokimia yang diendapkan pada substrat logam (titanium dan emas) dari oksida graphene. Process deposisi diselidiki. Parameter yg digunakan adalah laju deposisi, berat deposisi, pH (derajat keasaman) dan potensial reduksi. Sejalan dengan oksida graphene, karakteristik dari fungsionalisasi amina-oksida graohene dipelajari. Oksida graphene basa difungsionalisasi secara kimia menggunakan dimetalamina dan dihexalamina. Tingkat deposisi tertinggi yang dicapai untuk pH tinggi (pH 6), arus tinggi (0.5 mAh), potensi pengurangan yang sangat negatif (-1.4 V) dan menggunakan substrat emas. Dari sampel elektrodeposisi kapasitansi ditentukan pada laju pengamatan yang berbeda. Fungsionalisasi tidak meningkatkan kapasitansi. Kapasitansi terbaik diperoleh untuk sampel dengan berat deposisi rendah, pada pH 3, arus rendah 0.1 mAh rendah, pengurangan potensi tinggi -1.2 V dan substrat emas. Oksida graphene yang tidak difungsionalisasi memberikan kapasitansi tertinggi 39 Fg-1 sedangkan kapasitansi tertinggi untuk sampel yang difungsionalisasi diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah 4,7 Fg-1

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Graphene layer was electrochemically deposited on metal substrate (titanium and gold) from graphen oxide. The deposition process was investigated. Parameters of interest were the deposition rate, the weight, the pH and the reduction potential. Parallel to graphene oxide the characteristics of amine-functionalised graphene oxide were studied. The graphene oxide was functionalised wet chemically using a dimethylamine and dihexylamine. The highest deposition rates were achieved for high pH (pH 6), high charge (0.5 mAh), highly negative reduction potentials (-1.4 V) and for gold substrates. Of the electrodeposited samples the capacitance was determined at different scan rates. Functionalisation did not improve the capacitance. The best capacitances were obtained for low weight samples, for pH 3, low charge 0.1 mAh, high reduction potential -1.2 V and gold substrate. Non-functionalised graphene oxide gave the highest capacitance of 39 Fg-1 while the highest capacitance for the functionalised samples measured in this study was 4.7 Fg-1."

"This study aims to combine the seedless-electroplating process with maskless-lithography, as an alternative for Lithografie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) or Lithography, Electroplating and Molding with a normal, simpler, and cheaper semiconductor process with tolerable results for nickel electroplating. This study reports the results of various voltages on seedless-electroplating over time, where the optimal combination occurs at an exposure of 7.5 Volts of Direct Current (VDC) for 30 seconds. The thickness of electroplated metal is at a range of ±1.5µm. Moreover, a resolution of ±10µm and roughness (Ra) of ±0.31µm was achieved during the metal deposition process."

"ABSTRACTUkuran butir merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk mengamati sifat mekanis suatu material polikristalin terutama pada kekerasan serta ketahanan korosi. Penelitian terdahulu melakukan beberapa pengaturan parameter uji lapis listrik nikel, yang salah satunya dilakukan dengan penambahan aditif untuk mendapatkan lapisan nikel nanokristalin. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengamati pengaruh penambahan sakarin pada proses lapis listrik nikel terhadap perubahan ukuran butir deposit dan ketahanan korosi lapisan nikel. Proses lapis listrik dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan Watt bath pada temperatur 50-55oC dimana baja SPCC digunakan sebagai substrat yang ingin dilindungi. Pada penelitian ini sakarin ditambahankan pada larutan Watt bath dengan variasi konsentrasi sebanyak 0g/L, 1g/L, 3g/L dan 5g/L. Hasil pelapisan listrik dikarakterisasi melalui beberapa pengujian, yaitu pengamatan makro dengan menggunakan Optical Microscope, Secondary Electron Microscope SEM digunakan untuk mengamati perubahan struktur deposit, X-Ray Diffraction XRD digunakan untuk menghitung ukuran butir, thickness meter untuk mengukur ketebalan lapisan dan perilaku korosi diamati melalui pengujian Linear Polarization dan Electrocemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS. Hasil pengujian menunjukan adanya perubahan struktur deposit setelah penambahan sakarin. Tanpa penambahan sakarin butir deposit memiliki struktur menyerupai piramidal dan polihedral kristal. Sementara setelah penambahan sakarin, butir deposit memiliki struktur globular yang berkoloni. Ukuran butir terhalus yaitu berukuran 17.39nm didapat dengan penambahan 5g/L sakarin. Ketebalan lapisan nikel yang terbentuk mengalami penurunan seiring penambahan sakarin. Hasil pengujian EIS diketahui pada sampel dengan butir terkecil yaitu 17.39nm memiliki nilai tahanan transfer muatan Rct dan tahanan lapisan pasif Rf tertinggi yaitu sebesar 3267? dan 83.4? yang diindikasi memiliki ketahanan korosiyang baik. Hal ini diverifikasi melalui hasil pengujian linear polarization dimana diketahui pada penambahan 5g/L memiliki nilai laju korosi terendah yaitu 0.024mm/year.

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ABSTRACTThe Grain size is one of the factors that affects mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of polycrystalline material. In metallic coating process there are several ways to obtain nanocrystalline deposit and one them is by using additives. The previous studies have suggested that the addition of saccharin during the nickel electroplating process will produce nanocrystalline grains that can increase corrosion resistance. This study used watts bath solution for nickel electroplating with the current density used is 6 A dm2 for 20 minutes and by adding saccharine as much as 0g L, 1g L, 3g L and 5gr L. The grains deposit were observed by using the X Ray Diffraction XRD method while the corrosion mechanism was observed and measured by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS and Linear polarization methods. The test results indicate a change in the structure of the deposit after the addition of saccharin. Without the addition of saccharine the deposit grains have a pyramidal like structure and a polyhedral crystalline, while after the addition of saccharin, the deposit grains have a colonized globular structure. The finest grain size of 17.39nm is obtained by the addition of 5g L saccharin. The thickness of the formed nickel coating decreases with the addition of saccharin. The result of EIS test is known in the sample with the smallest grain of 17.39nm has the highest charge transfer resistance Rct and passive resistance Rf value of 3267 and 83.4 which is indicated have good corrosion resistance. This is verified by the results of the linear polarization test which is known at the addition of 5g L has the lowest corrosion rate value of 0.024mm year."