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"The Conference of Parties (COP) 15 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Copenhagen in December 2009, ended with no legally-binding commitments. The confer­ence has produced the Copenhagen Accord, but left many issues unad­dressed, and thus, creating uncertainty concerning the future of the Kyoto Protocol. This is certainly not a very promising outcome, since the COP 13 in Bali has mandated a legally-binding agreement to be concluded in COP 15.The results of the conference have sparked critiques, while the world leaders started to blame each other for the collapse of the climate talks in Copenhagen. Developing countries pointed at the developed countries for the uneasy results of the Copenhagen meeting, as clearly indicated by the statement of the spokesperson of the G77 who blamed the US President for `locking the poor into permanent poverty by refusing to reduce US emissions further'. On the other hand, leaders of developed countries blamed the fast-growing developing countries for the failure.' Still, however, other countries see the Accord as the best possible result of otherwise worse alternatives that could be achieved in Copenhagen.2 Hence, they declared their association with the Accord and subsequently submitted their emission reduction plans. Indonesia belongs to this latter group by submitting its unilateral pledge to cut emissions by 26 to 41 per cent of its Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in 2020.Given all controversies surrounding the Accord, one may ask why a developing country like Indonesia needs to be associated with the Accord in the first place. Further, questions may also arise as to the legal statusof the Accord and the position of developing countries in the next climate talks. In addition, one may also pose a question as to whether Indonesia could achieve its pledge by considering policies and laws related to Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) mitigation in Indonesia.To answer these questions, this chapter is structured as follows. After this introduction, Section 1 will discuss various important issues in the Copenhagen Accord. The discussions will be followed by an overview of some challenges that probably surface in the next climate talks. Section 2 attempts to provide a proposal on emission reduction targets that are more consistent with the common but differentiated principle, given the needs to keep the increased temperature below 2° Centigrade. Section 3 discusses some policies and laws related to GHGs mitigation in Indonesia. Section 4 analyses Indonesian legal responses to climate change. Some concluding remarks will be provided in Section 5."

"Perkara litigasi perubahan iklim kini semakin berkembang dan dapat diidentifikasidalam berbagai yurisdiksi, termasuk Indonesia. Namun, karakteristik khusus dariisu perubahan iklim yang berbeda dengan permasalahan lingkungan hidupkonvensional telah membawa berbagai isu hukum dalam litigasi perubahan iklim.Salah satu isu yang muncul dalam litigasi perubahan iklim yang ditemukan adalahkedudukan hukum sebagai hambatan prosedural. Dalam perkara Izin LingkunganPLTU Celukan Bawang yang merupakan perkara litigasi perubahan iklim terkaitAmdal pertama di Indonesia, gugatan Penggugat ditolak oleh PTUN Denpasarkarena dinilai tidak memiliki kedudukan hukum. Penelitian ini akan melihatbagaimana kedudukan hukum dalam perkara litigasi perubahan iklim di Indonesiamuncul sebagai hambatan dengan membandingkan dengan Perkara Earthlife v.MoE dan Border Power Plant v. DoE dan BLM . Lebih jauh lagi, Penelitian iniakan melihat bagaimana PTUN Denpasar mempertimbangkan isu emisi GasRumah Kaca sebagai elemen penting dalam litigasi perubahan iklim. Penelitianini berkesimpulan bahwa kedudukan hukum dapat menjadi hambatan bagi litigasiperubahan iklim apabila terdapat inkonsistensi interpretasi terkait kedudukanhukum di Pengadilan. Selain itu, PTUN Denpasar belum dapat melihatkekhususan dari emisi gas rumah kaca yang merupakan karakteristik isuperubahan iklim. Padahal, dengan kerangka hukum yang ada di Indonesia, perkaraini memiliki potensi besar untuk mendorong pembaruan hukum.

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Climate change litigation cases have been growing in numbers and identified in

various jurisdictions, including Indonesia. However, the characteristic on climate

change issues that differ from conventional environmental problems lead to

several legal issues arise in climate change litigation. One of them is legal

standing as the procedural barrier on climate change litigation. On Indonesia’s

first EIA related climate change litigation case, Celukan Bawang Coal-Fired

Power Plant, PTUN Denpasar rejected the plantiff’s claim as they failed to fullfill

the legal standing criteria. This study will examine how is standing provision in

Indonesia arises as a procedural barrier by comparing the case with two other

cases in two different jurisdictions,such as Earthlife v. MoE and Border Power

Plant v. DoE and BLM. Furthermore, this study will examine PTUN Denpasar’s

consideration on greenhouse gases emission as one of the core characteristics of

climate change issue. This study concludes that standing provision in Indonesia

may pose a procedural barrier for climate change litigation if interpreted

inconsistently by the court. In addition, PTUN Denpasar has failed to show an

adequate understanding on greenhouse gasses as the core of climate change issue.

Reflecting on Indonesia’s current legal framework, this case used to have a huge

potential on promoting legal reform."

"Sebagian studi komunikasi perubahan iklim berfokus kepada pembingkaian isu yang dilakukan oleh media arus utama. Penelitian kali ini mencoba berkontribusi dalam studi sejenis dengan melakukan komparasi pembingkaian antara media arus utama dan media niche dalam konteks negara berkembang. Studi diarahkan kepada perbandingan kedalaman, pembingkaian dan penggunaan sumber informasi, dengan metode analisis isi kuantitatif, antara Kompas.com, sebagai media arus utama, dan Mongabay.co.id, sebagai media niche di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan kedalaman dan keragaman perspektif peliputan dari media niche. Secara keseluruhan, bingkai dampak dan atribusi pertanggungjawaban, dan sumber informasi yang berasal dari pemerintah Indonesia, cenderung digunakan oleh kedua kanal berita. Perbedaan terlihat dari Mongabay.co.id yang mengikutsertakan suara masyarakat lokal, dan lebih berfokus pada peliputan isu advokasi terkait perubahan iklim. Sedangkan Kompas.com mencoba menyeimbangkan sumber informasi dan cenderung tidak mengambil posisi secara eksplisit.

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Some studies on climate change communication focus on issue framing conducted by mainstream media. This research aims to contribute to a similar study by comparing the framing between mainstream and niche media in the context of developing countries. The study focuses on the depth, framing, and use of information sources, using quantitative content analysis methods, between Kompas.com as mainstream media and Mongabay.co.id as niche media in Indonesia. The results show the depth and diversity of coverage perspectives from niche media. Overall, impact framing, accountability attribution, and information sources from the Indonesian government still tend to be used by both news channels. Differences are observed in Mongabay.co.id, which includes the voices of local communities and focuses more on advocacy  coverage related to climate change. In contrast, Kompas.com attempts to balance information sources and tends not to take explicit positions."

"Achieving climate justice is increasingly recognized as one of the key problems associated with climate change, helping us to determine how good or bad the effects of climate change are, and whether any harms are fairly distributed. The numerous and complex issues which climate change involves underline the need for a normative framework that allows us both to assess the dangers that we face and to create a just distribution of the costs of action. This collection of original essays by leading scholars sheds new light on the key problems of climate justice, offering innovative treatments of a range of issues including international environmental institutions, geoengineering, carbon budgets, and the impact on future generations. It will be a valuable resource for researchers and upper-level students of ethics, environmental studies, and political philosophy."

"ABSTRAKDampak perubahan iklim mempengaruhi perekonomian dan masyarakat, tetapi saat ini belum tercermin dalam sistem akuntansi yang menjadi dasar pengambilan keputusan pembangunan ekonomi. Sistem akuntansi yang mengintegrasikan data ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan akan mendorong pembangunan berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membangun sistem akuntansi Social Environmental Economic Accounting Matrix SEEAM tahun 2008 yang mengintegrasikan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi SNSE , dengan dampak perubahan iklim yang ditimbulkan oleh emisi GRK dan menganalisis SEEAM untuk mengetahui dampak perubahan iklim pada ekonomi dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian berupa terbangunnya SEEAM perubahan iklim tahun 2008 yang mengambarkan penurunan PDB tahun 2008 sebesar Rp215.336,64 Miliar atau 4,18 PDB akibat dampak perubahan iklim. Lebih lanjut, analisis atas SEEAM menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan institusi, nilai tambah dan konsumsi atas output sektor produksi mengalami penurunan sebagai akibat dari dampak perubahan iklim. Kebaruan penelitian ini adalah pada penyusunan SEEAM yang mengintegrasikan kegiatan ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan hidup dengan menggunakan nilai moneter sehingga dapat menjadi alat analisis kebijakan pembangunan yang berkelanjutan.

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ABSTRACTClimate change have impacted to the economy and people but haven rsquo;t been incorporated in the national accounting system for decision making tool in the economic development. The accounting system that has already incorporated economy, social and environment data in it makes the development policy tend to more sustainable. This research want to develop the Social Environmental Economic Accounting Matrix SEEAM year 2008 by integrating Indonesia Social Accounting Matrix SAM 2008 with the impact of climate change to be used for decision making tool and, to know how the climate change will impact the economy and people walfare. The research has developed the Climate Change SEEAM year 2008 and shows that the decreasing of the GDP in 2008 by Rp215.336,64 Billion or 4,18 GDP caused by climate change. Furthermore, the climate change also decreases the income of the household, the value-added and the consumption of the production of the Sector. The novelty of the research is the development of the SEEAM that has already integrated the monetary value of the economy, social and environment activities for the economy development decision making tools. "

"Persoalan perubahan iklim yang mengedepankan pentingnya konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan merupakan persoalan kemanusiaan yang tidak bisa didekati semata-mata dari satu disiplin ilmu. Dalam persoalan ini terkandung dimensi-dimensi sosial, ekonomi, politik, hukum, dan bahkan budaya. Disamping itu, dikaitkan dengan pembuatan kebijakan (decision making), persoalan perubahan iklim juga melibatkan dimensi yang luas, dari dimensi lokal, nasional sampai internasional"

"Perubahan iklim saat ini menuntut perilaku konkret yang berdampak positif pada lingkungan, seperti pro-environmental behavior. Kehadiran pro-environmental behavior juga dibutuhkan dalam lingkup organisasi dan pekerja, karena berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas organisasi. Faktor-faktor beragam memengaruhi pro-environmental behavior, termasuk tingkat extraversion seseorang. Kehadiran pro-environmental behavior juga dapat disebabkan oleh eco-anxiety yang dialami seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peranan eco-anxiety sebagai mediator antara extraversion dengan pro- environmental behavior pada masyarakat Indonesia yang tergolong usia pekerja. Sebanyak 241 warga negara Indonesia yang tergolong usia pekerja, yaitu usia 19–58 tahun, menjadi partisipan dalam penelitian ini. Alat ukur yang digunakan yaitu Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13), dan Pro- Environmental Behavior Scale (PEBS-2013). Data pada penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis mediasi model 4 dari Hayes, dengan menggunakan PROCESS v4.2. Temuan dari penelitian menunjukkan adanya partial mediation, yaitu tingkat extraversion secara langsung dapat memotivasi seseorang untuk memunculkan perilaku yang berdampak positif bagi lingkungan, sebagai pemenuhan norma sosial. Lebih lanjut, eco-anxiety memainkan peran signifikan sebagai mediator dalam hubungan antara extraversion dan pro-environmental behavior. Namun, kehadiran eco-anxiety pada penelitian ini diprediksi menjadi variabel suppressor. Hal ini memberikan implikasi bagi organisasi bahwa eco-anxiety perlu ditanggapi dan difasilitasi secara positif agar dapat menghasilkan dampak yang positif. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tentang keterkaitan antara pro-environmental behavior, extraversion, dan eco-anxiety di masyarakat Indonesia usia pekerja yang masih jarang diteliti. Limitasi pada penelitian ini juga dibahas lebih lanjut.

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The current climate change demands concrete behaviors that positively impact the environment, such as pro-environmental behavior. The presence of pro-environmental behavior is also needed in the context of organizations and workers, as it affects organizational effectiveness. Various factors influence pro-environmental behavior, including an individual's level of extraversion. The presence of pro-environmental behavior can also be triggered by a person's eco-anxiety. This study aims to see the role of eco-anxiety as a mediator between extraversion and pro-environmental behavior among Indonesian working-age individuals. A total of 241 Indonesian citizens within the working-age range, from 19 to 58 years old, participated in this research. The measurement tools used were the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), Hogg Eco- Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13), and Pro-Environmental Behavior Scale (PEBS-2013). The findings of the study showed partial mediation, which that the level of extraversion can directly motivate someone to exhibit environmentally positive behaviors as a fulfillment of social norms. Furthermore, eco-anxiety plays a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between extraversion and pro-environmental behavior. However, the presence of eco-anxiety in this study was predicted to be a suppressor variable. This has implications for organizations that eco-anxiety needs to be addressed and facilitated in a positive way in order to have a positive impact. This study provides an overview of the relationships between extraversion, pro-environmental behavior, and eco-anxiety in the working-age population in Indonesia, a field that has been relatively underexplored. The limitations of this study are also discussed further."

"Capitalism's addiction to fossil fuels is heating our planet at a pace and scale never before experienced. Extreme weather patterns, rising sea levels and accelerating feedback loops are a commonplace feature of our lives. The number of environmental refugees is increasing and several island states and low-lying countries are becoming vulnerable. Corporate-induced climate change has set us on an ecocidal path of species extinction. Governments and their international platforms such as the Paris Climate Agreement deliver too little, too late. Most states, including South Africa, continue on their carbon-intensive energy paths, with devastating results. Political leaders across the world are failing to provide systemic solutions to the climate crisis. This is the context in which we must ask ourselves: how can people and class agency change this destructive course of history? Volume three in the Democratic Marxism series, The Climate Crisis investigates eco-socialist alternatives that are emerging. It presents the thinking of leading climate justice activists, campaigners and social movements advancing systemic alternatives and developing bottom-up, just transitions to sustain life. Through a combination of theoretical and empirical work, the authors collectively examine the challenges and opportunities inherent in the current moment. This volume builds on the class-struggle focus of Volume 2 by placing ecological issues at the centre of democratic Marxism. Most importantly, it explores ways to renew historical socialism with democratic, eco-socialist alternatives to meet current challenges in South Africa and the world."

"This book provides insight on the concept of social value and social return on investment (SROI) - or measures to evaluate the social outcomes from interventions, beyond simply jobs and income. It offers a new and holistic perspective on the values generated from environmental stewardship and forest governance, and focuses on the methods, approaches and outcomes for understanding social value and SROI. The book offers new directions in social value and SROI, including cultural and spiritual outcomes, gender equity, and health and well-being, and provides pathways for implementing interventions and measuring social impact. It includes state of the art approaches from diverse and interdisciplinary experts drawn from academia and professional practice, including the voices and perspectives of Indigenous Peoples and local communities involved in programs, with a focus on environmental stewardship. Social value and SROI are increasingly used to assess outcomes from conservation and thisbook broadens the conversation on the impact and business case for these interventions. The book offers practical guidance to readers in pursuing social value and those seeking to measure it."