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"Jepang sudah berkeinginan untuk menduduki Indonesia supaya memperoleh jaminan suplai minyak, timah, bauksit, logam, dan karet. Keseluruhan komoditi tersebut sangat dibutuhkan untuk membangun perangkat perang di kawasan Pasifik. Sepanjang abad 20, minyak yang menjadi penggerak roda pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sebagai penggerak roda pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sebagai penentu kekuatan militer suatu Negara sudah dijadikan sebagai agenda utama kepentingan nasional. Dengan pertimbangan bahwa persaingan untuk meningkatkan stok BBM di berbagai Negara mengalami peningkatan yang sangat tajam, sementara pada saat yang bersamaan Indonesia sudah menjadi net oil importer yang secara resmi sudah tidak lagi menjadi anggota OPEC, maka sulit dibayangkan seluruh kekuatan persenjataan TNI, kalau mengalami gangguan suplai BBM tentunya tidak dapat dipergunakan sama sekali…. "

"This paper aims to evaluate the state of energy security indicators in Indonesia by following the most update study by Savacool (2012). We found that energy security has a multidimensional meaning. We found five major finding. First, the availability dimension suggests Indonesia needs to improve energy infrastructure both for fossil fuel and renewable energy. Second, pricing policy become important in the case of affordability dimensions, but Indonesia still does not have exit strategy from energy subsidy, even the subsidy tends to increase both in nominal and real amount. There is a serious fairness issue on energy subsidy that needs to be solved effectively at political level. Third, Indonesia needs to allocate more funds for research and development. This is important to improve capacity to solve existing and future problems in order to improve the state of energy security. Fourth, there are two-way relationship between energy and the environmental risks. Finally we argue that the regulation and governance dimensions need to put at the highest priority for better energy management in the future."

"Fuel plays an important role in indonesia In line with the ongoing development, the consumption of fuei increases rapidly. Considering fuel as a sensitive· commodity, the government maintains the price of fuel at a very low price through subsidy. Later,it is realized that this policy has some negative effects, i.e. inefficiency in fuelconsumption, pollution, discourage the search for alternative energy sources, etc. However. the urgency of revoking fuel subsidy comes from the pressure of state budget ?s condition. Experiencing massive budget deficit, the government plans 10 cutits expenditure by reducing the subsidy. The subsidy reduction will cause the price of fuel to increase. While, we do not know the impact of the increase in fuel price on the economy.In view of that, the objectives of this thesis are. first, to estimate the likely impact of increasing the price of fuel on aggregate output. employment, saving and income distribution. Second, to detennine appropriate policy that may reduce the negative impact resulting from increasing price of fueLThe methodology used in this thesis is computable general equilibrium (CGE), CGEHas been selected because of its capability in describing interaction among sectors within economy. The advantage of using CGE models is that, one constructed, they yield a tractable tool for analyzing a wide range of possible policy changes. By using the CGE model, we do some scenarios of fuel price increase and investigate its impact on the economy The simulation result shows that the policy of increasing fuel price can be used to strengthen government budgeL However, the impact on unemployment should be seriously taken into consideration. Given the more vital role played by HSDO compare with that of gasoline and IDO in the economy, the percentage of price increase in HSDO should be lower than the other if the government wants to softenthe burden to society."

"Skripsi ini membahas Ketahanan migas dalam perspektif kebijakan energi dan strategi NOC periode 1970-2010 melalui studi perbandingan Indonesia dan Malaysia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksplanatif yang menggunakan metode kualitatif. Dengan menggunakan teori developmental state, konsep ketahanan energi (energy security), konsep desentralisasi, dan konsep paradigma kebijakan energi, hasil analisis dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan migas di Malaysia lebih baik dibandingkan Indonesia.Hasil tersebut didasarkan atas kebijakan energi Malaysia yang mampu merespon dengan baik faktor karakteristik cadangan migas, karakteristik supply-demand migas, relasi pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam pengelolaan sumber migas, dan relasi NOC dengan Pemerintah yang berperan terhadap ketahanan migas nasional. Selain itu, Petronas lebih unggul dalam jumlah kepemilikian cadangan migas baik di dalam negeri maupun luar negeri yang terlihat dari tingkat produksi migas yang mencapai dua juta barel setara minyak setiap hari. Keunggulan dari kebijakan energi dan strategi NOC Malaysia tidak terlepas dari perencanaan kebijakan energi yang lebih terkoordinasi, paradigma kebijakan energi supply demand dengan pendekatan demand side management yang mengkonstruksi kebijakan energi berdasarkan kondisi cadangan migas, dan model relasi pembagian tanggung jawab antara Petronas dengan Pemerintah Malaysia.

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This thesis discusses oil and gas security in perspective of energy policy and NOC?s strategies period 1970-2010 through comparative study in Indonesia and Malaysia. this is an explanative research using a qualitative method. In this research, the writer used the developmental state theory, the concept of energy security, decentralization concept, and the paradigm of energy policy concept, where the result of the analysis showed that oil and gas security in Malaysia is better compared to Indonesia.That result is based on Malaysia?s energy security policy that responds better to the following factors: characteristics of oil and gas reserves, characteristics of oil and gas supply-demand, the relationaship between central government and regional government, and the relationship between NOC and the government that contributed to national oil and gas security. Beside that, Petronas is superior in oil and gas ownership, both within and outside country. This is proven by their oil and gas production, which reaches two million boepd (barrel oil equivalent per day). The superior of Malaysia?s energy policy and NOC strategies cannot be separated from their more coordinated energy policy planning, a supply-demand energy policy paradigm using a demand side management approach that construct energy policy based on the condition of oil and gas reserves, and a relationship of shared responsibilities between Petronas and the Malaysian Government."

"Ketidakpastian energi di era globalisasi yang dilatarbelakangi oleh pengaruh Lingkungan Strategis: lokal, nasional, regional, dan internasional telah mengakibatkan carut-marutnya Sistem Ketahanan Energi Nasional (SKEN) di Indonesia sehingga diperlukan suatu model geostrategi perencanaan energi yang komprehensif dan interdisiplin. Model keuletan dan ketangguhan merupakan mixed model method yang mengidentifikasi karakteristik faktor-faktor eksternal dan internal secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.Tujuan penelitian: 1). menganalisis faktor-faktor keuletan dan ketangguhan dalam dinamika sistem kebijakan ketahanan energi Indonesia pada empat variabel input; 2). Menganalisis tingkat pentingnya faktorfaktor keuletan dan ketangguhan terhadap Indikator Strategik output SKEN; dan 3). Menganalisis prioritas rencana stratejik intengrasi perencanaan Jaringan Energi ASEAN dalam pengembangan sistem ketahanan energi di Indonesia.Hasil penelitian selain merumuskan teori SKEN secara kontekstual juga menemukan model (Keuletan dan Ketangguhan) dalam pengembangan sistem ketahanan energi di Indonesia. Implikasi penelitian merekomendasikan pentingnya model keuletan dan ketangguhan dalam mentransformasi perencanaan dan kebijakan pengembangan sistem ketahanan energi Indonesia dalam pengembangan Jaringan Energi ASEAN.

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The uncertainty of energy in the era of globalization is grounded by the strategic environment influences; in local, national, regional, and international affecting the unclear National Energy Resilience System (SKEN) in Indonesia. Therefore, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary geostrategic planning model is required. The model, ductility and toughness, is proposed by using a mixed method study to identify external and internal factors characteristics in qualaitative and quantitative approach.

The study aims: 1) To analyze ductility and toughness factors in system dynamics in Indonesia's energy resilience system policy through four input variables; 2). To analyze the level of importance of ductility and toughness indicators on SKEN strategic planning output, and 3). To analyze the priority of strategic planning on ASEAN energy network planning related on Indonesia?s resilience energy system development.

The study has resulted not only to formulate the contextual of SKEN but also to find the model (ductility and toughness) upon development of Indonesia's reseilience energy system. Furthermore, the study has implication to recommend the importance of ductility and toughness factors to transform Indonesia's reseilience energy system planning and policy on ASEAN Energy Network development."

"Industri baja merupakan industri padat energi yang memerlukan energi dalam jumlah yang sangat besar dalam proses produksi baja. Dari sisi intensitas energi, industri baja di Indonesia memiliki intensitas energi yang lebih besar dibandingkan industri sejenis di kawasan Asia, hal ini berarti konsumsi energi untuk menghasilkan satu ton produk baja di Indonesia lebih besar dibandingkan produk impor. Mengacu pada biaya energi, dengan konsumsi energi yang lebih tinggi dari negara lain di Asia, dapat menyebabkan produk baja Indonesia kurang kompetitif di pasar Asia. Pemerintah melalui Kementerian Perindustrian telah menetapkan target produksi baja dalam negeri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan baja nasional dan meminimalisir ketergantungan terhadap produk impor. Hal ini perlu diikuti dengan perencanaan kebutuhan energi dan upaya untuk menurunkan biaya energi agar produk baja Indonesia lebih kompetitif di pasar Asia dan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan baja nasional secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan jumlah energi yang diperlukan dalam bauran energi yang optimal dan menemukan cara menurunkan intensitas energi oleh industri baja dalam negeri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan baja nasional. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan industri baja dalam negeri memerlukan energi sebesar 57,75 juta MSCF gas alam; 14,91 TWh listrik dan 1,49 milyar liter bahan bakar diesel untuk menghasilkan produk baja sesuai target Restra Kementerian Perindustrian yaitu sebesar 5 juta ton besi sponge, 20 juta ton baja kasar dan 20 juta ton baja akhir. Terdapat potensi efisiensi energi pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan sebesar 29,80 juta GJ atau setara dengan 8,28 TWh. Potensi ini dapat direalisasikan dengan menerapkan teknologi hemat energi antara lain adalah teknologi zero reformer DRI pada pembuatan besi sponge, yang dapat menurunkan intensitas energi sebesar 3,77 GJ/ton besi sponge atau dapat menurunkan biaya energi sebesar Rp. 200.068,00 per ton besi sponge.

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The steel industry is an energy intensive industry that requires energy in very large quantities in the steel production process. In terms of energy intensity, the steel industry in Indonesia have greater energy intensity than similar industries in the Asian region, this means that the energy consumption to produce one ton of steel products in Indonesia is higher than imported products. Referring to the cost of energy, the energy consumption is higher than other countries in Asia, may cause Indonesian steel products less competitive in the Asian market.

The Government through the Ministry of Industry has set a target of domestic steel production to fulfill national steel demand and minimize dependence on imported products. It is necessary be followed by the energy demand planning and efforts to reduce the cost of energy that Indonesian steel products more competitive in the Asian market and can fulfill national steel demand optimally.

This study aims to estimate the amount of energy required in the optimal energy mix and find a way of reducing energy intensity in the domestic steel industry to fulfill the national steel demand.

The result showed that in 2020 the domestic steel industry is estimated to require an energy of 57.75 million mscf natural gas; 14.91 TWh of electricity and 1.49 billion liters of diesel fuel to produce steel products as targeted the Ministry of Industry of 5 million tonnes of sponge iron, 20 million tons of crude steel and 20 million tons of finished steel product. There is the potential for energy efficiency in 2020 was estimated at 29.80 million GJ, equivalent to 8.28 TWh. This potential can be realized by implementing energy-saving technologies include zero reformer DRI technology in the manufacture of sponge iron, which can reduce the energy intensity of 3.77 GJ / tonne of sponge iron or can reduce energy costs by Rp. 200,068.00 per tonne of sponge iron."