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"This study assesses the environmental and economic impacts of the immediate shutdownof all Japan's nuclear reactor fieet. For the assessment, we regard a gradual nuclear powerphase-out scenario as the basis for a 40-year operational time limit of plants as a reference sce-nario, A multi-regional, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model based onVersion 841 of the Global Trade Analysis Project database is constructed. The simulation re-sults indicate that an immediate nuclear shutdown increases CO2 emissions through an in-crease in fossil fuel electricity generation and decreases real GDP losses in Japan. From a sec-toral view, an immediate nuclear power shutdown has a negative impact on Japan's energy in-tensive and trade-exposed sectors. In addition, we find that an immediate nuclear shutdownhas a negative after-effect on the economy. This is caused by shrinking investment spendingduring the immediate nuclear power shutdown. Overall, we find that the Japanese economywould face significant economic and environmental impacts from an immediate nuclear powershutdown. However, our model does not incorporate potential negative costs associated withnuclear usage, such as the risk of a nuclear accident or the cost of final disposal sites for nucle-ar waste, which may be sizeable. To derive conclusions for Japanese energy policy, we mustconsider the potential negative costs of nuclear usage. The results of this simulation study rep-resent the first step in answering key questions on energy policy."

"This study assesses the environmental and economic impacts of the immediate shutdownof all Japan's nuclear reactor fleet. For the assessment, we regard a gradual nuclear powerphase-out scenario as the basis for a 40-year operational time limit of plants as a reference sce-nario. A multi-regional, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model based onVersion 8.1 of the Global Trade Analysis Project database is constructed. The simulation re-sults indicate that an immediate nuclear shutdown increases CO2 emissions through an in-crease in fossil fuel electricity generation and decreases real GDP losses in Japan. From a sec-toral view, an immediate nuclear power shutdown has a negative impact on Japan's energy in-tensive and trade-exposed sectors. In addition, we find that an immediate nuclear shutdownhas a negative after-effect on the economy. This is caused by shrinking investment spendingduring the immediate nuclear power shutdown. Overall, we find that the Japanese economywould face significant economic and environmental impacts from an immediate nuclear powershutdown. However, our model does not incorporate potential negative costs associated withnuclear usage, such as the risk of a nuclear accident or the cost of final disposal sites for nucle-ar waste, which may be sizeable. To derive conclusions for Japanese energy policy, we mustconsider the potential negative costs of nuclear usage. The results of this simulation study rep-resent the first step in answering key questions on energy policy."

"Pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir (PLTN) merupakan suatu pembangkit tenaga listrik dengan daya termal yang memaksimalkan satu atau lebih reaktor nuklir selaku sumber panas. PLTN memiliki ragam manfaat esensial terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan energi suatu negara, tak terkecuali di Indonesia. Sampai sekarang, Indonesia belum memiliki PLTN terlepas dari adanya wacana pembangunan PLTN dari sejak disahkannya Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 31 Tahun 1964 tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan Pokok Tenaga Atom. Hingga akhirnya UU ini dicabut dengan UU Nomor 10 Tahun 1997 tentang Ketenaganukliran sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja, pengaturan PLTN kembali diperkuat dengan adanya landasan hukum yang membolehkan PLTN untuk dibangun di Indonesia selama mempertimbangkan faktor keselamatan yang ketat. Kendati demikian, prospek yang cerah terhadap pembangunan PLTN pun tidak kunjung membawakan adanya realisasi pembangunannya secara nyata di Indonesia. Berangkat dari latar belakang berikut, tulisan ini akan menggali, mengkaji, dan menganalisis tinjauan rencana pembangunan PLTN di Indonesia yang dilihat dari segi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Penggunaan lensa hukum lingkungan dalam menjelaskan prospek PLTN jarang diliput secara ilmiah, terlebih dari kacamata hukum lingkungan Indonesia. Analisis dalam tulisan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis berupa penelitian keseluruhan data sekunder hukum terkait PLTN di Indonesia untuk menjawab permasalahan kajian prinsip hukum ketenaganukliran, kesesuaian rencana PLTN, dan tinjauan lainnya dalam rangka memberikan gambaran komprehensif secara meluas (helicopter view). Dari sini, akan didapatkan rekomendasi langkah yang harus diambil Indonesia dalam menetapkan peta jalan pembangunan PLTN jika (akhirnya) terwujudkan.

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A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a power plant with thermal power that maximizes one or more nuclear reactors as heat sources. NPPs have a variety of essential benefits for meeting the energy needs of a country, including in Indonesia. Until now, Indonesia has not had a nuclear power plant apart from the discourse on nuclear power plant development since the enactment of Law Number 31 of 1964 concerning the Basic Provisions of Atomic Energy. Until finally this law was repealed by Law Number 10 of 1997 concerning Nuclear Energy as amended by Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, the regulation of NPP was again strengthened by the existence of a legal basis that allowed nuclear power plants to be built in Indonesia as long as it considered strict safety factors. However, the bright prospects for the construction of NPPs have not led to a real realization of its development in Indonesia. Departing from the following background, this paper will explore, study, and analyze a review of the NPP development plan in Indonesia in terms of environmental protection and management. The use of environmental law lenses in explaining the prospect of nuclear power plants is rarely covered scientifically, especially from the perspective of Indonesian environmental law. The analysis in the paper uses a juridical approach in the form of research on all secondary legal data related to nuclear power plants in Indonesia to answer the problems of nuclear law principle studies, the suitability of nuclear power plants, and other reviews in order to provide a comprehensive overview in a broad manner (helicopter view). From this, this thesis provides recommendations for steps that Indonesia should take in determining the road map for NPP development if (in the end) it is realized."

"ABSTRACTPenggunaan bahan-bahan tambang, material, dan teknologi nuklir adalah inalienable right dalam rangka penerapan Permanent Sovereignty pada konteks pemanfaatan tenaga nuklir. Convention on Nuclear Safety CNS tahun 1994 menjadi l rsquo;accord-cadre bagi pemanfaatan energi nuklir untuk pembangkitan tenaga listrik yang mengharuskan pemanfaatannya dijamin dengan hukum domestik yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana prinsip keselamatan di CNS dapat hidup dan mengatur aktivitas pemanfaatan tenaga nuklir untuk pembangkitan listrik domestik melalui kaidah-kaidah hukum positif dalam sebuah kerangka hukum nuklir municipal. Selama ini, sulit untuk menentukan ukuran pelanggaran kaidah hukum CNS karena tidak adanya elemen-elemen kontekstual yang disepakati oleh para sarjana hukum selain aspek teknis. Hal tersebut berusaha dijawab dengan memaparkan best practice pada hukum di beberapa negara, dan dengan pendekatan problem-based, salah satunya dalam hal kecelakaan. Dalam penelitian ini, kecelakaan PLTN Fukushima tahun 2011 lalu dianalisis secara mendalam dan hasilnya didapatkan bahwa terdapat ketaatan parsial Jepang dengan simpulan akhir tidak ada indikasi atas niat pelanggaran yang berakibat kelalaian. Namun lebih kepada kurangnya kesadaran pemerintah Jepang terhadap kultur keselamatan. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai pembuktian bahwa energi nuklir merupakan opsi yang sangat efesien dan terpercaya apabila keselamatannya terjamin. Selain itu, penelitian ini dapat pula menjadi rujukan untuk memperbaiki hukum dan kebijakan terkait yang masih dirasa kurang tepat, serta menyugestikan reformasi hukum keselamatan nuklir nasional agar sesuai dengan standar keselamatan nuklir internasional yang berlaku. Kata Kunci: Kedaulatan, Energi Nuklir, Hak Berdaulat Tenaga Nuklir, PSNR, Hak Aktivitas Berbahaya, Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, Prinsip Keseimbangan Antar-Generasi, PLTN, Keselamatan nuklir, Hukum Keselamatan Nuklir Internasional, Convention on Nuclear Safety 1994, Kasus Fukushima 2011, Badan Pengawas Nuklir.

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ABSTRACTThe usage of nuclear ores, materials, and technologies is an inalianable right in respect with the application of the Permanent Sovereignty doctrine on the context of atomic energy utilization. The 1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety CNS is the l rsquo accord cadre for nuclear energy utilization, in casu nuclear power plants NPPs , which needs to be guaranteed by a satisfying domestic law. This research aims to explain how the CNS rsquo s safety principles shall prevail and rule the utilization of nuclear power activities for NPPs through positive laws in a municipal nuclear law. It has been strenuous attempt to measure the violations towards the CNS rsquo safety principles since there is no agreement amongst the legal scholars on contextual elements but the technical elements. To solve such problem, this research will explain the states rsquo legal best practice over the world, and by problem based solving, such as accident. This research further analyze on the 2011 Fukushima NPP accident, and it is proven that there is a partial compliance by Japan. It can be concluded that Japan has no intention to breach any law which later relevant with the imprudence . However, the omission was caused by lack of Japan government rsquo s concern on safety culture. This research may proper to be used as a scientific proof that nuclear energy is an efficient and reliable option if only the safety has been settled. Notwithstanding, this research also may be used as a reference to enhance the lack of high safety priority on the laws and policies, and to reform the national nuclear safety law in accordance to the international legal standards. Keywords Sovereignty, Nuclear Energy, Sovereign Right over Natural Resources, PSNR, Right to Conduct a Dangerous Activity, Sustainable Development, Intergenerational Equity Principle, NPP, Nuclear Safety, International Nuclear Safety Law, 1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety, 2011 Fukushima Case, Regulatory Bodies. "

"Introduction to the various types of nuclear reactors worldwide and information on prototype designsMany different reactor systems have been proposed and some of these have been developed to prototype and commercial scale. Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK) have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. A further reactor type, the so-called fast reactor, has been developed to full-scale demonstration stage. These various reactor types will now be described, together with current developments and some prototype designs."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kriteria pada KLHS untuk rencana pembangunan PLTN. Analisis kriteria dilakukan berdasarkan pada indikator pembangunan berkelanjutan, peraturan perundangan, dan best practice dari penerapan KLHS untuk pembangunan PLTN yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Hasil analisis kriteria menunjukkan bahwa dalam penyusunan KLHS untuk pembangunan PLTN harus terdapat kajian mengenai mekanisme pelaksanaan dan output dari KLHS, seleksi lokasi, seleksi teknologi nuklir, dan analisis dampak pada tahap pra-konstruksi, konstruksi, operasi, decommissioning, dan pada saat terjadi kecelakaan. Hasil dari analisis kriteria ini kemudian diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai tolak ukur dalam penyusunan KLHS untuk rencana pembangunan PLTN ke depannya."