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"The 1905 Revolution in Russia occurred in the midst of a major international war waged between Japan and Russia from February 1904 to September 1905. We know very little about the impact of the revolution on the Japanese soldiers fighting at the front. Through an exhaustive study of personal materials of soldiers—namely, personal diaries, particularly those of the lower ranks—this essays offers a glimpse into the mentality of Japanese soldiers on the battlefield as they faced enemy soldiers. How did they describe their feelings toward the Russians? Did they learn about the 1905 Revolution while in the trenches? If so, what were their reactions? Did the revolutionary turmoil in Russia affect the fighting spirit of the Russian and Japanese soldiers? This was a pivotal moment in the history of both Russia and Japan. A methodological approach that takes into account the history from below can shed new light on popular Japanese attitudes toward the revolution."

"This essay examines the perceptions of Russia’s 1905 revolution in the Korean periodicals of the time. The revolution drew significant interest in Korea for a variety of reasons. First, Russia was at war with Japan, so the revolution could decisively influence the result of that war and, consequently, the fate of Korea. Second, constitutionalism was a popular topic of debate in Korea. The Russian revolution was seen as a part of the worldwide struggle constitutionalism, and as proof that the shift to constitutionalism was a worldwide trend. Third, the Russian revolution involved a struggle for either autonomy or self-determination by a variety of minorities inside the Russian Empire. Such a struggle was met with natural sympathy in Korea, given the country’s own precarious position with between the Russian and Japanese empires. The vociferous anti-Semitism and pogroms in Tsarist Russia had been widely reported in the Korean press even before the revolution, and were perceived to be among the factors that triggered it. The root cause of revolution was predominantly found in autocratic misrule and Tsarist expansionist policies. A shift to constitutionalism and rule of law was seen to be needed in Russia – and, by extension, in Korea as well. The terrorist struggle by Social revolutionaries (SR), anarchists, and assorted minority nationalist groups attracted significant attention in Korea and may well have influenced the adoption of individual terror tactics by some Korean nationalist militants at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century."

"Perang selama ini dalam pemikiran masyarakat awam dikenal sebagai suatu peristiwa yang memilukan, tidak adil, dan sebagai sebuah tragedi kemanusiaan. Namun, perang sebenarnya dapat menjadi suatu peristiwa yang adil. Dalam upaya mencapai keadilan tersebut, Agustinus mencetuskan sebuah teori yang mengatur apa saja yang boleh maupun yang tidak boleh dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yang berperang, yang dikenal sebagai Just War Theory. Ada pun teori ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh Michael Walzer pada abad 20. Just War Theory yang dikembangkan oleh Walzer ini menjadi alat analisis yang akan penulis pergunakan untuk membuktikan pelaksanaan Perang Dunia II di Eropa sebagai sebuah perang yang adil.

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War is commonly known as an event that only brings misery, injustice, and a tragedy of humanity. But, war actually can become an event which is just. In order to make war as a just war, Augustine arranged some theories that can make a war become a just war, which is known as “Just War Theory”. In the 20th century, Michael Walzer has successfully developed the just war theory into a whole new level. In my opinion, this theory can become an instrument to prove that there are justice that contained in World War II in European Region, and this war is a just war that happened in the 20th century."

"Dalam rangka mewujudkan ambisinya untuk melakukan ekspansi wilayah, mengembangkan industri, dan demi kepentingan ekonomi, Jepang berusaha untuk menanamkan pengaruhnya di beberapa wilayah Korea yang dianggap strategis, namun pada saat itu wilayah Korea masih berada di bawah pengaruh kuat Cina. Akibat dari persaingan memperebutkan pengaruh di wilayah Korea tersebut, pecahlah perang Jepang-Cina pada tahun 1894-1895 yang pada akhirnya dimenangkan oleh Jepang. Pada saat yang sama Rusia juga sedang gencar melakukan usaha untuk memperluas wilayahnya hingga ke Asia Timur. Keberadaan pasukan Rusia di Manchuria menjadi ancaman utama bagi kepentingan Jepang di wilayah Korea. Oleh karena itu, Jepang berusaha untuk menghentikan usaha Rusia tersebut dan mendeklarasikan perang melawan Rusia (1904-1905). Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan strategi Jepang dalam perang melawan Cina (1894-1895) dan Rusia (1904-1905). Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa Jepang dapat mengalahkan Cina dan Rusia dengan berbekal beberapa strategi yang terilhami dari teori strategi perang oleh Sun Tzu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian sejarah dan studi pustaka. Analisis dalam penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan teknik deskriptif analisis.

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In order to realize its ambition to expand the region, develop industry, and in the interests of the economy, Japan tried to instill its influence in several areas of Korea that were considered strategic, but at that time the Korean territory was still under the strong influence of China. As a result of competition for influence in the Korean region, the Japan-China war broke out in 1894-1895 which was ultimately won by Japan. At the same time Russia is also intensively conducting efforts to expand its territory to East Asia. The presence of Russian troops in Manchuria became a major threat to Japanese interests in the Korean territory. Therefore, Japan tried to stop the Russian effort and declare war on Russia (1904-1905). This paper tries to explain Japan's strategy in the war against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905). The analysis shows that Japan can defeat China and Russia armed with a number of strategies inspired by Sun Tzu's war strategy theory. This research was conducted by historical research methods and literature study. The is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis techniques."