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"The aim of this laboratory study was to assess selected physicochemical properties of three root canal sealers. The solubility, setting time and radiopacity of AH Plus, EndoREZ and RealSeal SE were evaluated. The solubility was determined by weight loss of specimens in water over a period of 28 days. Setting time and radiopacity were assessed according to ANSI/ADA and ISO specifications using an aluminum step wedge calibrated in millimeters and the intendention test using a Gilmore needle. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Student–Newman–Keuls test for pairwise comparisons. AH Plus was significantly less soluble, showed the significantly highest radiopacity and displayed the significantly longest setting time of all sealers (P < 0.01). At all exposure times, EndoREZ was significantly more soluble than the other sealers (P < 0.01) and displayed the significantly lowest values regarding radiopacity (P < 0.01). Analysis showed that setting time and radiopacity for all sealers met the ANSI/ADA and ISO standards. Solubility of AH Plus and RealSeal confirmed the ANSI/ADA and ISO specification, while EndoREZ clearly exceeded the proposed solubility value. Out of all sealers tested, AH Plus obtained the best values for all properties."

"Alat elektronik pengukur panjang kerja multifrekuensi adalah alat mutakhir yang datang setelah alat elektronik dua frekuensi. Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan ketepatan hasil pengukuran panjang kerja dua sistem alat elektronik tersebut dan radiografik terhadap panjang kerja aktual. Metode: Empat puluh gigi anterior rahang atas atau rahang bawah dipotong pada daerah servikal gigi. Dari arah labial, gigi dironsen untuk mengukur panjang kerja radiografik. Kemudian Semua gigi diukur dengan alat elektronik dua frekuensi dan multifrekuensi. Kemudian gigi dibelah dua vertikal dan diukur panjang aktual gigi. Kemudian data dianalisis dengan uji statistik chi-square dan kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Alat elektronik pengukur panjang kerja mempunyai ketepatan lebih baik dari radiografik dengan hasil berbeda bermakna. Kesimpulan: Alat elektronik memiliki ketepatan lebih baik dari radiografik.

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Multifrequency Electronic root canal length measurement device is the one that comes after two frequencies based device.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of the two electronic root canal length measurement device and radiographic with the actual working length.

Methods: Forty maxillary or mandibular anterior extracted teeth were sectioned at the cervical area. All samples were exposed with x-ray to measure radiographic working length. All samples then were measured with two frequencies and multifrequency electronic root canal length measurement device. To confirm the actual length of the teeth all samples were sectioned vertically. Then the data were analyzed by chi-square statistical test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

Results: Electronic root canal length measurement devices accuracy are better than radiographic with significantly different results.

Conclusion: Electronic device has an accuracy of better than radiographic."

"Objectives: This study was to investigate the effect of a variety of root canal irrigation solutions on flexural strength of dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifty intact, extracted human mandibular third molars were used in this study. Each tooth was sectioned using diamond cutting disc to create dentin bar (1x1 mm, with 7 mm in length). All dentin bars were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 each. Group 1, dentin bars were immersed in 5% NaOCL; group 2, in 2.5% NaOCL; group 3, in 15% EDTA; group 4, in 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX); and group 5, in saline (as control) respectively. Each group was immersed for 2 hours. Each dentin bar was subjected to a three-point bend using MTS Universal Testing Machine to test the flexural strength. Data were analyzed using one way Anova, followed by Turkey's test performed at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: All irrigation solution have an effect on the flexural strength (P<0.05). EDTA caused the greatest effect on dentin mechanical properties, which revealed the lowest flexural strength (100.64 ± 7.23). In contrast, 0.2% CHX generated the least influence on dentin mechanical properties, which demonstrated the greatest flexural strength (189.85 ± 6.44). Conclusion: Root canal irrigation solution can induce effect on flexural strength of dentin. Chlorhexidine gluconate demonstrates the best irrigation solution since it has a slight effect on dentin mechanical properties, particularly flexural strength."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 46-50The necrosis tooth wilh incomplete formed roots and wide root canal should be treated by apexification. Gutta-percha combined with root canal sealer is widely used as an obturation material. The aim of this case report is to figure out that the use of customized gutta-percha in wide root canal to produce compact and hermetic filling."

"Visualisasi anatomi saluran akar menggunakan computed tomography tiga dimensi dan preparasi transparan. Computed Tomography (CT) tiga dimensi sedang dikembangkan agar dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis topografi anatomi saluran akar untuk membuat keputusan tentang metode preparasi yang tepat. Analisis bentuk dan ukuran anatomi gigi juga dapat dilakukan menggunakan metode transparan. Penting untuk membandingkan ketepatan hasil analisis dari kedua metode tersebut. Tujuan: Membandingkan akurasi analisis anatomi saluran akar dengan dua metode CT tiga dimensi dan preparasi transparan. Metode: Gigi molar tiga bawah digunakan sebagai sampel analisis. Analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi dilakukan sebelum gigi diekstraksi. Gigi yang selanjutnya diekstraksi tersebut kemudian diolah untuk mendapatkan sediaan transparan. Hasil: Walaupun karakteristik gigi yang berhubungan dengan sudut kemiring mahkota, bentuk kurva mahkota dan devisasi saluran akar dapat terlihat melalui analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi, parameter anatomi gigi yang lain dapat diperlihatkan melalui sediaan transparan. Sediaan transparan dapat memperlihatkan kurva saluran akar secara lebih jelas. Simpulan: Analisis sediaan transparan dapat memberikan gambaran anatomi saluran akar yang sangat jelas dan lebih baik daripada CT tiga dimensi. Analisis dengan CT tiga dimensi dapat memberikan informasi tambahan tentang hubungan gigi di dalam rahang.

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Three-dimensional Computed Tomography (CT) is used to analyze the topography of the root canal anatomy in order to make a decision in choosing root canal preparation method. There is a method that make extracted teeth transparent maintaining its anatomical shape and size. It is important to compare the accuracy of the two visualization methods. Objective: To compare the transmission accuracy of root canals anatomy by two visualization methods, three-dimensional CT and transparent tooth preparation. Methods: Mandibular third molar was used as sample. The three-dimensional CT scan was performed before extracting the teeth. Then teeth were extracted and placed in solutions that made them transparent. Results: Despite the fact that the character of dental origin in terms of the angle of the crown, the curvature of the crown, the deviation of the root showed in three dimensional CT, other tooth anatomical parameters were equally well detected using a transparent tooth preparation. Overall, the curvature of the root canals is more clearly shown by transparent tooth preparation. Conclusion: Transparent tooth preparation provides superior visualization of real root canal anatomy compared to three-dimensional CT, however the later could give us more information about the relation of the tooth within the jaw."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak biji anggur (GSE) mengandung 74-78% proantosianidin yang berfungsi sebagai pengikat silang kolagen. Tujuan: menganalisis kemampuan GSE sebagai larutan irigasi saluran akar dalam membersihkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apeks. Metode: lima puluh gigi dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Kelompok 1 meggunakan aquades, kelompok 2 menggunakan GSE 3.25%, kelompok 3 menggunakan GSE 6.5%, kelompok 4 menggunakan GSE 13% dan kelompok 5 menggunakan EDTA 17%. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan tingkat kebersihan sepertiga apeks menggunakan SEM dan diberi skor. Analisis data menggunakan uji kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Skor 0 terbanyak pada GSE 13% (40%), skor 1 terbanyak pada GSE 6.5% (70%) dan skor 2 terbanyak pada aquades (80%). Kesimpulan: Larutan ekstrak biji anggur mempunyai potensi dapat membersihkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apeks dinding saluran akar.

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Background: Grape seed extract (GSE) consisting of 74-78% proanthocyanidin, is a cross linking agent.

Purpose: investigate the ability of GSE in removing smear layer on apical third of root canal wall.

Materials and Method: fifty five extracted incisors were divided into 5 groups. Grup 1 used aquadest, group 2 used 3.25% GSE, group 3 used 6.5% GSE, group 4 used 13% GSE and group 5 used 17% EDTA. The cleanliness of smear layer were evaluated by SEM and scored. The data were analyzed using kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: Score 0 maximum in group GSE 13% (40%), score 1 maximum in group GSE 6.5% (70%) and score 2 maximum in group aquadest (80%).

Conclusion: Grape seed extract solution has a potential to remove smear layer on apical third of root canal wall."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu sifat ideal suatu siler saluran akar adalah memiliki kemampuan penutupan yang baik terutama pada sepertiga apeks. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan kebocoran antara pengisian saluran akar dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan SP dan siler bioceramic SB . Metode: Tiga puluh enam gigi premolar rahang bawah, dibagi dua kelompok dan diisi dengan teknik kon tunggal menggunakan siler polidimetilsiloksan pada kelompok pertama, dan siler bioceramic pada kelompok ke-dua. Selanjutnya gigi diinkubasi 37?C, selama 24 jam , kemudian dilapisi dengan dua lapis cat kuku kecuali pada 2 mm dari apeks, dan direndam dalam tinta india 7 X 24 jam . Sampel didekalsifikasi, didehidrasi dan dibuat transparan sesuai dengan metode Robertson. Kedalaman penetrasi zat tinta dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Skor 0 untuk tidak bocor, skor 1 untuk penetrasi zat tinta le; 0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi 0,51 ndash; 1 mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi > 1 mm. Hasil: Distribusi proporsi kebocoran terbesar pada kelompok SP terdapat pada skor 2 44.4 , sedangkan pada kelompok SB terdapat pada skor 1 55.6 . Kesimpulan: Tingkat kebocoran pengisian saluran akar dengan siler bioceramic tidak berbeda dengan siler polidimetilsiloksan.

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ABSTRACTBackground One of the ideal properties of a root canal sealer is to have a good sealing ability, especially at the apical third of the root. Objective To evaluate the comparison of the apical leakage between obturation using bioceramic sealer SB and polydimethylsiloxane sealer SP . Methods Thirty six mandibular premolars were equally divided into two groups and was obturated with single cone technique. The sealer used for Group I and Group II were SP and SB respectively. After obturation, the samples were incubated 37 C, 24 h , sealed with two coats of nail polish except for 2 mm from the apex, immersed in the Indian ink for 7 days, decalcified, dehydrated and made transparent according to Robertson technique. Dye penetration were evaluated under stereomicroscope. Samples with no dye penetration were given score 0, le 0,5 mm dye penetration were given score 1, 0,051 ndash 1 mm were given score 2, and 1 mm were given score 3. Result The largest proportion distribution in SP group was at the score 2 44.4 , and in group SB was at the score 1 55.6 . Conclusion Bioceramic sealer showed similar apical leakage to polydimethylsiloxane sealer."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar gigi menghasilkan smear layer saat bersentuhan dengan dinding saluran akar yang berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan. Bentuk penampang file mempengaruhi pembentukan smear layer. Penelitian ini membandingkan kuantitas smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal yang dipreparasi menggunakan file berpenampang melintang segitiga dan segi empat. Metode: 32 sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga (One Curve®, n = 16) dan segi empat (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16). Setelah preparasi, saluran akar diirigasi menggunakan kombinasi larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17%. Smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan dikuantifikasi menurut sistem skoring Foschi. Hasil: Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan kedua instrumen dengan skor smear layer. Kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menghasilkan skor smear layer lebih rendah dibanding kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segi empat. Kesimpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan file berpenampang segitiga dan segi empat dengan irigasi kombinasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17% tetap menghasilkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apikal, namun preparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menunjukkan kuantitas smear layer yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan file berpenampang segi empat.

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Background: Root canal preparation produces smear layer when in contact with its wall, which potentially causing treatment failures. Cross-section shape of file influences smear layer production. This experiment compares smear layer quantity at apical third of root canal walls prepared using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section.

Methods: Thirty-two premolar samples taken from mandibles were divided into two groups whose root canals were prepared using file with triangular (One Curve®, n = 16) and rectangular (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16) cross-section. After preparation, root canals were irrigated with combination of NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% solutions. Smear layer in apical third of root canal walls were then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan quantified according to Foschi scoring system.

Results: Mann- Whitney test shows significant difference between root canal preparation using both instruments and produced smear layer score. Group prepared with triangular file produced lower smear layer score compared to those which prepared with rectangular file.

Conclusions: Root canal preparation using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section, followed by combined NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% irrigation still produces smear layer in apical third area. However, preparation with triangular file shows less smear layer quantity compared to rectangular file."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256). Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques.

Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256)

Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."