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"Populasi gajah belakangan ini semakin berkurang dan salah satu alasannya berkenaan dengan pembukaan lahan-lahan yang sebelumnya merupakan ruang jelajah gajah untuk dijadikan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kepentingan ekonomi terlihat akan merusak tatanan lingkungan hidup. Adapun data arkeologis dan historis juga banyak berkenaan dengan keberadaan gajahdi Sumatera khususnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membahas gajah dari sudut pandang arkeologis dan historis untuk menunjukkan gajah sebagai makhluk hidup juga telah mendapat perhatian yang besar sejak dahulu. Untuk itu digunakan alur penalaran induktif dalam tipe kajian deskriptif komparatif. Hasilnya adalah pengenalan tentang bagaimana gajah dipandang dan diperlakukan sejak dahulu sehingga diharapkan dapat membantu upaya penanggulangan ancaman kemusnahannya kelak."

"Limestone cave is an unique ecosystem with having characteristics on enclosed space, dark, stable temperature, moist, air sirculation and being inhabited by specific flora and fauna. A limestone cave ecosystem is fragile and unrenewable for the process of its formation needs millions of years (Bullock,1965:60; Whitten et al. 1996: 542). Petruk and Jatijajar limestone caves are located at the vicinity of South Gombong Crust ,Central Java. Being potential as tourist attractions, the two caves are made used by local government tourist agency of Kebumen Regency. To create a proper managament system which saveguard the ecological function of the cave as well as the related ecological process, studies on the biodiversity and ecology are needed. The objectives of this study are primarily to understand : (1). The level of abundance of bats (2). The different of the physical environment which influence the bats populations (3). The diversity of fauna (4). The preference roosting place the bats at Petruk and Jatijajar cave. This study is conducted at Petruk cave and Jatijajar cave which are located at Ayah subdistric , Kebumen regency , Central Java in July - September 1999. The estimation of bat populations is made by counting the total number of induvidual bats when they left the cave in the evening and roosting the roof of cave during the days. For physical environment studies of the cave, the temperature, humidity and the light intensity at every zone of the cave were measured. Avertebrata and water fauna diversity were calculated by square method (murray 1991: 48), and the vertebrate diversity by line transek method (Wardoyo: 1986:11). The habitat preference of bat's roosting was identified using several criteria including the distance of the roosting place from the cave enterance, temperature, humidity and light intensity of the roosting place of each bats colony. To compare the physical data of the similar zone the ANOVA test was used at the level of 95 % signiticant (Walpole 1987: 383).The fauna diversity index was calculated by the Shanon - Whiner index (Cox, 1997:195). The similarity of those population were measured by Sorensen formula (Cox, 1997:197 ).The map for roosting habitat preference is made based on available map has been provided by Finspac' (1997), while for Jatijajar cave has been prepared by tourism agency of the Kebumen local goverment 1997. Conclusions drawn from this study were : 1) The bat population of Petruk cave during the research was approximately 144.00 at 661,34 and of Jatijajar cave around 2.874 + 179,2. 2) The physical environment of Petruk cave was warmer, with a high humidity level , and darker than the Jatijajar cave. 3) The land fauna diversity of Petruk cave was higher than that of Jatijajar cave. However those caves have similarities concerning the water fauna diversity. 4) At petruk cave 8 roosting places in habited by 6 species of bat' s namely : Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor,Hipposideros diadema, Myotis horsfieldii, Tadarida plicata and Rhinolopus luctus. At Jatijajar cave there are 6 roosting places inhabited by 3 species of bat , namely: Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor and Rhinoilopus luctus. At both of cave the R. amplexicaudatus prefer red to have a roosting place somewhere around the entrance due to sufficient light. However R. luctus preferred to have a roosting place at the far end of the cave where the level of humidity is high and there is no light at all. The other species : H. bicofon H. diadema ,M, horsfieldii, and T. plicata preferred to have a roosting place at the medle of the cave which little light is available and the temperature and humidity are fluctuative."

"Perilaku merupakan semua mobilitas satwa yang dipengaruhi oleh asosiasi antara satwa dengan lingkungan. Perilaku pada gajah meliputi perilaku sosial (kelompok), perilaku individu, perilaku asuh, dan sebagainya. Salah satu perilaku gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) yaitu perilaku asuh. Induk gajah dalam mengasuh anaknya bersifat protektif, sehingga selalu mengikuti pergerakan anaknya. Peralihan habitat ke penangkaran menyebabkan ruang gerak terbatas, sehingga konservasi ex-situ harus menjamin kesejahteraannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku asuh induk gajah sumatra serta pengelolaan kesejahteraannya, sehingga gajah dapat berperilaku alami dan anak gajah dapat diasuh dengan baik oleh induknya. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu 1 induk gajah (Sinta) dan 1 anak gajah betina (Arinta). Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat 9 perilaku asuh induk dengan durasi rata-rata tertinggi yaitu perilaku menyusui 10,46 menit dan terendah yaitu perilaku mengajari 0,63 menit serta perilaku asuh induk dengan persentase tertinggi yaitu perilaku mendekat 31,46% dan terendah yaitu perilaku mandi 0,70%. Kesejahteraan induk dan anak gajah di kebun binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk kategori sangat baik. Hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman (2-tailed) dengan SPSS Statistic 22.0, durasi perilaku menyusui (ρ = 0,013) dan perilaku mengikuti (ρ = 0,036) berkorelasi signifikan terhadap jumlah pengunjung.

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Behaviour is all the mobility of animals that are influenced by the association between animals and their environment. Behaviour in elephant includes social behavior (group), individual behavior, maternal care behavior, and several other behavior. One of the behavior of sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is maternal care. The mother elephant in raising her calf will be protective, it will always follow the movement of her calf. The transition of habitat into a captivity causes limited space for movement and then the ex-situ conservation must ensure their welfare. This study to analyze the maternal care behavior of the sumatran elephant and the management to its welfare aspects, so that the elephant can behave naturally and the calf can be properly cared for by its mother. The subjects in this study were 1 mother sumatran elephant (Sinta) and 1 sumatran elephant calf (Arinta). The metods in this study are focal animal sampling and ad-libitum sampling. Based on the result of this study, there 9 maternal care behaviours with the highest duration shown by breastfeeding behavior 10,46 minutes and the lowest shown by teaching behavior 0,63 minutes as well as maternal care behaviours with the highest percentage shown by approaching behavior 31,46% and the lowest shown by bathing behavior 0,70%. The welfare of mother and calf sumatran elephant in the Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is very good category. The results of test Spearman Rank Correlation (2-tailed) with SPSS Statistic 22.0, the duration of breastfeeding behavior (ρ = 0,013) and following behavior (ρ = 0,036) were significantly correlated with the number of visitors."

"Identifikasi komunitas mikrobiota menjadi salah satu pendekatan penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan kesehatan gajah sumatra dalam konservasi exsitu. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada analisis mikrobiota usus berdasarkan empat sampel feses (anak betina/jantan, induk betina/jantan) menggunakan Nextgeneration Sequencing dan analisis metagenomik. Analisis metagenomik yang mencangkup alpha dan beta diversity memberikan pengetahuan terkait komposisi mikrobiota dari kelimpahan, kemerataan dan perbedaan diantara keempat sampel. Analisis alpha diversity menunjukkan variasi mikrobiota yang signifikan, dengan gajah jantan dewasa memiliki keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan mikrobiota tertinggi, sementara gajah betina dewasa menunjukkan keanekaragaman yang paling rendah. Analisis beta diversity menunjukkan gajah anak jantan memiliki perbedaan signifikan dari kedua gajah dewasa karena perbedaan umur yang signifikan. Komunitas mikrobiota didominasi oleh filum Bacillota (40-70%) dan Bacteroidota (20-40%), dengan Clostridia (~90%) menjadi kelas paling melimpah dalam Bacillota, sementara Sphingobacteriia (~50%) dan Bacteroidia (~50%) kelas dominan dalam Bacteroidota. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya variasi yang signifikan dalam komposisi mikrobiota usus di antara sampel, yang mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor seperti jenis makanan dan usia. Pemahaman lebih lanjut tentang hubungan ini penting untuk merancang strategi konservasi yang efektif guna meningkatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan gajah sumatra di lingkungan konservasi.

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Identification of the microbiota community is an important approach to improve the quality of life and health of Sumatran elephants in ex-situ conservation contexts. This research focuses on analyzing gut microbiota based on four fecal samples (female/male child, female/male adults) using Next-generation Sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Alpha diversity analysis shows significant microbiota variation, with adult males having the highest diversity and abundance, while adult females exhibit lower diversity. Beta diversity analysis indicates moderate differences between female and male juveniles, with male juveniles significantly differing from both adult elephants. The prokaryotic community is dominated by Bacillota (40-70%) and Bacteroidota (20-40%), with Clostridia (~90%) being the most abundant group within Bacillota, and Sphingobacteriia (~50%) and Bacteroidia (~50%) dominant within Bacteroidota. These findings indicate significant variations in gut microbiota composition among samples, likely influenced by factors such as diet and age. Further understanding of these relationships is crucial for designing effective conservation strategies to enhance the health and well-being of Sumatran elephants in conservation environments."

"Gajah sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus) merupakan hewan yang populasinya dikategorikan sebagai critically endangered. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan populasinya adalah melalui konservasi ex-situ di penangkaran. Pemahaman mengenai mikrobiota saluran pencernaan hewan di penangkaran perlu diketahui agar dapat menjaga kesehatan hewan dan mendorong keberhasilan konservasi hewan tersebut. Bakteri asam laktat merupakan salah satu kelompok mikrobiota saluran pencernaan yang ikut berperan dalam proses pencernaan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri asam laktat dari feses gajah sumatra (E. m. sumatranus) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Gajah sumatra yang dipilih adalah dua betina (usia ±37 tahun dan ±10 tahun) dan dua jantan (usia ±37 tahun dan ±5 bulan). Sampel feses diinokulasikan pada medium de Man Rogosa Sharpe Broth (MRSB) dan MRSB dengan bile salt 0,3% sebagai enrichment media, lalu diisolasi pada medium de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) dengan CaCO3 0,3%. Hasil isolasi diperoleh sepuluh isolat bakteri asam laktat yang selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan morfologi sel, uji biokimia, dan identifikasi bakteri menggunakan gen 16S rRNA. Hasil identifikasi dari sepuluh isolat menunjukkan bahwa enam isolat (BD1 (99,87%), BA1 (99,36%), BA2 (99,20%), JD5 (99,93%), JA1 (99,87%), dan JA2 (99,33%)) merupakan Limosilactobacillus fermentum, dua isolat (JD1 (99,53%) dan JD2 (99,80%)) merupakan Ligilactobacillus agilis, dan dua isolat lainnya (JD3 (100%) dan JD4 (99,67%)) merupakan Lactiplantibacillus pentosus. Tetapi, hasil analisis filogenetik isolat JD3 dan JD4 memiliki nilai bootstrap 100% terhadap kelompok L. plantarum, yang meliputi L. plantarum, L. pentosus, dan L. paraplantarum sehingga kelompok filogenetiknya tidak dapat dibedakan. Studi lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk mengidentifikasi isolat JD3 dan JD4.

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The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is a critically endangered animal listed as the population has decreased. To increase the population, conservation effort has already been done at ex-situ in the captivity. Understanding gut microbiota of captive animals is necessary to maintain animal health and support the animal conservation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of microbiotas in the digestive tract that contribute to the digestion process. This study aimed to isolate and identify LAB from Sumatran elephant feces at Ragunan Wildlife Park. The Sumatran elephants selected were two females (aged ±37 years and ±10 years) and two males (aged ±37 years and ±5 months). Feces samples were enriched in de Man Rogosa Sharpe Broth (MRSB) and MRSB with bile salt 0,3% media, then isolated in de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) with CaCO3 0,3% media. Ten selected isolates were characterized based on cell morphology, biochemical test, and bacterial identification using the 16S rRNA gene. The identification results of ten isolates showed that six isolates (BD1 (99,87%), BA1 (99,36%), BA2 (99,20%), JD5 (99,93%), JA1 (99,87%), and JA2 (99,33%)) were Limosilactobacillus fermentum. Two isolates (JD1 (99,53%) and JD2 (99,80%)) were Ligilactobacillus agilis. The others (JD3 (100%) and JD4 (99,67%)) were Lactiplantibacillus pentosus. However, the phylogenetic analysis results of JD3 and JD4 isolates had a bootstrap value of 100% to the L. plantarum group, which includes L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. paraplantarum so their phylogenetic groups could not be distinguished. Further studies are needed to identify JD3 and JD4 isolates."

"Provinsi Sumatera Utara adalah salah satu provinsi Republik Indonesia di Pulau Sumatera, yang perjalanan sejarahnya tentang jauh sebelum terbentuknya provinsi ini. Jejak-jejak perjalanan budaya di provinsi ini selain dapat diketahui lewat sumber tertulis dan ragam tradisinya, juga tercermin pada berbagai tinggalan material yang menjadi bahan kajian utama arkeologi."

"Fish fauna survey biodiversity was conducted in Ujung Kulon National Park, Pandeglang-West Java, to reveal fish diversity in mangrove ecosystem. Samples were caught using electrofish (12 V 10A), gill net (mesh sized 1-1.5 cm) and fishing tackle. Result showed that there were 58 fish species belongs to 34 families and 43 genera gobiidae was a dominant famili with 3 species. Cigenter river has highest diversity with H = 2.74, E=0.930, d = 5.346. Serinding fish (Ambassis dussumieri) was the highest abundance compared to others."