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"River basin development is seen as a very effective means of improving agricultural productivity. In the Chad basin area of the Sahelian Zone, the water resources have been harnessed to ensure viable agricultural programs for Nigeria. However, the resultant successes have met by many problems that range from physical to socio-economic and of which water losses have been the most threatening. The study has called for the use of Hexadeconal film on the water surface of the Chad as a means of reducing evaporation."

"Air merupakan kebutuhan esensial kedua yang paling banyak dibutuhkan manusia setelah oksigen. Namun, penggunaan air kian meningkat enam kali lipat selama 100 tahun terakhir dan akan terus tumbuh sekitar 1% per tahun sejak 1980-an. Dengan begitu, sumber daya air semakin dieksploitasi untuk memenuhi permintaan yang terus meningkat. Pada saat kebutuhan air yang terus meningkat, BMKG menginformasikan bahwa wilayah Jawa Barat berpotensi mengalami kemarau panjang yang disertai El Nino. Kemarau panjang itu sendiri dapat menyebabkan krisis air. Kabupaten Majalengka Kabupaten Majalengka menjadi salah satu wilayah yang memiliki riwayat kemarau panjang yang mengakibatkan krisis air. Sebagai salah satu sumber air di Kabupaten Majalengka, maka perlu dilakukan analisis ketersediaan air terhadap DAS Cilutung. Analisis ketersediaan air menggunakan persamaan Meijerink (1994), dimana persamaan ini menghitung air yang meresap ke dalam tanah dengan memanfaatkan data iklim, karakteristik fisik, dan luas wilayah.

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Water is the second most essential need for humans after oxygen. However, water use has increased sixfold over the past 100 years and has continued to grow at around 1% per year since the 1980s. That way, water resources are increasingly being exploited to meet the ever-increasing demand. At a time when the need for water continues to increase, the BMKG informed the public that the West Java region has the potential to experience a long dry season accompanied by El Nino. The long drought itself can cause a water crisis. Majalengka Regency Majalengka Regency is one of the areas that has a long history of drought, which has resulted in a water crisis. As one of the water sources in Majalengka Regency, it is necessary to analyze the water availability of the Cilutung Watershed. Analysis of water availability uses the Meijerink equation (1994), where this equation calculates the amount of water that seeps into the ground by utilizing climate data, physical characteristics, and area."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengaplikasikan metode perhitungan daya dukung sumber daya air untuk kasus daerah perkotaan padat penduduk dan daerah pedesaan. Metode daya dukung sumber daya air yang digunakan adalah metode rasional dan metode kesetimbangan air. Status daya dukung sumber daya air ditentukkan dengan membandingkan ketersediaan dan kebutuhan sumber daya air.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa status daya dukung sumber daya air berdasarkan kedua metode tersebut menunjukan status defisit pada daerah perkotaan, namun surplus pada daerah perdesaan. Dalam skala yang lebih kecil status ini bervariasi secara spasial. Verivikasi di lapangan menunjukan status daya dukung sumber daya air bertolak belakang dengan hasil perhitungan dengan kedua metode. Daerah perdesaan yang surplus ternyata di lapangan mengalami defisit, dan juga sebaliknya pada daerah perkotaan.

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The purpose of this research is to apply the method of calculation capacity of water resources for cases urban areas high populated and rural areas. This research used rational method and water balance method. Status of capacity of water resources determained by comparing the availability and commodity of water resoources.

The results of the study showed that status of capacity of water resources base on both method showed status the deficit in the urban areas, but there was a surplus for rural areas. On a smaller scale this status varying in spatial. Field verification shown status capacity water resources in contrast with the calculation on with both method. Rural areas that surplus it appeared in the field suffered a deficit, and also in urban areas."

"Perkembangan‌ ‌jumlah‌ ‌masyarakat/penduduk‌ ‌yang‌ ‌tidak‌ ‌diikuti‌ ‌dengan‌ ‌perkembangan‌ ‌fasilitas‌ ‌serta‌ ‌utilitas‌ ‌yang‌ ‌memadai‌ ‌tentu‌ ‌akan‌ ‌mengakibatkan‌ ‌defisit‌ ‌dalam‌ ‌pemenuhan‌ ‌kebutuhan‌ ‌masyarakat‌ ‌tersebut.‌ ‌Terdapat‌ ‌isu‌ ‌terkait‌ ‌ terbatasnya‌ ‌penawaran‌ ‌(supply)‌ ‌air‌ ‌yang‌ ‌ada‌ ‌di‌ ‌wilayah‌ ‌DKI‌ ‌Jakarta‌ ‌yang‌ ‌disebabkan‌ ‌oleh‌ ‌bertambahnya‌ ‌jumlah‌ ‌penduduk,‌ ‌terbatasnya‌ ‌supply‌ ‌air‌ ‌baku,‌ ‌tingginya‌ ‌tingkat‌ ‌pencemaran‌ ‌sebagai‌ ‌sumber‌ ‌air‌ ‌permukaan,‌ ‌eksploitasi‌ ‌air‌ ‌secara‌ ‌besar-besaran,‌ ‌dan‌ ‌berkurangnya‌ ‌daerah‌ ‌tangkapan‌ ‌air‌ ‌akibat‌ ‌menurunnya‌ ‌jumlah‌ ‌wilayah‌ ‌serapan.‌ ‌Tujuan‌ ‌ untuk‌ ‌menganalisa‌ ‌bagaimana‌ ‌kualitas‌ ‌air‌ ‌minum‌ ‌yang‌ ‌ada‌ ‌di‌ ‌Jabodetabek‌ ‌berdasarkan‌ ‌data‌ ‌sekunder‌ ‌Susenas‌ ‌(Survei‌ ‌ Sosial‌ ‌Ekonomi‌ ‌Nasional)‌ ‌dan‌ ‌keterkaitannya‌ ‌dengan‌ ‌kondisi‌ ‌sosial,‌ ‌ekonomi,‌ ‌dan‌ ‌demografi‌ ‌rumah‌ ‌tangga‌ ‌dengan‌ ‌ menggunakan‌ ‌metode‌ ‌penelitian‌ ‌kuantitatif‌ ‌analisis‌ ‌menggunakan‌ ‌regresi logistik binary. Hasil menunjukkan pada Provinsi DKI Jakarta sudah memiliki akses sumber air minum layak 90.62% dan Bodetabek sebesar 80.03%. Namun masih terdapat 9.38% rumah tangga di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan 19.97% wilayah Bodetabek rumah tangga yang tidak mendapatkan akses tersebut. Analisis regresi pada Provinsi DKI Jakarta menunjukkan faktor seperti status migrasi, pendidikan kepala rumah tangga, pengeluaran kapita, daerah lokasi rumah tinggal, keluhan terhadap penyakit, dan kepemilikan asuransi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketersediaan air minum layak. Sedangkan pada wilayah Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, dan Bekasi menunjukkan faktor jumlah ART, status menikah, jenis kelamin KRT, pendidikan terakhir, pengeluaran kapita, status kepemilikan rumah, dan daerah rumah tangga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketersediaan fisik air minum yang layak.

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The development of the number of communities / residents who are not followed by the development of facilities and adequate utilities will certainly result in a deficit in the fulfillment of the needs of the community. There are issues related to the limited supply (supply) of water in the DKI Jakarta area caused by increasing population , The limited supply of raw water, the high level of pollution as a surface source, massive water exploitation, and reduced water catchment areas due to the decline in the amount of absorption area. The purpose of analyzing how the quality of drinking water in Jabodetabek is based on Secondary Susenas data (National Socio-Economic Survey) and its relevance to household social, economic, and demographic conditions using the research method AND quantitative analysis using binary logistic regression. The results showed that in DKI Jakarta Province already had access to drinking water sources worth 90.62% and Bodetabek was 80.03%. But there are still 9.38% of households in DKI Jakarta Province and 19.97% of household bodetabek areas that do not get these access. Regression analysis in DKI Jakarta Province showed factors such as migration status, household head education, capita expenditure, residential location area, complaints against disease, and insurance ownership significantly influence the availability of decent drinking water. Whereas the Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi regions show factor number of ART, married status, KRT gender, last education, capita expenditure, home ownership status, and household regions have a significant effect on the physical availability of decent drinking water."

"Air merupakan kebutuhan mendasar yang harus dipenuhi karena fungsinya yang utama yaitu untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia. Bertambahnya jumlah penduduk namun tidak disertai dengan bertambahnya supply air minum, adanya tuntutan hidup sehat, serta pertumbuhan ekonomi mendorong pertumbuhan industri Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) sehingga menciptakan persaingan. Kecamatan Pademangan merupakan wilayah yang rawan akan penyediaan air bersih. Memicu masyarakat sekitar untuk beralih menggunakan AMDK sebagai kebutuhan akan air minum yang bersih dan higienis. Penelitian ini ingin mengkaji persaingan AMDK yang berlangsung di tingkat retail dalam Kecamatan Pademangan. Penggunaan teknik overlay peta dan skoring adalah untuk menghasilkan wilayah persaingan di Kecamatan Pademangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Kecamatan Pademangan merupakan wilayah dengan tingkat persaingan sedang yang mencakup sebagian besar wilayah di Kecamatan Pademangan yaitu wilayah industri, pemukiman teratur, pemukiman tidak teratur serta wilayah perdagangan. Wilayah dengan tingkat persaingan sedang, sangat didominasi oleh ketersediaan AMDK merk baru, variasi merk dan keragaman kemasan AMDK dengan kelas sedang.

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AbstractWater is a fundamental requirement to be met because the main function is to human survival. Increase of population but is not accompanied by increased supply of drinking water, the demands of a healthy life, and encourage economic growth in industrial growth in Package Drinking Water (bottled drinking water) so as to create competition. Subdistrict Pademangan is a region prone to water supply. Triggering the surrounding community to switch to using bottled drinking water as the need for clean drinking water and hygienic. This study wanted to assess the competition that took place in bottled drinking water in Sub Pademangan retail level. The use of map overlay techniques and scoring is to generate competition in the Sub-region Pademangan. Based on the research results can be seen that Pademangan District is a region with a level of medium competition are covering most areas of the District Pademangan ie industrial areas, residential regular, irregular settlements and trade areas. Areas with the level of competition is, very much dominated by the availability of a new brand bottled drinking water, variety and diversity of packaging brand bottled drinking water with the class being."

"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh pengaruh kualitas air sungai yang buruk mempengaruhi kualitas air sumur penduduk, sehubungan dengan masih banyaknya penduduk di RW 04 Kelurahan Manggarai yang menjadikan air sungai sebagai tempat membuang hajat dan menggunakan air sumur pampa sebagai air baku air minum.Masalah pokok yang diteliti adalah (a) berapa besar kandungan Escherichia coil di dalam air sumur-sumur pompa tangan penduduk pada jarak dari tepi sungai, kedalaman, dan pemakaian air yang berbeda-beda; (b) korelasi antara nilai Most Probable Number (MPN)" koli tinja dengan parameter fisika-kimia, sehingga dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:1) Makin banyak pemakaian air sumur, makin besar kemungkinan terkontaminasi koli tinja.2) Makin dalam sumur pompa penduduk, makin kecil kemungkinan terkontaminasi oleh bakteri koli tinja.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara mengambil sampel-sampel air sumur secara sensus dan air sungai secara acak, masing-masing 3 kali ulangan selama 3 hari berturut-turut di awal musim kemarau. Di samping itu diambil pula data kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi langsung sebagai data penunjang.Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan cara analisis statistik menggunakan korelasi jenjang Spearman terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja dan parameter fisika-kimia.Hasil penelltian menunjukkan bahwa 9 dari 14 sumur pompa tangan yang diteliti telah tercemar oleh bakteri koli tinja, di mana faktor jarak dan kedalaman berpengaruh terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja. Sedangkan besarnya pemakaian air tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja. Di samping itu sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk dan tingkah laku masyarakat yang kurang saniter turut membantu pencemaran koli tinja ke air sumur-sumur pompa.Salah satu dampak pencemaran sumber air oleh E. coli di wilayah ini adalah tingginya angka penderita penyakit diare dan angka kematian bayi. Di samping itu kandungan E. coil yang tinggi juga merupakan beban yang berat bagi pihak Proyek Air Minum (PAM) DKI Jakarta dalam proses pengolahan air baku air minum.Diharapkan penurapan dan pemindahan lokasi pemukiman penduduk RW 04 (RT 006 sld RT 0017) ke lokasi pemukiman baru dapat menjadi prioritas pembangunan di Kecamatan Tebet. Hal ini mengingat kondisi kualitas air yang sangat buruk di samping lokasi tersebut (bantaran sungai) memang tidak layak sebagai kawasan pemukiman. Di dalam Rencana Bagian Wilayah Kota (RBWK) Kecamatan Tebet tahun 2005, kawasan tersebut telah diperuntukan sebagai kawasan hljau tanpa bangunan.

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to know how deep the bad river water quality influences the well-water-pump quality in relation to the fact that people at RW 04 Manggarai Village use the river as a defecation place and the well-water-pump as the source of drinking water.

Research points of view are (a) how many Escherichia coli present in the well-water-pump in different distances from the river edge, in different depth of the well, and in different quantity of water usage; (b) the correlation between MPH fecal coil and physic-chemist parameters.

Therefore, the formulations of hypothesis are: (l) the more well-water-pump usage, the bigger the potentiality of fecal col. contamination. (2) The deeper the well water pump, the lesser the potentiality of fecal coli contamination.

This research was implemented by taking the well-water-pump samples with census sampling method and the river water samples with random sampling method, each sample 3 times a day for 3 consecutive days in the early dry season. Questioners, interviews, and direct field observation were also taken as supporting data.

Statistical analysis of the hypothesis was performed with Spearman rank correlation to the value of MPN fecal cola and physic-chemist parameters.

The result of this research indicates that 9 from the 14 well-water-pump tested were polluted by fecal coil bacteria, with distance and depth factors influencing the value of MPN fecal coll. Whereas the quantity of well water pump usage did not influence the value of MPN fecal coli. In addition, bad environmental sanitation and less sanitary-conscience human behavior also supported the fecal coil contamination to the well water pump.

Among the impacts of water-source pollution by E. coli in this area were the high diarrhea sufferer and infant mortality rate. The high E. coil content in the water source also represent the heavy burden of the drinking water processing at Jakarta Municipal Water Treatment Plant (PAM DKI Jakarta).

We hope that the plastering of river edges and the transfer of residents of RW 04 (RT 006 to RT 0017) to the new residence location would be the development priority of Tebet Sub district, considering the bad water quality and improper residence location. In the Regional City Division Plan (RBWK) of Tebet Sub district 2005, this area would be a green-open space."

"The potential of surface water supply in Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed is apparent as river flows along the year and catered from abundant spring waters. This potential water resources e used for various uses of deomestic, industry municipal, and agriculture. Increasing water requirements in the area in the last decade, with growing bottled water industries , water supply needs to be calculated more accurately. To determine river flow discharge, an AWLR (automatic water level recorder) was installed at one of the tributory, Cibojong, based on scoring analysis, there are two parameters (density of drainage network and maximum stream order) that have significant influence to surface water supply. Results of analysis indicated that proportions of the two parameters contributing to river discharge were balanced. To optimize water allocation, irrigation scheduling schemes was exercised to support existing rice field practices. Beside that, total water supply for 15 sub-districts in Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed ranges from 69.637 MCM to 336.177 MCM in dry season and ranges about double in west season. Total irrigated rice area in the 15 sub-districts was about 15.093 ha (BPS Survey , 2007) therefore the potential water supply would be sufficient to support three rice planting seasons."

"Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana privatisasi air mempengaruhi kualitas pelayanan dan ketidakadilan dalam akses dan distribusi air. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam. Privatisasi air diterapkan karena PAM Jaya dianggap tidak memiliki kemampuan teknis dan keuangan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan air di Jakarta. Berdasarkan konsep privatisasi dan kualitas pelayanan publik, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pasca privatisasi air telah terjadi perbedaan pelayanan, ketidakadilan akses dan distribusi air.

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This thesis examines how water privatization affect the quality of services and injustice on access and water distribution. This thesis used the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative approach is done by distributing questionnaires. The qualitative approach is done by in depth interview. Water privatization is implemented due to PAM Jaya consider does not have technical and financial ability to improve the quality of water services in Jakarta. Based on the concept of privatization and the quality of public services, this thesis find that after privatization there are different services, inequality on access and water distribution."