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"In the last decades, rural East and Southeast Asia have been experiencing remarkable economic transformations. In rural Java two phases can be distinguished. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the changes largely occurred following technological innovations and the related commercialization of wet rice production. Since the late 1980s, the transformation largely stems from migration and transportation as well as marketing improvements. However, in this process of rural diversification in Java, considerable regional differences can be observed. After a brief discussion of theoretical issues, the characteristics of the small-scale industry situated in varying rural contexts are presented. Subsequently, an attempt is made to assess the extent in which local factors can be held responsible for the differences observed."

"In the last two decades, the small scale industrial sector, due to various reasons, has increasingly received attention from Indonesian policy makers. In the research area, rural small scale industrial activities play an important role, yet in a varying way. Production factors like labor and capital as well as the degree of localism are used to illustrate the differences in character. Attention is also paid to the linkages of those small scale industrial units and sectors. Based on the main characteristics and the function of those rural small scale industrial activities, a distinction is made between basic and non-basic activities. A short description is given of the most important government programs in the sphere of SSI development. It is concluded that policy makers have given insufficient attention to the differences within the sector. As a result, most of the small scale industrial units are deprived of the programmes which are specifically designed for them."

"After outlining the shift in interpretation of the concept and objectives of rural development since the mid-1960s, the main consequences of the new role assigned to formal credit in the desired rural transformation process are explored. Against this background, some general characteristics of rural credit provision in Indonesia are summarized. Subsequently, the study deals with the present-day role of formal rural credit in the area, the actual use of credit by the households in the various agro-physical zones, and the appraised needs with recommendations for a policy of rural credit provision which is better attuned to the socio-economic circumstances as present in the geographical setting of this part of central Java, Indonesia."

"This article is aimed at discussing the structure of non-farm employment and small-scale non-agricultural enterprises in the rural areas where the rural-urban relation is increasing tremendously in the last decade. A special attention is devoted to the structure and sectoral as well as spatial linkages of small non farm enterprises (SNFE). In this context, rural-urban linkage is simply measured in terms of flow of materials, and labor from both rural to urban as well as from urban to rural areas. Interpretation of those flows is made to understand their respective implication for rural and regional development from which some policy recommendation are offered. An intensive single visit survey and rapid rural appraisal are conducted, covering three villages (Maguwoharjo, Kembang, Putat) in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY). To some extent a qualitative information is also available for two additional villages of Pendowoharjo and Murtigading. This enables to draw a more complete picture of rural-urban linkage from and to all directions between Yogyakarta Municipality and its vicinity."

"Perdagangan intra-industri merupakan fenomena yang mendapat banyak perhatian dari banyak peneliti, baik secara teoritis maupun secara empiris. Awalnya fenomena ini banyak terjadi di negara maju, yang kemudian menyebar ke negara-negara berkembang pada tahun-tahun terakhir. Namun, hanya sedikit studi yang telah dilakukan pada negara-negara berkembang secara umum dan belum ada penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap perdagangan intra-industri di Indonesia secara mendalam. Studi ini mengkaji pola dan faktor-faktor determinan perdagangan intra-industri di Indonesia, dengan menggunakan indeks Grubel- Lloyd. Kemudian, perdagangan intra-industri dipisahkan menjadi perdagangan intra-industri horisontal dan perdagangan intra-industri vertikal. Model ekonometrik digunakan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor penentu total perdagangan intra-industri, perdagangan intra-industri horisontal dan perdagangan intra-industri vertikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks intra-industri di Indonesia cenderung meningkat pada periode 1991-200 . Secara umum, perdagangan intra- industri vertikal jauh lebih tinggi daripada perdagangan intra-industri horizontal dalam banyak kasus. Empat faktor penentu diidentifikasi untuk total perdagangan intra-industri yaitu, angka rata-rata PDB, selisih antara PDB, jarak geografis dan variabel dummy untuk AFTA, dan faktor-faktor penentu ini sama dengan factor- faktor untuk perdagangan intra-industri horisontal. Untuk perdagangan intra- industri vertikal, hanya ada tiga faktor penentu yang ditemukan signifikan yaitu, angka rata-rata PDB, selisih antara PDB, dan jarak geografis. Temuan ini sebagian besar sejalan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya.

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Intra-industry trade is a phenomenon which has received much attention from researchers, both theoretically an empirically. Initially a phenomenon in developed countries, it has expanded to developing countries in recent year. However, only a few studies have conducted on developing countries in general and none has been done on Indonesia’s intra-industry trade. This study investigates the patterns and determinants of Indonesia’s intra-industry trade, measuring it by Grubel-Lloyd index. Then, intra-industry trade is disentangled into horizontal IIT and vertical IIT. Econometric models are used to explain the determinants of total IIT, horizontal IIT or vertical IIT.

The results show that Indonesia’s intra-industry index has tended to increase from 1991 to 2000. In general, vertical intra-industry trade is much higher than horizontal intra-industry trade in most cases. Four determinants were identified for total IIT, the average of the GDP, the difference of GDP, geographical distance and dummy variable for AFTA, and the same determinants were formed for horizontal IIT. For vertical IIT, however, only three determinants were found significant, the average of the GDP, the difference of GDP, and geographical distance. These findings are mostly in line with the results of previous studies on intra-industry trade. "

"Lokasi industri diarahkan pada tempat yang serasi dengan perkembangan daerah dilihat dari Sumber Daya, Tenaga Kerja, Jaringan Transportasi, Modal, Pasar, Suasana Industri dan Ketenteraman Sosial Politik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, pemerintah Kabupaten Bogor menetapkan Kawasan Citeureup, daerah yang masih terisolir dan belum padat penduduknya menjadi kawasan industri. Dengan alasan dekat dengan bahan mentah, dekat ke pasar lokal, ke pasar nasional maupun internasional, pengembangan jalan transportasi, menarik tenaga kerja di perkotaan. Adanya industri di suatu tempat akan menimbulkan perubahan terhadap ruang. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk membandingkan perubahan penggunaan tanah, mata pencaharian dan kwalitas rumah sebelum dan sesudah adanya industri dan dengan ketiga aspek tersebut di atas. Metoda yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, korelasi peta, dan skala nilai. Setelah dilakukan analisa diperoleh ringkasan sebagai berikut; Yang berkurang tanah persawahan, tanah kebun campuran dan tanah tegalan. Yang bertambah tanah perkebunan, tanah perkampungan dan tanah industri. Perubahan mata pencaharian sebagai berikut ; tenaga kerja petani menurun, pedagang bertambah, muncul tenaga kerja buruh kasar, jasa angkutan bertambah, muncul tenaga kerja industri."