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"On valleyside slope in the study area, there is an almost continous, extremely well-defined surface layer of colluvium, resting with marked uncorformity on subjacent materials. This latter materials may be relatively fresh bedrock, weathered rock or cemented gravels (older colluvial deposits). The younger colluvial layer transgresses all of these with little apparent change in general appearance, extending into relatively thick, recent valley fills. The term “recent” is used here to refer to the surface layer of valley fill which is predominantly fined grained (sand particle size and smaller, with varyinh amounts of gravel) unconsolidated essentially non-stratified deposit which in these respects and in being physically contioguous with the valleyside colluvial layer – is the stratigraphic contemporary of the colluvial layer."

"The rapid development of applied geomorphology is rooted in the improved scientific concepts and research methodologies. Three main fields of application can be distinguished: a) environmental studies, either related to a specific aspect (e.g. soils) or to the environment as a whole. b) Studies on Human Impact on Environment, either diffuse and possibly mild or concentrated and usually violent. C) Studies on Environmental Hazards for society, either of dogenous or exogenous origin but often related to human action. The time scale of of the studies decreases in this order. Emphasis is in varying degree on all major aspects of geomorphology such as relief forms, active, and dormant processes, materials, morphogenesis, and on interdisciplinary relations. In all cases the actuo context, the human context have to be considered in one way or another. The survey methodology and the use of (satellite) remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) varies with the subject. The examples given relate to an escarpment in Thailand, the lowlands along the north coast of Java (Indonesia) and the mountainous areas of the Colombian Andes respectively"

"The objectives of this paper are: First, to discuss critically, the theoritical dimension of food security and social stress in the African arid and semi-arid environments. Because of the low level of food production and its fluctuation with severe climatic conditions, agricultural and pastoralist economic sectors are at a risk. Second, the displacement of small-scale or peasant farmers and pastoralist by public agricultural and nonagricultural schemes in regard to social stress and food production is outlined. This examination moved away from the point of view that holds the peasant farmers and pastoralist responsible for famine and consequently food insecurity. The impact of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) on food production and security and social constraints is elucidated. The paper generally recommends that only a benign and effective political context is capable of pre-emptying the emergence of social stress and hence may prevent it from drastically damaging food security. Such a context should not only be struggled for by the peasant farmers and pastoralists, but also by all those individuals and institutions interested to contributing to food self-sufficiency and security in the arid and semi-arid environments of African."