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"Crab farmers already cultivate crabs by fattening them up in bamboo cages, raising soft-shelled crabs on floating rafts and growing crabs in ponds. These activities, however, still depend on wild crab seeds and so to ensure their continuity, experiments on the production of Scylla spb. crab seeds in a hatchery have been conducted in several countries. Crab seed produced in a hatchery is expected to have better survival and growth rates than natural crab seed. Recently, the Research Centre for Oceanography has succeeded in producing Scylla serrata and Scylla paramamosain crab seeds (crablets). Individual rearing methods were used to test the crablet diet formulations in this study. The purpose of the study was to establish formulated diets, for the crablets of both species, that would result in high survival and rapid growth rates before the juvenile crabs were returned to their natural environment. The formulated diets NTS, NRS, NTW and NRW were used for raising Scylla serrata crablets (June to July 2013), while formulated diet R and formulated diet M were used for Scylla paramamosain crablets (July to August 2013). All of the formulated diets provided proven higher crablet survival rates than natural prey diets (boiled shrimp meat of Penaeus vannamei). The formulated diet NTS gave the intermolt period (11-15 days). The formulated diet R produced a higher growth rate in Scylla paramamosain crablets (Carapace Length GR 1.352 %/day and Carapece Width GR 1.588 %/day) than the formulated diet M (Carapece Length GR 1.048 %/day and Carapece Width GR 1.112 %.day). The formulated diet NTS has ingredient, their availability in the market depends on the season. The formulated diet M has tilapia fish (Tilapia mosambica), which can be easily cultivated in the pond, as the major ingredient. The possibility of increasing the nutritional value of the formulated diets can be studied by comparing results from varying the ratio of of the use of animal oils to vegetable oils, as well as increasing the level of calcium material. The information provides an opportunity for the crab farmers to not be dependent on only one kind of main ingredient for preparing the diet formulation. Furthermore, a rearing nursery, using an individual plastic juice glass for each crablet, is a cheap facility and provides certainty about the successful production of juvenile crabs."

"Kepiting bakau merupakan salah satu dari 12 produk perikanan unggulan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Produksi kepiting bakau semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya, namun sumbangan dari sektor budidaya terhadap produksi perikanan kepiting bakau sangat kecil dan hanya mengandalkan benih dari alam. Hal tersebut menimbulkan tekanan yang semakin tinggi terhadap populasi kepiting bakau di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Budaya kepiting bakau yang menggunakan benih dari hatchery merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mengurangi penangkapan kepiting bakau dari alam. Berhubung dengan itu, penelitian terhadap berbagai aspek pembesaran benih yang berasal dari hatchery perlu dilakukan, misalnya transportasi benih kepiting dari laboratorium ke tambak dan pembesaran benih di tambak. Benih kepiting (krablet) yang berasal dari hatchery di Pusat penelitian Oseanografi LIPI jakarta diangkut ke tambak di Probolinggo dalam kantong plastik. Di tambak krablet ditebar dalam kantong jaring dasar berukuran 10 m x 10 m dengan kepadatan 170 krablet/100m. Penelitian dilakukan selama 97 hari dari bulan september – desember 2013 di tambak Desa Curah Sawo, Probolinggo. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa teknik transportasi krablet selama 19 jam yang digunakan memberikan kelangsungan hidup sangat baik (97,6%). Krablet asal laboratorium masuk dalam kategori benih dengan kualitas baik dan dapat dibesarkan di tambak dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 48,79% dalam waktu pemeliharaan 97 hari, dengan laju pertumbuhan lebar karapas harian 6,21% pada kisaran suhu 28-30 C dan salinitas 17±4,7 ppt. Keramba jaring dasar merupakan sarana pembesaran krablet yang baik untuk mendukung kelangsungan hidup yang cukup tinggi."

"Fenomena penurunan sumberdaya Rajungan di perairan Cirebon dan sekitarnya terjadi disebabkan peningkatan laju eksploitasi tanpa mempertimbangkan dinamika atau perubahan stok ikan dan aspek optimasi pemanfaatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika populasi rajungan, tingkat pemanfaatan, dan optimasi pemanfaatannya di perairan Cirebon dan sekitarnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Cirebon dan lokasi penelitian di perairan Cirebon dan sekitarnya dari bulan April ndash; Juni 2016. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey dengan pengukuran rajungan yang tertangkap oleh alat tangkap bubu dan jaring insang. Analisis dinamika populasi digunakan program FiSAT II dan pengkajian potensi lestari dianalisis dengan model surplus produksi dalam menentukan Maximum Sustainable Yield MSY. Sementara optimasi pemanfaatan dilakukan dengan analisis Linier Programing terhadap aspek-aspek yang terkait dengan pemanfaatan rajungan.Kisaran lebar karapas rajungan berkisar antara 77,5 ndash; 157,5 mm. Pola pertumbuhan bersifat allometrik negatif, dengan nilai Lc > Lm yang menunjukkan sebagian besar rajungan yang tertangkap dengan alat tangkap yang digunakan di perairan selatan Cirebon sudah memijah/dewasa. Nilai parameter pertumbuhan adalah L infin; 170 mm, K = 1,15 per bulan untuk rajungan jantan sedangkan rajungan betina L infin;177,25 mm, K = 1,1 per bulan, Z = 1,92 per tahun, M = 1,23 per tahun, F = 0,69 per tahun, dan E = 0,36 rajungan jantan dan Z = 2,94 per tahun, M =1,18 per tahun, F= 1,76 per tahun dan E = 0,60 pertahun rajungan betina. Nilai menunjukkan tingkat pemanfaatan sudah fully exploited. Pendugaan MSY dan F-Opt sebesar 3.124 ton/tahun dan 433 unit dengan alat tangkap standar bubu. Skenario optimasi menghasilkan jenis alat tangkap yang direkomendasikan yaitu 433 unit alat tangkap bubu dengan keuntungan Rp. 6,9 milyar per tahun.

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The phenomenon of Blue swimming crab decrease due to because of exploitation occurs in Cirebon water. It will change the dynamics stocks of fish and utilization optimization aspects. This study aimed to examine the dynamics of blue swimming crab populations utilization rates and utilization optimization in Cirebon area and the surrounding waters. Research was carried out in Cirebon and surrounding waters from April to June 2016. Methods used was a survey method by measuring Blue Swimming Crab caught using fishing gears gillnet and collapsible traps . Analysis of population dynamics used FiSAT II program and assessment of the potential sustainable surplus production models were analyzed using Maximum Sustainable Yield MSY . Optimization was done using Linear Programming analysis of aspects related to the use of fishing gears and blue swimming crab caught. Range carapace wide for all crabs was 77,5 mm to 157,5 mm. Condition Growth Blue Swimming Crab is negative allometric with parameter values for male were L infin 170 mm, K 1,15 per month and for female L infin 177,25 mm, K 1.1 per month, , with a value of Lc Lm, the indicate that Blue Swimming Crab caught with fishing gear used in Cirebon and surrounding waters was an spawn mature. Mortality value for male were Z 1,92 per year, M 1,23 per year, F 0,69 per year, and E 0,36 and for female Z 2,94 per year, M 1,18 per year, F 1,76 per year and E 0.60 per year. The level of utilization has been fully exploited. Estimation of MSY and f Opt was 3.124 tons year while 433 units with standard fishing gear is collapsible traps. Scenario optimization produces type of fishing gear that are recommended was 433 units of collapsible traps with a net profit Rp 6,9 billion per year."

"Rajungan merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan ekspor Indonesia dengan total ekspor mencapai 40.000 per tahun. Satu ekor rajungan dapat menghasilkan limbah yang terdiri dari 57% cangkang, 3% daging reject, dan 20% air rebusan. Hal ini menunjukkan limbah cangkang rajungan sejumlah 23.000 ton per tahun yang menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Limbah tersebut mengandung kitin yang dapat dikonversi menjadi kitosan melalui reaksi deasetilasi. Kitosan mengandung gugus fungsi amina (-NH2) dan hidroksil (-OH) sehingga memiliki kemampuan adsorpsi tinggi. Kitosan sebagai adsorben memiliki kelemahan pada sifat mekanis, stabilitas terhadap asam, stabilitas termal yang kurang baik, dan rendahnya porositas. Penambahan carbon nanotubes (CNT) pada polimer dapat memperbaiki kekuatan termal dan mekanik, serta meningkatkan konduktivitas termal dan elektrik. Penelitian ini melakukan pemanfaatan limbah cangkang rajungan yang mengandung kitin untuk dikonversi menjadi kitosan melalui proses demineralisasi, deproteinasi, dan deasetilasi. Lalu, melakukan fungsionalisasi kovalen pada MWCNT dengan campuran HNO3 dan H2SO4 (3:1, v/v), dan membentuk adsorben komposit Kitosan-MWCNT dalam larutan 1% CH3COOH. Proses adsorpsi ion tembaga (II) dilakukan dari larutan sintetis CuSO4 dengan penentuan kondisi optimum meliputi pH larutan sintetis CuSO4 dan waktu kontak. Derajat deasetilasi kitosan hasil penelitian adalah 71,25% yang dihitung dari hasil karakterisasi FTIR. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada morfologi permukaan adsorben kitosan-MWCNT sebelum dan setelah proses adsorpsi. Hasil karakterisasi AAS menunjukkan waktu kontak optimal adalah 120 menit dan pH larutan CuSO4 sintetis optimal adalah 4,5 untuk proses adsorpsi ion tembaga (II) dengan menggunakan adsorben kitosan-MWCNT. Isoterm adsorpsi dari penelitian ini adalah isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir.

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Crab is one of Indonesia's leading export commodities with a total export of 40.000 tons per year. Crab market produces waste consisting of 57% shell, 3% reject meat, and 20% boiled water. In a year, the total waste of crab is 23.000 tons which causes environmental problems. The crab shell waste contains chitin which can be converted into chitosan through deacetylation reaction. The presence of the amine and hydroxyl groups on the chitosan chain can act as chelation sites for metal ions and thus increasing its suitability as an adsorbent. Chitosan as an adsorbent has poor mechanical properties, low resistance to acid, thermal resistance, and low porosity. The addition of CNTs in polymer/biopolymer matrix improves its mechanical and thermal strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity. This research utilizes crab shell waste which contains chitin converted into chitosan through demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. Then, MWCNT is functionalized with a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (3:1, v/v), and generates the Chitosan-MWCNT adsorbent composite in 1% CH3COOH solution. The copper (II) ion adsorption process was carried out from CuSO4 solution with optimum conditions including pH of synthetic CuSO4 solution and contact time. The deacetylation degree of chitosan was 71.25% which was calculated through FTIR characterization. The results of SEM characterization showed that there was no significant difference in the surface morphology of the chitosan-MWCNT adsorbent before and after the adsorption process. The result of AAS characterization showed that the optimal contact time was 120 minutes and the optimal pH of synthetic CuSO4 solution was 4.5 for the Cu (II) metal ion adsorption process using chitosan-MWCNT adsorbent. The adsorption isotherm of this study is the Langmuir adsorption isotherm."

"Pengelolaan perikanan tangkap rajungan seharusnya mempertimbangkan kondisi aspek lingkungan, sosial dan ekonomi. Namun tren hasil tangkapan per satuan upaya di Teluk Banten mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2007-2012. Tujuan riset ini adalah 1 menganalisis kondisi pengelolaan perikanan tangkap rajungan pada aspek lingkungan domain sumber daya dan domain habitat dan ekosistem , aspek sosial domain sosial dan domain kelembagaan, aspek ekonomi domain ekonomi dan domain teknik penangkapan 2 menyusun strategi pengelolaan perikanan rajungan berkelanjutan dengan pendekatan ekosistem EAFM di Teluk Banten. Riset ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, melalui observasi, wawancara, kuesioner. Kondisi pengelolaan dengan status buruk ada pada domain ekonomi 6,81 , domain sosial 15,14 , domain sumber daya rajungan 16,23 , serta domain habitat dan ekosistem 17,10 . Status pengelolaan dengan status kurang pengelolaan ada pada domain teknik penangkapan 36,96 dan status pengelolaan dengan status sedang ada pada domain kelembagaan 43,26 . Nilai agregat seluruh domain adalah 22,58 yang berarti kondisi pengelolaan perikanan tangkap di Teluk Banten kurang pengelolaan. Prioritas langkah perbaikan dilakukan pada domain ekonomi dengan nilai indeks komposit ekonomi terendah dalam jangka waktu 5 tahun pertama sebagai strategi langkah perbaikan.

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Fishery Management of Blue Swimming Crab BSC has to include environment, social and economy aspect into consideration. However, tren CPUE of BSC in Banten Bay are tending to decline year 2007 2012. The objectives of this research are 1 analysis the status of BSC fishery management with environment aspect BSC resources domain and habitat and ecosystem domain , social aspect social domain and institution domain , economic aspect economy domain and fishing technology domain 2 develop improvement strategy of fishery management in Banten Bay. This research employed quantitative approach with quantitative and qualitative methods, through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Poor management conditions exist in economic domains 6.81 , social domains 15.14 , domain crab resources 16.23 , as well as habitat and ecosystem domains 17.10 . Management status with less management status exists in the capture technique domain 36.96 and management status with moderate management status exist in the institutional domain 43,26 . The aggregate value of the entire domain is 22.58, which means that the condition of capture fishery for BSC in Banten Bay is poor of management. Priority improvement steps is recommended to be performed on the economic domain with the lowest composite index value within the first 5 years as a corrective action strategy."

"Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) merupakan salah satu hasil perikanan yang memiliki nilai ekonomis cukup tinggi. Estuari Cilamaya menjadi salah satu wilayah dengan potensi rajungan yang cukup tinggi di Jawa Barat. Salah satu faktor penting yang dapat memengaruhi kehidupan rajungan adalah salinitas. Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) dapat hidup pada perairan dengan tingkat salinitas yang bervariasi yaitu 20-30 ppt atau masuk kedalam zona air payau. Dengan mengetahui zonasi perairan di estuari, maka wilayah tangkapan rajungan yang optimal di Estuari Cilamaya dapat digambarkan. Zonasi perairan didapatkan dengan melakukan klasifikasi sebaran salinitas menggunakan Venice System Classification (1958). Untuk nilai sebaran salinitas diperoleh dari citra Sentinel-2A tahun 2018 menggunakan algoritma penduga sebaran salinitas permukaan yaitu Algoritma Cilamaya. Wilayah Tangkapan rajungan dikaji berdasarka musim hujan dan musim kering. Wilayah tangkapan rajungan pada bulan kering semakin mendekati darat jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah tangkapan rajungan pada bulan basah.

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Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is one of the fishery products that has a high economic value. Cilamaya Estuary is one of the region with a high potential for this habitats in West Java. One of important factor that affect the existence of this habitats is salinity. The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) can live at varied levels of salinity, in 20-30 ppt or into the brackish water zone. By knowing the zoning of the waters in the estuary, the optimum catching area of this habitats in the Cilamaya Estuary can be described. Aquatic zoning is obtained by classifying the sea surface salinity distribution using the Venice System Classificatio (1958). For the sea surface salinity distribution obtained form Sentinel-2A imagery in 2018 using salinity estimation algorithm, namely Cilamaya Algorithm. The catching area of blue swimming crab study based on wet seasons and dry seasons. The catch area of blue swimming crab in the dry seasons is closer to the land compared in the wet seasons."

"A mangrove crab represents one of fishery commodities which has a prospect in the future. Demand of this commodity tends to increase from year not only in Indonesia but also abroad....."

"Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor perikanan yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini secara umum adalah menganalisis karakteristik biologi serta hubungannya dengan distribusi ukuran rajungan sebagai dasar pengelolaan perikanan rajungan secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 - Maret 2015 di Perairan Teluk Jakarta dengan metode survey darat dan laut. Sampel rajungan sebanyak 1021 ekor dikumpulkan dengan alat tangkap gillnet dan bubu. Data karakteristik biologi dikumpulkan secara in situ dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Kisaran panjang karapas rajungan jantan adalah 62 mm - 152,5 mm, sedangkan rajungan betina antara 67,5 mm - 132,5 mm. Pola pertumbuhan rajungan keseluruhan bersifat alometrik positif dimana rajungan jantan memiliki persentase tertangkap lebih tinggi dibandingkan betina (1,3:1). Persentase rajungan matang gonad dan belum matang adalah 56,57% : 43,43%. Selalu ditemukan betina matang gonad dan betina bertelur pada setiap bulan pengamatan. Fekunditas rajungan berkisar antara 218.781 sampai 1.100.470 butir. Terdapat hubungan linier antara fekunditas dan panjang karapas rajungan. Rata-rata faktor kondisi sebesar 1,07 dan 1,13 untuk jantan dan betina. Nilai Lc ditemukan kurang dari Lm sehingga ada indikasi tekanan penangkapan. Berdasar nilai Lm diperoleh nilai ukuran minimum rajungan layak tangkap adalah > 105 mm. Diperlukan adanya peraturan pengelolaan tentang : (1) Batas ukuran minimum rajungan yang boleh ditangkap, (2) Larangan penangkapan induk bertelur, (3) Pengaturan DPL dan zonasi penangkapan, (4) Larangan penggunaan alat tangkap destruktif, (5) Restrukturisasi pencatatan data produksi dan alat tangkap, (7) Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan rajungan (RPP rajungan).

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Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) is an export product with high economic value. The objective of the research was to analyze biological and habitat characteristic and its relationship on crab size distribution as base of sustainable fisheries management. The research was conducted from December 2014 to March 2015 in Jakarta Bays Waters with survey method. Samples were collected by gillnet and collapsible traps. Data was collected in situ and analyzed with descriptively. In the present research, data were covered; length frequency distribution, length-weight relationship, sex ratio, reproductive performance, condition factor, length at first capture, length at first maturity and minimum legal size. While ecological data covered substrat texture, water temperature, salinity, pH value and water depth. Biological data analyzed descriptively whereas sex ratio use chi-square analysis, growth used regression analysis, and reproduction performance analyzed descriptively. Ecological data analyzed descriptively through performance of substrate texture, water quality, depth and also the parameters relationship each other."

"Kabupaten Cirebon yang memiliki wilayah pesisir dan daerah pantai, tentu menjadikan sektor perikanan sebagai salah satu sektor unggulan. Rajungan merupakan salah satu komoditas yang sangat penting di Kabupaten tersebut, yang tercatat pada tahun 2010 menghasilkan 17% dari total hasil tangkapan yaitu 4756,3 ton. Akan tetapi pada akhir-akhir ini di daerah Cirebon, rajungan telah mengalami overfishing. Tesis ini mempelajari tentang biologi, kualitas air dan perikanan rajungan Portunus pelagicus di Cirebon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui aspek biologi rajungan di Cirebon, menganalisis potensi rajungan di Cirebon terkait isu overfishing, menganalisis parameter lingkungan dari perairan Cirebon, dan memahami aspek sosial nelayan rajungan di Cirebon. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum rajungan jantan lebih banyak tertangkap dengan rasio jenis kelamin 1,6:1, rajungan jantan juga memiliki ukuran tubuh relatif lebih besar dibandingkan dengan rajungan betina. Fekunditas rajungan betina bertelur berkisar antara 1,69 juta sampai dengan 1,95 juta butir telur dengan tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG) ada direntang antara TKG II sampai dengan TKG V. Panjang rajungan pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) berada pada nilai 115,89 mm dan panjang rajungan pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) berada pada nilai 117,93 mm. Di Cirebon, nilai maximum sustainable yield (MSY) rajungan sebesar 3190,5 ton/tahun, dan fMSY rajungan sebesar 341 unit armada penangkapan. Rajungan berada pada kondisi tangkap lebih. Lingkungan perairan sumberdaya rajungan, memiliki kisaran suhu antara 28°C dan 29°C, salinitas antara 25 ? dan 30 ?, derajat keasaman (pH) antara 7 dan 8, dan tingkat kecerahan antara 4 dan 5 meter.

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Cirebon District has a huge coastal areas, due to this condition, the district become to have a great fisheries, especially for swimming crab Portunus pelagicus fisheries. For instants, in 2010, the product of blue crab was recorded about 17% or 4756,3 ton in year.

This research is aimed to study about the biology, water quality and swimming crab fisheries of Portunus pelagicus in Cirebon areas. The purpose of this study are to know the biology aspect of Portunus pelagicus in Cirebon, to analyze the potential of Portunus pelagicus in Cirebon due to overfishing issue, to analyze environmental parameter of waters in Cirebon, and to understand social aspects of swimming crab fisherman in Cirebon.

The research shows that in general, the sex ratio of male-female is 1,6 : 1, the male has relatively large body size compared with the female. The fecundity of the female has ranges between 1,69 million and 1,95 million eggs with mature level of gonads (TKG) between TKG II and TKG V. The length of its first ripe gonads (Lm) is 115,89 mm and the length of its first caught (Lc) is 117,93 mm.

In Cirebon, the value of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) are 3190,5 tons per year, and fMSY are 341 units capture fleet. This crab is on the overfishing condition. Waters environmental parameters have the temperature range between 28°C and 29°C, the salinity between 25 ? - 30 ?, the degrees of acidity (pH) between 7 and 8, and the level of brightness between 4 and 5 meters."

"ABSTRACT

Hybrid tomato seed production after rice is a way of intensifying agriculture in rainfed areas in Northeast Thailand. Although this type of intensive high value contract farming has been developing for the last 30 years, there has been little research on it. This study describes the historical development of this system and identifies factors influencing increases and decreases in the number of production sites and farmers producing hybrid tomato seeds. Although production of hybrid tomato seeds was initially adopted by a large number of farmers in many villages in both rainfed and irrigated areas, in recent years it has been carried out only in a smaller number of villages, mostly in rainfed areas. The decision of growers to continue or discontinue production is influenced by both the benefit they gain from production and their relations with the seed companies. The local availability of highly skilled hired workers also affects the concentration of production in certain sites."