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"Issues on problems and prospects of agricultural industries in Indonesia; collected articles."

"Ikan tongkol lurik Euthynnus affinis, (Scombridae) merupakan ikan besar yang banyak tertangkap di perairan Laut Jawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi sebaran ukuran ikan tongkol, panjang pertama kali tertangkap, hubungan panjang-berat, pola pertumbuhan, kebiasaan makanan, nisbah kelamin, Tingkat Kematangan Gonad (TKG), Indeks Kematangan Gonad, fekunditas dan diameter telur ikan tongkol yang didaratkan di PPI Labuan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Mei, Juni, dan September 2012.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebaran frekuensi panjang cagak ikan tongkol yang ditangkap berkisar 38-69 cm ( x = 50 cm). Ukuran pertama kali tertangkap 47,8 cm dengan panjang cagak ikan yang paling banyak tertangkap berkisar 49-51 cm. Hubungan panjang-berat ikan tongkol bersifat allometrik negatif. Ikan tongkol memakan ikan pelagis kecil, cumi dan teri. Nisbah kelamin antara ikan jantan : betina (1:1,4). Tingkat Kematangan Gonad ikan termasuk TKG III dan IV hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan dalam masa pemijahan. Indeks Kematangan Gonad rata-rata adalah 4,55%. Faktor kondisi berkisar antara 1,38-2,22. Fekunditas telur berkisar antara 852.000 - 2.056.609 butir dengan rata-rata 1.352.382 butir. Sedangkan diameter telur berkisar 1,28 - 1,8 mm.

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Eastern little tuna Euthynnus affinis (Scombridae) is a pelagic fish which caught excessively in the Java Sea waters. The objective of this research is to determine the composition of these tuna size distribution, lenght at first capture, length-weight relationship, growth pattern, food content, sex ratio, gonad maturity level, gonado stomatic index, fecundity and eggs with diameter of their kind of fish caught and landed in PPP Labuan. Sampling was conducted in May, June and September 2012.The results showed that the frequency distribution of fork lenght caught ranged 38-69 cm (x =50 cm). Size of lenght at first capture is 47.8 cm and most of them ranging from 49-51 cm. Length-weight relationship is allometric negative. The food of this fish species are small pelagic fish, squid and anchovies. Sex ratio the male: female (1:1.4). Gonad maturity level of fish at TKG III and IV indicating that the fishes are in the spawning seasons. Gonad Maturity Index is 4.55%. The condition factor ranged from 1.38 to 2.22. Fecundity ranged from 852,000 - 2,056,609 eggs (average 1,352,382 eggs). While the eggs diameter ranged from 1.28 to 1.8 mm."

"Salah satu aspek untuk mendukung upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan adalah pengetahuan mengenai aspek biologi. Ketersediaan data aspek biologi memiliki arti penting sebagai upaya kajian pengelolaan sumber daya ikan tuna sirip kuning di Samudera Hindia. Aspek biologi reproduksi ikan tuna tuna sirip kuning merupakan permasalahan yang penting diteliti, dengan melalui pola pertumbuhan, faktor kondisi dan masa pemijahan. Sampel ikan tuna sirip kuning diperoleh dari Pelabuhan Benoa-Bali. Data panjang-berat, fekunditas dan nilai kematangan gonad diolah dengan menggunakan analisis fungsi regresi. Hasil pengamatan sampel (870 ekor) pada bulan April dan Mei 2011, panjang cagak rata-rata >130 cm dengan faktor kondisi rata-rata 1,00. Indeks kematangan gonad tertinggi 1,3 %. Ikan tuna sirip kuning di Samudera Hindia dinyatakan pernah mengalami pemijahan, namun belum siap untuk kembali melakukan pemijahan. Dari fungsi regresi menggambarkan pengaruh yang nyata dan keeratan yang tinggi (95 %) pertambahan panjang terhadap pertambahan berat ikan tuna sirip kuning di Samudera Hindia. Selanjutnya, pertambahan berat ikan tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap fekunditas, sedangkan berat gonad memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap nilai kematangan gonad dengan keeratan yang tinggi (88 %).

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One aspect to support the management of fish resources is knowledge about the biological aspects. Data availability of iological aspects has significance as an effort to management study the fish resources of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean. Reproductive biology aspects of yellowfin tuna is an important problem that was studied, with the pattern of growth, condition factor and spawning time. Yellowfin tuna fish samples obtained from the Benoa Fishing Port, Bali. Length-weight data, fecundity and gonad maturity value processed using regression analysis function. The results of sample observations (870 head) in April and May 2011, the average fork length >130 cm with an average condition factor of 1.00. The highest gonad maturity index was 1.3%. Yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean have experienced otherwise spawning, but not yet ready to return to spawning. From the regression function describes a real influence and high closeness (95%) of fish length against weight of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the added fish weight does not give significant effect on fecundity, whereas gonad weight while providing a noticeable effect of the gonad maturity with a high closeness (88%)."

"Sebagai negara yang memiliki potensi di sektor kelautan yang sangat besar, ternyata kontribusi investasi di sektor perikanan masih di bawah 1% dari investasi nasional. Oleh sebab itu upaya-upaya yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki kondisi di sektor perikanan menjadi salah satu prioritas di dalam strategi pembangunan oleh pemerintah saat ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan di salah satu wilayah Indonesia yang memiliki potensi laut cukup besar yaitu Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Secara lebih spesifik penelitian ini memfokuskan pada sektor ikan tuna.Untuk itu beberapa pertanyaan penelitian yang perlu dijawab seperti apakah sub sektor perikanan komoditi Tuna di Kabupaten Gunungkidul merupakan sektor yang memiliki daya saing? Bagaimana kondisi daya saing komoditas tuna di Kabupaten Gunungkidul? Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menjadi penghambat pengembangan sub sektor perikanan komoditi tuna di Kabupaten GunungKidul? Dan bagaimana hubungan antara komponen penentu daya saing komoditas tuna di Kabupaten Gunungkidul? Menjadi pertanyaan kunci yang dieksplorasi dalam penelitian ini. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Penelitian kualitatif dengan format deskriptif.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwasanya; komoditas ikan tuna di Kabupaten Gunungkidul memiliki keunggulan kompetitif; Kondisi daya saing komoditas ikan tuna di Kabupaten Gunungkidul pada factor kondisi: sumber daya manusia dan infrastruktur masih perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih besar, faktor-faktor yang menjadi penghambat adalah kemampuan sumberdaya manusia masih rendah, produksi ikan tuna belum mampu memenuhi permintaan, infrastruktur dan fasilitas perlu banyak perbaikan untuk menghasilkan kualitas ikan tuna yang tinggi, Pengolahan ikan terkendala pengadaan bahan baku dan akses pasar dan belum didukung ketersediaan industri pendukung; Selain itu keterkaitan antar komponen utama saling mendukung kecuali kondisi permintaan dengan sumberdaya, dengan industri terkait dan pendukung, dan dengan struktur pasar, persaingan, dan strategi perusahaan.

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Indonesia has a big potential for the marine sector, but unfortunately it doesn`t follow with the significant contribution from its. Based on the current data base, only 1 % the contribution from national investment, therefore Indonesian government put more effort to fix and develop the marine sector. This research has conducted in Gunungkidul as one of potential area in marine sector in Indonesia, and the scope of research is Tuna fish. To elaborate all informations in terms of Tuna, several key questions has developed as a guidance to do research for instance whether Tuna sector in Gunungkidul has a competitive advantage? How is the form of the competitive advantage of Tuna? What are factors that can be obstacles for Tuna sector development in Gunungkidul? And how is the relation among each component based on Porter theory? The methodology that has been used for this research was decretive qualitative method. Based on the result findings, the Tuna sector in Gunungkidul district has a competitive advantage; nevertheless there are some issues that need to be improve for the better development in Tuna sector for instance the quality of human resources, infrastructures, post-harvest technology and market. However, the relation among each components are supporting each other except component of demand condition with firm strategy rivalry.;Indonesia has a big potential for the marine sector, but unfortunately it doesn`t follow with the significant contribution from its.Based on the current data base, only 1 % the contribution from national investment, therefore Indonesian government put more effort to fix and develop the marine sector. This research has conducted in Gunungkidul as one of potential area in marine sector in Indonesia, and the scope of research is Tuna fish. To elaborate all informations in terms of Tuna, several key questions has developed as a guidance to do research for instance whether Tuna sector in Gunungkidul has a competitive advantage? How is the form of the competitive advantage of Tuna? What are factors that can be obstacles for Tuna sector development in Gunungkidul? And how is the relation among each component based on Porter theory? The methodology that has been used for this research was decretive qualitative method. Based on the result findings, the Tuna sector in Gunungkidul district has a competitive advantage; nevertheless there are some issues that need to be improve for the better development in Tuna sector for instance the quality of human resources, infrastructures, post-harvest technology and market. However, the relation among each components are supporting each other except component of demand condition with firm strategy rivalry."

"Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan kolagen dan hidroksiapatit untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dari limbah pengolahan ikan. Kolagen diekstraksi dari kulit salmon norway (Salmon salar) meggunakan metode Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) sementara hidroksiapatit disintesis dari tulang ikan tuna dengan menggunakan metode kalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C. Material dievaluasi untuk sifat fisika-kimia, kolagen dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dan scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki morfologi dalam bentuk lembaran dengan yield 0,8%. Persentase karbon yang didapatkan dari kolagen yang diekstraksi adalah 47% dan termasuk dalam kelas standar, sementara persentase karbon/nitrogen yaitu 2,63% yang sedikit lebih rendah dari standar. Hidroksiapatit yang telah disintesis dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh setelah proses kalsinasi menunjukkan struktur yang serupa yaitu kristal bubuk. HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C tidak memiliki pita sesempit HAp standar, namun lebih sempit daripada HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C. Rasio atom Ca/P HAp 600°C dan 800°C yaitu 2,15 dan 2,01 secara berurutan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kolagen dari kulit salmon dan hidroksiapatit dari tulang tuna memiliki kualitas baik dan aplikasi luas dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.

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In this research, collagen and hydroxyapatite were developed for bone tissue engineering from fish processing waste. Collagen was extracted from the skin of Norwegian salmon (Salmon salar) using the Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) method, while hydroxyapatite was synthesized from tuna bones using the calcination method at 600°C and 800°C. Materials were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, collagen was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The synthesized hydroxyapatite was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Extracted collagen have a sheet looking morphology with yield of 0.8%. The percentage of carbon obtained from extracted collagen is 47%, while the percentage of carbon/nitrogen is 2.63% which is slightly lower than the standard. The hydroxyapatite obtained after the calcination process shows a similar structure which is powder crystals. HAp calcined at 600°C and 800°C did not have a band as narrow as standard HAp, although HAp calcined at 800°C had narrower bands than HAp calcined at 600°C. The atomic ratios of Ca/P HAp at 600°C and 800°C are 2.15 and 2.01 respectively. The research findings indicate that collagen from salmon skin and hydroxyapatite from tuna bones are expected to have broad applications in bone tissue engineering."