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"Observasi soft mode penting untuk memahami mekanisme transisi fasa orde kedua pada zat mampat. Telah dipelajari respon elektrooptik orde kedua akibat fluktuasi orientasi yang besar di sekitar titik transisi fasa SmA-SmCa* kristal cair smektik kiral. Efek Kerr akibat fluktuasi diamati pada fasa SmA dekat titik transisi ke fasa SmA. Dengan menggunakan efek Kerr yang diinduksi fluktuasi dan menekan kontribusi ferroelectric mode pada respon orde kedua, telah berhasil diamati kondensasi soft mode yang menginduksi fasa SmCa* pada fasa SmA."

"ABSTRAKThe Automated Target Firing Simulator allows the trainer to perform several tasks, which previously required judgments of a skilled operator. The instrument can adjust its mode of operation, which is previously on the recorded. The output format at the internal side at the dome can be tailored to customary format, which easily modified on demand. The instrument can allow measuring the success rate and consistency of the trainer over the entire field of vision. This instrument is consists of Dome, Joystick, LEDs as the simulated Aeroplane, Laser is simulated as Gun, Computer Interface and the printer. "

"ABSTRAKTransparent conductive oxide TCO merupakan material yang sangat penting untuk digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi teknologi modern. Pembuatan piranti seperti optoelektronik LCD, organic electroluminescence EL dan juga untuk elektroda pada dye sensitized solar cell DSSC .TCOpada divais DSSC berfungsi sebagai penyerap cahaya dan penghantar elektron.Jenis TCO yang paling umum digunakan adalah indium tin oxide ITO , namun harganya relatif mahal. Oleh sebab itu fabrikasi kaca konduktor fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO ini ditujukan untuk menggantikan fungsi ITO karena proses pembuatannya yang sederhana serta biaya yang relatif lebih rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, pembuatan kaca konduktor FTO ini dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dengan menggunakan bahan baku tin II chloride dehydrate SnCl2.2H2O dan anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida NH4F sebagai doping dengan parameter yang divariasi adalah waktu deposisi 10, 20 dan 30 menit dan temperatur pemanasan substrat 250, 300, 350 C . Selain itu,variasi yang digunakan adalah jenis prekursor SnCl2.2H2Odan SnCl4 dan pelarut ethanol dan methanol . Penelitian ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menghasilkan prototipe kaca transparan konduktif FTO yang mampu menghantarkan arus listrik dengan nilai resistivitas dalam skala 10-4 ?.cm serta nilai transparasi mencapai >80 . Karakterisasi sampel dilakukan menggunakan alat SEM-EDS, XRD, Spektroskopi UV-Vis dan Four Point Probe. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi dan semakin tinggi temperatur substrat maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif, namundengan konsekuensi nilai transmitansiyang juga akan semakin menurun. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil yang optimum pada kaca konduktor yang difabrikasi dengan prekursor SnCl4 dan pelarut methanol, konsentrasi doping 2 wt, waktu deposisi 20 menit dan temperatur subtrat 300 C dengan nilai resistivitas 8,44 x 10-5 ?.cm dan transmitansi 88,3 . Dari hasil diatas, prekursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 yang didoping amonium fluorida NH4F dengan menggunakan metode ultrasonic spray pyrolisis dapat dianggap sebagai terobosan baru dalam pembuatan kaca yang konduktif dan transparan.

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ABSTRACTTransparent conductive oxide TCO is a very important material for use in various applications of modern technology including the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as LCDs, organic electroluminescence EL and also as electrodes in dye sensitized solar cells DSSC . TCO on DSSC device serves as the light absorber and electron conductor. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide ITO , however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine doped tin oxide FTO which is easier and more economic for fabrication. In this work, the conductor FTO glass manufacture is done by ultrasonic spray pyrolisis method using tin II chloride dihydrate SnCl2.2H2O and anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 as precursors and ammonium fluoride NH4F as doping with variations of deposition time 10, 20 and 30 minutes and substrate heating temperature 250, 300 and 350 C . In addition, the variations of type precursor SnCl2.2H2O and SnCl4 and solvent ethanol and methanol . The aims of this research was to produce a prototype FTO transparent conductive glass with a value of resistivity 10 4 .cm and the value of transmittance 80 . Characterization of the samples is done using a SEM EDS, XRD, UV Vis Spectroscopy and Four Point Probe. The results showed that the longer the deposition time and the higher the substrats, providing smaller resistivity, but the consequences transmittance value which will also decrease. In this study,the highest transmittance of 88.3 and the lowest resistivity of 8.44 x 10 5 .cm resitivitas were obtained from the glass subjected to 20 minutes deposition time and 300 oC substrate heating during the process using precursor SnCl4 and solvent methanol. From the results, the precursor anhydrous tin IV chloride SnCl4 doped ammonium fluoride NH4F using ultrasonic spray pyrolisis may be considered as a breakthrough in the manufacture of conductive and transparent glass."

"Small molecules and conjugated polymers, the two main types of organic materials used for optoelectronic and photonic devices, can be used in a number of applications including organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, photorefractive devices and waveguides. Organic materials are attractive due to their low cost, the possibility of their deposition from solution onto large-area substrates, and the ability to tailor their properties. The Handbook of organic materials for optical and (opto)electronic devices provides an overview of the properties of organic optoelectronic and nonlinear optical materials, and explains how these materials can be used across a range of applications.Parts one and two explore the materials used for organic optoelectronics and nonlinear optics, their properties, and methods of their characterization illustrated by physical studies. Part three moves on to discuss the applications of optoelectronic and nonlinear optical organic materials in devices and includes chapters on organic solar cells, electronic memory devices, and electronic chemical sensors, electro-optic devices."

"[ABSTRAKKWh meter prabayar 1 phasa merupakan kWh meter elektronik dengan sistem pelanggan harus mendeposit kWh sebelum dapat menggunakan energi listrik. KWh meter prabayar memiliki tingkat akurasi yang lebih baik dibanding kWh meter elektromekanik dan tersusun atas sensor arus, sensor tegangan, rangkaian pengkondisi sinyal dan mikrokontroller. Sistem penginderaan arus menggunakan sistem double sensing pada phasa dan netral. Keluaran dari sensor arus akan dibandingkan dan diambil nilai tertinggi yang digunakan sebagai perhitungan energi listrik. KWh meter prabayar mampu mengukur hingga harmonisa ke-15 dan dilengkapi anti tempering. Fitur yang dimiliki kWh meter prabayar ini pada aplikasinya ditemukan permasalahan yaitu kWh meter tetap mengukur pada keadaan MCB off atau tanpa beban. Kejadian tersebut ditemukan pada pelanggan yang memasang sistem pentanahan (grounding) pada instalasi kWh meter dan instalasi bangunan. Dari permasalahan yang timbul tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penelitian pengaruh sistem pentanahan terhadap kesalahan pengukuran pada kWh meter prabayar.

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ABSTRACT

One phase prepaid energy meter is an electronic energy meter with system customers must deposit kWh before customers can use electrical energy. Prepaid energy meter have an accuracy rate of better than electromechanical energy meters and is composed of the current sensor, voltage sensor, signal conditioning circuit and microcontroller. Current sensing system uses a system of double sensing the phase and neutral. The Output of the current sensor will be compared and taken the highest value is used as the energy calculations. Prepayment energy meter capable of measuring up to the 15th harmonic and equipped with anti tempering. Fitur owned prepayment energy meter is the application found that problems remain energy meter gauge on the condition MCB off or no load. The incident was found at customers who install the grounding system in energy meter installation and installation of the building. The problems arising from it is necessary to study the effect of the grounding system of the measurement errors on prepayment energy met, One phase prepaid energy meter is an electronic energy meter with system customers must deposit kWh before customers can use electrical energy. Prepaid energy meter have an accuracy rate of better than electromechanical energy meters and is composed of the current sensor, voltage sensor, signal conditioning circuit and microcontroller. Current sensing system uses a system of double sensing the phase and neutral. The Output of the current sensor will be compared and taken the highest value is used as the energy calculations. Prepayment energy meter capable of measuring up to the 15th harmonic and equipped with anti tempering. Fitur owned prepayment energy meter is the application found that problems remain energy meter gauge on the condition MCB off or no load. The incident was found at customers who install the grounding system in energy meter installation and installation of the building. The problems arising from it is necessary to study the effect of the grounding system of the measurement errors on prepayment energy met]"