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"Bacterial oxidation technology is a competitive alternative for treating refractory gold. The utilization of bacterial oxidation in the mining industry is relatively recent and the introduction of microbiology and biochemistry to this area is not widely understood by mining companies. Many misconceptions and misunderstandings have resulted from insufficient information. This paper describes the practical aspects of bio-oxidation technology related to the biology and physiology of bacteria in associate with the role and behavior of bacteria in bacterial oxidation."

"The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet fully understood A genetic predisposition, some environmental factors and microbial flora of the grit are the key factors. The presence of bacteria in the intestinal lumen is a prerequisite for the development of IBD. In animal models, mice incapable of expressing IL, or IL invariably develop a colitis- or Crohn-like inflammation. No inflammation occurs if they grow up in a pathogen free environment or if they are fed with Lactobacillus sp when exposed to environmental bacteria. Thus, the absence of liminal bacteria or a different make-up there of prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in this model. Patients with IBD have been found to have a decreased stool excretion Lactobacillus andlor Bifidobacteria. Furthermore, an increased number of bacteria adherents to the mucosa and within the epithelium has been demonstrated in quantitative studies. It appears that these bacteria trigger a strong abnormal mucosal immunological response, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T-cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. If this response can not be down regulated by regulatory T-cells, mononuclear inflammatory cytokines are activated by stimulation of the intracellular transcription factor NF-kB. Recently it was shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides can activate NF-kB by binding to two specific receptors on the cell membrane (Toll-like receptors [TLR's]) or intracellular receptors (NOD's). New insights of the role of bacteria in IBD became available by identifying susceptibility genes for IBD. Several IBD susceptibility loci were recently identified. The IBD-l locus on chromosome 16 shows positive evidence for linkage in Crohn's disease and IBD-2 locus on chromosome l2 for ulcerative colitis. The evidence for' an association with Crohn's disease at the IBD-I locus have been shown to be attributed to mutations in the CARDI5/NOD2 gene. This gene is exressed in peripheral blood monocytes and in intestinal epithelial cells and serves as a key factor of innate mucosal response to luminal bacteria as an antibacterial factor. The intact intercellular NOD2 protein binds LPS and activates NF-kB. This activation of the NF-kB signalling pathway in response to bacterial components plays a protective role in the mucosal epithelial cells for the host against inviting pathogens and an increased apoptosis of infected cells. There is evidence, that the defective NOD2 protein variants increase the susceptibility to pathogen invasion and a decrease in cellular apoptosis. NF-kB plays a dual role in IBD. On the mucosal epithelial cells, bacterial components bind on NOD2 proteins and protect bacterial invasion. If this barrier mechanism is not intact, the bacterial invasion stimulates via TLR- and NOD2 receptors in immune-active cells (macrophages, T-cells and monocytes) NF-kB and triggers an aberrant inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. These new insights in the pathogenesis in IBD have led to new treatment possibilities including pre- and probiotics. These therapies are aimed at directly modulating the host immune system to suppress intestinal inflammation. This has prompted considerable interest in manipulating the enteric microenvironment as a novel therapeutic strategy Several clinical studies showed promising results rising pre- and probiotics in patients with ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's disease. The introduction of genetically engineered probiotic organism to produce and deliver anti-inflammatory cytokines or other biological relevant molecules to the mucosa offers further new potential for the treatment of IBD."

"ABSTRAKEkstraksi Asbuton secara biologis terhadap CaCO3 sebagai pengotor utamaAsbuton dilakukan dengan dua tahap. Tahap pertama glukosa dikonversi menjadiasam laktat oleh bakteri Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 melalui prosesfermentasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37oC. Tahap kedua proses bioleachingCaCO3 berlangsung saat asam laktat bereaksi dengan CaCO3 menjadi kalsiumlaktat. Tingginya kandungan umpan glukosa dan besarnya kecepatan agitasimempengaruhi kemampuan bakteri mereduksi padatan karbonat. Keberadaankalsium laktat, CaCO3 dan aspal diuji menggunakan FTIR. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa kandungan glukosa yang tinggi dengan kecepatan agitasiyang rendah mampu menghasilkan CaCO3 terlarut sebesar 0,3188%. KandunganCaCO3 pada ekstrak bitumen berkurang menjadi 19,67% dari 43,28% pada 150rpm dengan umpan glukosa 12 % (b/v).

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ABSTRACTBiologically extraction of Asbuton to leaching CaCO3 as the main impuritiesAsbuton done in two phases. The first phase, glucose is converted to lactic acid bythe bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 through fermentation for 24hours at 37oC. The second phase, bioleaching CaCO3 takes place when lactic acidreacts with CaCO3 into calcium lactate. Percentage of glucose content and the rateof agitation speed in the feed is affects the ability of bacteria to reduce carbonatesolids. Presence of calcium lactate, CaCO3 and asphalt were tested using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the high glucose content withlow agitation speeds is able to produce CaCO3 dissolved by 0,3188%. Content ofCaCO3 solids in the extract bitumen was reduced to 19,67% from 43,28% at 150rpm agitation speeds with 12% (w/v) glucose content."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan antibiotik secara irrasional dapat memicu resistensi antibiotik. Dokter gigi, sebagai profesi yang banyak meresepkan antibiotik untuk mengatasi infeksi oral berperan penting dalam upaya mencegah terjadinya resistensi antibiotik dengan cara membatasi penggunaan antibiotik. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi pola penggunaan dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik di unit pelayanan Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode Januari—Juni 2024. Metode: Studi deskriptif observasional dari resep antibiotik berbagai unit pelayanan dikumpulkan dari unit Farmasi, lalu dievaluasi nilai Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) dan rasio PDD/DDD sesuai standar WHO. Sensitivitas antibiotik diuji dengan metode disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer), sementara pola bakteri dianalisis menggunakan Real Time Quantitative PCR. Hasil: Antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah Co Amoxiclav 625 mg (59,88%) dan Amoxicillin 500 mg (27,95%). Rasio PDD/DDD antibiotik Amoxicillin, Co Amoxiclav, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, dan Ciprofloxacin termasuk kategori subuse (PDD/DDD<1). Uji sensitivitas menunjukkan Co Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, dan Clindamycin masih efektif, sedangkan Metronidazole resisten. RT-qPCR dapat mendeteksi bakteri red complex pada sampel cairan saku gusi, dengan proporsi lebih tinggi pada kelompok periodontitis dibandingkan sehat. Kesimpulan: Antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah Co Amoxiclav dan Amoxicillin. Semua antibiotik yang dievaluasi masih sensitif. Bakteri red complex dapat terdeteksi pada sampel cairan saku gusi dengan proporsi yang lebih besar pada sampel periodontitis dibandingkan sehat.

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Background: Irrational antibiotic use can trigger antibiotic resistance. Dentists, as frequent prescribers of antibiotics for oral infections, play a crucial role in preventing resistance by limiting antibiotic use. Objectives: To evaluate antibiotic prescribing patterns and sensitivity testing in the Periodontal Care Unit of RSKGM FKG UI from January–June 2024. Methods: An observational descriptive study evaluated antibiotic prescriptions collected from the Pharmacy Unit. Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) and PDD/DDD ratios were evaluated according to WHO standards. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method, and bacterial patterns were analyzed using Real-Time Quantitative PCR. Results: The most prescribed antibiotics were Co-Amoxiclav 625 mg (59.88%) and Amoxicillin 500 mg (27.95%). PDD/DDD ratios for Amoxicillin, Co-Amoxiclav, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, and Ciprofloxacin, indicated subuse (PDD/DDD <1). Sensitivity testing revealed that Co-Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, and Clindamycin remained effective, while Metronidazole showed resistance. RT-qPCR detected red complex bacteria in gingival crevicular fluid samples, with higher proportions in periodontitis compared to healthy groups. Conclusion: Co Amoxiclav and Amoxicillin were the most prescribed antibiotics. All evaluated antibiotics remained sensitive. Red complex bacteria were detected in higher proportions in periodontitis samples compared to healthy ones."

"This book offers interesting insight into initial works carried out to demonstrate the potential use of bacterial pigment as colorant for various applications."