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"This paper is about the metallogenic epochs of Indonesia starting from the Late Pleistocene until the latest Middle Triassic through Late Carboniferous era."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perizinan dan pelaksanaan kegiatan pertambangan batu kapur di kawasan hutan oleh PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan menurut jenisnya adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, menurut tujuannya adalah penelitian problem solution, menurut penerapannya adalah penelitian berfokus masalah, dan menurut ilmu penerapannya adalah penelitian monodisipliner. Simpulan dari penelitian ini ialah kebijakan kegiatan pertambangan pada kawasan hutan Indonesia saat ini telah diatur oleh masing-masing sektor, yaitu pertambangan dan kehutanan, serta berdasarkan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam pemberian perizinan pertambangan legalitasnya sudah ada kepastian hukum yaitu Pasal 1 ayat (7) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerintah Daerah terkait desentralisasi dan Pasal 37 Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara terkait peran pemerintah daerah yang memberikan Izin Usaha Pertambangan. Akan tetapi PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. pada prakteknya masih menghadapi beberapa kendala perizinan pertambangan terutama dalam perizinan dan pelaksanaan kegiatan pertambangan batu kapur di kawasan hutan Kabupaten Tuban, antara lain mengenai kompensasi lahan dan perbedaan prinsip di dalam penafsiran Bupati Kabupaten Tuban dalam pemberian izin. Hasil penelitian menyarankan kedepannya diharapkan penerapan pola perizinan sebagai pola pengusahaan pertambangan, seharusnya di tunjang oleh administrasi pemerintahan dan pelayanan publik yang baik dan lebih memberikan kepastian hukum. Dan diharapkan Pemerintah dapat menjalankan fungsi pemerintahan dengan baik dengan cara mengatur seluruh kegiatan pertambangan di Indonesia untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan negara sesuai dengan amanat Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-undang Dasar 1945, sehingga kekayaan alam di Indonesia dapat dirasakan manfaatnya oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia.

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This mini thesis discusses about the licensing and implementation of limestone mining in forest areas by PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. This type of research is used by species normative research, according to the research purpose is problem solution, according to its application is the focus of research problems, and according to science is the application of research monodisipliner. The conclusion of this study is, mining policy in Indonesia's forest area has been regulated by each sector which is mining sector and forestry sector, and by the authority of the local government in granting mining licenses legally existing rule of law which is Article 1 paragraph (7) of Law Number 32 Year 2004 about Regional Government especially about Decentralization and Article 37 of Law Number 4 of 2009 about Mineral and Coal mining related role of local government that provides Mining Permit. However PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. in practice still faces some obstacles, especially in the mining permitting and licensing activities limestone mining in the forest area of Tuban, which is the principle of compensation for land and differences in the interpretation of the Tuban district Mayor in giving permission. The results suggest the future is expected adoption pattern as patterns mining business licenses, should be supported by public administration and better public services and more legal certainty. And the government is expected to run well the government functions by regulating all mining activities in Indonesia for the welfare state in accordance with the mandate of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, so the benefit from natural resources in Indonesia can be felt by the people of Indonesia."

"Tambang Bawah Tanah Kucing Liar adalah salah satu tambang prospek yang sedang dikembangkan oleh PT Freeport Indonesia. Berbagai kajian mengenai kondisi batuan di area Tambang Bawah Tanah Kucing Liar sedang dilakukan sebelum kegiatan penambangan dengan metode block caving dimulai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi batuan di area Kucing Liar melalui metode klasifikasi massa batuan. Metode klasifikasi massa batuan yang digunakan ialah metode Rock Mass Rating (RMR) Bieniawski (1989) berdasarkan data geophysical borehole logging. Dari hasil pengolahan data pada empat lubang bor yang digunakan, pendekatan dengan metode geophysical borehole logging telah mampu mengidentifikasi dan mengkarakterisasi parameter RMR untuk setiap klasifikasi domain geologi. Dari hasil perhitungan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi massa batuan (RMR) untuk setiap domain Formasi, Litologi, dan Alterasi tergolong ke dalam kelas baik (2) hingga sangat baik (1). Kondisi ini terindikasi akan berdampak pada proses block caving yang berpotensi menghasilkan blok-blok batuan berukuran besar sehingga mengakibatkan batuan tidak dapat runtuh dengan baik.

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The Kucing Liar Underground Mine is one of the prospect mines being developed by PT Freeport Indonesia. Various studies on the rock conditions in the Kucing Liar Underground Mine area are being conducted before mining activities with the block caving method begin. This study aims to determine the rock conditions in the Kucing Liar area through the rock mass classification method. The rock mass classification method used is the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method of Bieniawski (1989) based on geophysical borehole logging data. From the results of data processing on the four borehole used, the geophysical borehole logging approach has been able to identify and characterize the RMR parameters for each geological domain classification. The calculation and analysis results show that the rock mass classification (RMR) for each Formation, Lithology, and Alteration domain is classified as good (2) to very good (1). This condition is indicated to have an impact on the block caving process which has the potential to produce large rock blocks, causing the rocks not being able to collapse properly."

"Pemerintah Republik Indonesia telah mengimplementasikan kebijakan untuk mendirikan dan mengoperasikan Perusahaan Induk untuk sektor pertambangan. Terdapat perdebatan mengenai bagaimana kebijakan ini akan memberikan dampak kepada semua pemangku kepentingan. Makalah ini mencoba untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan pembentukan Holding BUMN Tambang terhadap stakeholders dan menyusun strategi dan kebijakan yang harus dilakukan oleh Pemerintah (Kementerian BUMN) dalam rangka mengatasi dampak negatif dari terbentuknya Holding BUMN Tambang tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan post-positivist dan metode penelitian secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, disimpulkan bahwa terdapat dampak positif dan negatif dari kebijakan pembentukan holding BUMN Tambang di Indonesia yakni meningkatnya financial asset dan leverage dari induk holding dan anggota holding melalui konsolidasi keuangan perusahaan; realisasi kerjasama antar perusahaan di lingkungan holding; efisiensi biaya produksi perusahaan; penambahan rantai birokrasi terkait aksi korporasi dengan adanya kepemilikan bertingkat; adanya isu melemahnya kontrol masyarakat terhadap anak perusahaan holding; serta iklim investasi di masa depan yang akan sangat dipengaruhi kebijakan pasca pembentukan holding. Peneliti menyarankan, dibutuhkan penyelarasan sinergi di lingkungan holding BUMN tambang, mempertahankan fokus pemerintah sebagai regulator dan mengeliminasi konflik kepentingan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan dalam pengelolaan BUMN, serta koordinasi di level kementerian dalam mengkaji kebijakan terkait industri tambang yang dapat mendukung pencapaian target kebijakan pembentukan holding BUMN tambang.

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The Government of the Republic of Indonesia has implemented a policy to establish and operate a holding company for the mining sector. There is debate about how this policy will have an impact on all stakeholders. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of the policy of forming State-owned Mining Holding`s stakeholders and develop strategies and policies that must be carried out by the Government (Ministry of BUMN) in order to overcome the negative impact of the formation of the State-owned Mining Holding.

This research was conducted by using a post-positivist approach and qualitative research methods. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that there were positive and negative impacts from the policy of establishing a state-owned mining company in Indonesia, namely increasing financial assets and leverage from the holding and the holding members through corporate financial consolidation; realization of cooperation between companies in the holding business; company production cost efficiency; addition of bureaucratic chains related to corporate actions with multilevel ownership; the issue of weakening public control over the holding company subsidiary; and the investment climate in the future which will be greatly influenced by the policy of the establishment of the holding.

Researcher suggest that synergy is needed in the State-owned mining holding environment, maintain the government`s focus as a regulator and eliminate conflicts of interest in the decision-making process in BUMN management, and coordination at the ministerial level in reviewing policies related to the mining industry that can support the achievement of mining BUMN holding."

"ABSTRAKLaporan magang ini membahas mengenai prosedur audit atas akun properti pertambangan PT XYZ Indonesia, perusahaan yang bergerak pada industri pertambangan batubara. Perlakuan akuntansi atas akun properti pertambangan mengacu pada PSAK No.19. Prosedur audit yang dilakukan atas akun properti pertambangan adalah rekalkulasi atas amortisasi akun properti pertambangan. Berdasarkan bukti audit yang diperoleh, auditor KAP NAD memberi kesimpulan bahwa terdapat temuan yang menyebabkan salah saji material atas Accumulated Amortization Deferred Charges pada laporan keuangan sehingga membutuhkan penyesuaian terhadap laporan keuangan PT XYZ Indonesia tahun 2017. Secara keseluruhan, praktik audit yang dilakukan telah sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku.

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ABSTRACTThis internship report describes the audit procedures for mining property account of PT XYZ Indonesia, a company that operate in coal mining industry. The accounting treatment of mining property accounts is refer to PSAK No. 19. Audit procedure that are performed on mining property account is a recalculation of the amortization of each mining properties account. Based on the audit evidence obtained, KAP NAD auditors conclude there are findings that cause a material misstatement of Accumulated Amortization Deferred Charges that require adjustments to the financial statements of PT XYZ Indonesia in 2017. Overall, the audit procedure are in accordance with the standards applicable."

"[ABSTRAKPertambangan mineral dan batuan merupakan salah satu sektor strategis dalam perekonomian dunia. Nilai guna yang tinggi serta diharuskannya suatu perusahaan tambang untuk menetap dalan jangka waktu yang lama di dalam wilayah suatu negara menjadikan sektor ini menjadi sangat strategis baik secara ekonomi maupun politik. Sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan seperti layaknya pertambangan migas, umumnya masih dikuasai oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan dari negara maju, sementara sumber daya mineral dan batuan mayoritas berada pada negara berkembang yang miskin teknologi. Hal ini menciptakan suatu kondisi dimana negara berkembang sering merasa dirugikan dengan kondisi dimana mereka hanya dapat memproduksi barang tambang mentah dan diharuskan membeli kembali hasil olahan dari barang tambang mentah yang berasal dari negara mereka. Hal ini pula yang membuat banyak negara berkembang mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism guna mengejar kepentingan ekonomi maupun kepentingan politik.Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan yang cukup besar. Sedikitnya dua puluh komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan diproduksi oleh Indonesia. Namun sebagaimana negara berkembang lain, sektor pertambangan mineral dan Batuan Indonesia masih didominasi oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan Asing. Hal yang mengejutkan kemudian dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dimana pada periode tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2014, pemerintah Indonesia mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism. Pergeseran kebijakan ini menjadi suatu hal yang menarik dimana sebelumnya kebijakan di sektor tersebut cenderung bercorak liberalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab dilakukannya pergeseran kebijakan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan Indonesia menuju penerapan prinsip-prinsip resource nationalism pada periode tersebut.

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ABSTARCTMineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period;Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period, Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period]"

"Latar Belakang: Kelelahan (Fatigue) memiliki peran yang cukup penting dalam semua industri, terutama bila berhubungan dengan kinerja, keamanan, dan produktivitas. Operasi Minyak dan Gas, terutama pengeboran bersifat eksplorasi yang dilakukan di area lepas pantai merupakan bentuk pekerjaan yang dianggap memiliki risiko yang tinggi. Kelelahan dalam operasi minyak dan gas tercatat memberikan andil pada beberapa insiden yang sifatnya fatal dan katastropik. Sampai dengan saat ini masih sulit untuk memperkirakan sejauh mana kelelahan berkontribusi pada insiden di operasi minyak dan gas (migas). Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pelaporan insiden yang konsisten, cukup, dan efektif. Survai subjektif dan kuesioner seringkali dipilih sebagai instrumen dalam menilai kelelahan. Namun, instrumen tersebut masih dinilai belum sesuai untuk digunakan pada lingkungan pekerjaan Migas. Kebutuhan akan penilaian kelelahan secara subyektif yang komprehensif, reliabel, dan relevan bagi pekerja Migas inin menjadi dasar Shortz dkk mengembangkan suatu survei yang dikhususkan untuk para pekerja bidang migas. Survei ini disebut Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in high-risk Environments (FRAME) Survey yang dalam bentuk aslinya masih berbahasa Inggris. Belum terdapat FRAME Survey dalam versi bahasa Indonesia yang baku dan telah melalui proses uji validasi dan reliabilitas. Survei ini juga belum pernah diuji kesesuaiannya dengan instrumen lain yang telah digunakan sebagai alat penilaian kelelahan. Sehingga diperlu untuk melakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas dari FRAME dalam penelitian ini.Metode: Penelitian dimulai dengan melaksanakan penerjemahan dan adaptasi transkultural dari bahasa Inggris menjadi kuesioner berbahasa Indonesia, dan kemudian di ikuti dengan pengujian dengan uji korelasi Pearson terhadap data yang dikumpulkan dari populasi pekerja Indonesia yang bekerja di lokasi penelitian. Selanjutnya dikumpulkan data dari hasil pengisian kuesioner dan pemeriksaan waktu reaksi menggunakan instrumen Lakassidaya L-77 di ikuti dengan uji kesesuaian menggunakan uji korelasi bivariat.Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil adaptasi transkultural, expert panel, cognitive debriefing dan pengujian reliabilitas dan validitas dengan korelasi bivariat Pearson dengan sampel yang didapat dari 105 responden (n=105), nilai koefisien korelasi (r ) antara .206 hingga .697. Dengan keseluruhan butir pertanyaan memiliki nilai koefisien korelasi diatas nilai critical value (.1918). Nilai ± Cronbach didapatkan 911. Pada uji kesesuaian, hasil dari korelasi bivariat (n=150) didapat signifikansi yang rendah (p>0.05) dengan kekuatan korelasi yang moderat (r = 0.04).Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini telah menghasilkan kuesioner Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in High-Risk Environments (FRAME) Survey versi Bahasa Indonesia dengan validitas dan reliabilitas yang dapat diterima. FRAME Survey versi Bahasa Indonesia memiliki keeratan hubungan yang moderat dengan signifikansi yang rendah bila dibandingkan dengan hasil pengukuran kelelahan berdasarkan waktu reaksi yang diukur dengan instrumen Lakassidaya L-77.

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Background: Fatigue has a significant impact in all industries, especially when it comes to performance, safety, and productivity. Oil and Gas operations, especially exploratory drilling conducted in offshore areas are forms of work considered high risk. Fatigue in oil and gas operations contribute to several fatal and catastrophic incidents. Until now it is still difficult to estimate the extent fatigue contributed to incidents in oil and gas operations,  due to the lack of consistent, sufficient, and effective incident reporting. Subjective surveys and questionnaires are often chosen as instruments in assessing fatigue. However, these instruments are still considered not suitable for use in the oil and gas work environment. 

The need of a comprehensive, reliable, and relevant subjective assessment of fatigue for oil and gas workers is the basis for  Shortz et al to develop a survey devoted to oil and gas workers. This survey is called Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in high-risk Environments (FRAME) Survey which originally in English. There is still no a valid and reliable FRAME Survey in Indonesian language. The original survey has never been tested for compatibility with other instruments which used as fatigue assessment tools.

Method: The research began by carrying out transcultural translation and adaptation from English into an Indonesian questionnaire, and then followed by testing using pearson correlation test against data collected from the Indonesian Oil and Gas workers population at the research site. Furthermore, data was collected from the results of filling out questionnaires and checking reaction time using the Lakassidaya L-77 instrument followed by conformity study using bivariate correlation tests.

Results: Based on transcultural adaptation, expert panel, cognitive debriefing and reliability testing and validity with Pearson bivariate correlation with samples obtained from 105 respondents (n = 105), the correlation coefficient value (r) between .206 to .697 with α cronbach of 0.911. In conformity tests, the result of bivariate correlation (n=150) obtained a low significance (p>0.05) with moderate correlation strength (r = 0.04).

Conclusion: This study has produced a Indonesian version of the Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in High-Risk Environments (FRAME) Survey questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Indonesian version of FRAME Survey has a moderate relationship with low significance when compared to the results of fatigue measurements based on reaction time measured with the L-77 Lakassidaya instrument."

"This book draws together international contributors to analyse a wide range of aspects of mining history across the globe including mining archaeology, technologies of mining, migration and mining, the everyday life of the miner, the state and mining, industrial relations in mining, gender and mining, environment and mining, mining accidents, the visual history of mining, and mining heritage. The result is a counter balance to more common national and regional case study perspectives."

"Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif difokuskan pada studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hak penguasaan negara terhadap sumber daya alam mineral dan batubara yang diamanatkan oleh konstitusi Indonesia dan bagaimana implementasinya dalam bentuk?bentuk kewenangan pemerintah di indonesia sebelum dan sesudah disahkannya Undangundang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara melalui pemerintah dari masa ke masa mencoba mencari bentuk yang yang ideal dalam mengimplementasikan bentuk penguasaan negara akan sumber daya alam mineral dan batubara sesuai dengan amanat Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang?Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945.

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This research uses juridical-normative analysis method with literatures studies. This research studies about the government?s right in mineral and coal natural resource which were told by our constitution and how these are implemented by the government in Indonesia before and after the legalization of Law No. 4 of 2009 about Mineral and Coal Mining.

The results showed that the country through the government from time to time trying to find the ideal form of state control of implement the natural resources of minerals and coal in accordance with the mandate of Article 33 paragraph (3) Constitution - Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945."