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"Japan and Indonesia should work closely to achieve their needs. Japan imports coal particularly steam coal and exports its technology, CCT. Indonesia exports its coal as well as develops domestic coal utilization. This mutually benefit cooperation program has actually been starting since the 1980s that involves exploration, utilization technology and environment. It is worthwhile to take an advantage of Japan's coal policy by enhancing further mutually benefit cooperation between the two countries."

"The mineral content of Indonesian coal is typically low with the average of 5.2%. Pyrite occur in most coals but in areas currently being mined are low. Some of the Pasir and Berau coals in East Kalimantan have moderate to high sulphur content in some plies and this indicates some marine influence."

"Pendahuluan: Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK) saat ini merupakan isu global yang kompleks karena penggunaan merkuri elemental dalam proses kerjanya. Pajanan merkuri pada pekerja menempatkannya dalam risiko gangguan kesehatan yang serius. Ada 850 titik PESK di Indonesia yang tersebar di 32 propinsi, dengan jumlah pekerja yang tidak kurang dari 250.00 orang. Informasi terkait jenis aktifitas kerja yang paling berpengaruh terhadap risiko gangguan kesehatan pada pekerja PESK akan sangat berguna sebagai pedoman dalam melakukan tindakan pengendalian risiko.Metode: Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang bertujuan mencari hubungan antara jenis aktifitas kerja dengan kadar merkuri urin pekerja. Intoksikasi merkuri ditetapkan sesuai NAB yang ditetapkan Pemerintah, yaitu 20 µg/gram kreatinin. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, berupa hasil pengisian kuisioner dan hasil pemeriksaan merkuri urin pekerja PESK di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan Banten.Hasil: Prevalensi pekerja yang memiliki kadar merkuri urin di atas NAB di dua propinsi di Indonesia adalah 35,5%. Dari analaisis multivariat, faktor yang paling dominan adalah jenis aktifitas kerja risiko tinggi (p=0,003 ROsuaian:2,811 IK95%:1,413-5,590).Kesimpulan:  Jenis aktivitas kerja risiko tinggi adalah jenis aktivitas kerja yang paling berisiko menyebabkan pekerja PESK pada penelitian ini memiliki kadar merkuri urin di atas NAB.

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Introduction: Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) has became global and complex issues, because of the use of elemental mercury in its working processes. Workers in ASGM divided into three type of tasks: miner, mineral processor and smelter. Smelter was categorized as high risk type of task, regarding the exposure of mercury vapor resulted from heating the amalgam. Urinary mercury level can be used as an indicator for the severity of mercury exposure in a worker.

Method: A cross sectional design study to obtain job task and its relation to urinary mercury level among ASGM worker. Job task divided into high risk type of task (smelter), and low risk type of task (miner and mineral processor). We used secondary data from questionnaire and mercury urinary level of ASGM worker in the provinces of Nusa Tenggara Barat and Banten. Biological Exposure Index (BEI) of mercury was 20 µg/gram creatinin, referred to The Decree of Ministry of Manpower of Republik Indonesia and American Conference of Govermental Industril Hyginenists (ACGIH).

Result: Prevalence of workers having urinary mercury level above BEI was 35,5%. Smelter was the most dominant factor (p=0,003 adjustedOR:2,811 CI95%:1,413-5,590).

Conclusion: The most related factor was high risk type of task."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengenai konsep, tujuan, pengaturan, dan permasalahan penerapan Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan (IPPKH) dalam kegiatan pertambangan batubara di Indonesia serta mengetahui dampaknya terhadap investasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder, diantaranya peraturan perundangan-undangan, buku, dan wawancara dengan narasumber. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan yang menjawab pokok permasalahan, yaitu bahwa IPPKH merupakan sebuah fasilitas untuk menjembatani kepentingan investasi dan kepentingan pelestarian hutan dimana keduanya merupakan kepentingan strategis bagi Negara yang tidak bisa dikesampingkan salah satunya. Namun, IPPKH masih mengalami masalah dalam penerapannya karena beberapa faktor seperti masih banyaknya perusahaan yang tidak atau belum mengajukan IPPKH, perbedaan pemetaan, serta kepastian hukum pengaturan IPPKH. Masalah-masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh faktor dari Pemerintah maupun pihak pengusaha pertambangan itu sendiri. Kondisi ini menimbulkan potensi terganggunya investasi di bidang pertambangan batubara. Dengan demikian perlu diwujudkan penerapan IPPKH yang efektif sehingga fungsi dan tujuan dari IPPKH untuk mengakomodir kepentingan investasi dan pelestarian hutan dapat terlaksana secara optimal.

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This research aims to determine the concept, purpose, regulations, and implementation of Borrow-to-Use Permit For Forest Area (IPPKH) on coal mining activities in Indonesia, as well as the impact on investment climate. This research is a normative legal research using secondary data, such as legislations, books, and interviews with experts. From this research, it can be concluded that IPPKH is a permit to facilitate the interests of forest protection and investment which both of them have strategic importance to Indonesiaand none of them can be ruled out. However, IPPKH still experiencing problems in its implementation because of several factors such as; many companies don?t obtain IPPKH, differences in mapping, and legal certainty of IPPKH regulations. These problems are caused by factors from the Government and the mining investors itself. This condition poses a potential disruption of investment climate in coal mining. Thus, IPPKH needs an effective implementation so that the function and the purpose of IPPKH to accommodate the interests of investment and forest protection can be implemented optimally."

"Currently Indonesia gets an almost unprecedented investment boom in mineral exploration and development. One reason is the investment framework that the Government has established and implemented consistently over the past three decades. "

"Nowadays Indonesia is well known for its tin, copper, and coal. The mining activities has been started even before the colonial era as early as 17th century. The first post-independence Indonesian mining law was announced in 1960, however foreign capital law was just established in 1967. Since metal and coal have become important export commodities, the Government has tried to encourage mining industries by improving investment climate and a series of deregulation package has recently been made."

"The Philippine mining industry will never be the same again with the facelift. It has undergone with the recent passage and approval of the Mining Act. The law had long been awaited by the industry and foreign investors. It contains provisions which would allow Philippine's mining sector to make a significant contribution to the nation's effort to become a newly industrialized country in the 21st century."

"Provision of technical assistance to developing countries trough bilateral partnership with similar but more mature organization in other parts of the world has proved to be an effective way to transfer expertise, train staff, build up management capabilities, and enhance institutional capabilities. This paper examis an innovative arrangement in which Indonesia Ministry of Mines and Energy is participating in science and technology cooperation with the US Department of the Interior to develop institutional capacity for reformulation and implementation of mining environmental policy. Prospects and progress in implementation of the project which began in April 1995 is reported."