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"This book gives an overview of nanostructures and nanomaterials applied in the fields of energy and organic electronics. It combines the knowledge from advanced deposition and processing methods of nanomaterials such as laser-based growth and nanopatterning and state-of-the-art characterization techniques with special emphasis on the optical, electrical, morphological, surface and mechanical properties. Furthermore it contains theoretical and experimental aspects for different types of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes and thin films for organic electronics applications. "

"Tanaman sambiloto (Andrographis paniculate) adalah salah satu tanaman yang umum digunakan pada obat tradisional di Indonesia. Pada tanaman sambiloto, terdapat senyawa aktif yakni andorgrafolid. Senyawa andrografolid memiliki banyak aktivitas farmakologi termasuk aktivitas antivirus terhadap virus SARS-CoV-2. Namun, andrografolid memiliki kelemahan yakni rasanya yang pahit, sukar larut dalam air serta bioavailabilitas yang rendah. Sehingga, andrografolid perlu diformulasikan secara optimum guna dapat mengatasi kelemahan andrografolid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formulasi Nanostructured Lipid Carrier dengan kandungan andrografolid dengan karakteristik sesuai sediaan parenteral. Formulasi Nanostructured Lipid Carrier dibuat menggunakan zat aktif andrografolid, minyak kelapa sawit, minyak zaitun, gliserin, aquabidest serta variasi gliseril monostearat yakni 2%, 3%, 4%. NLC dibuat menggunakan alat homogenizer selanjutnya dilakukan pengurangan ukuran globul dengan ultrasonikasi amplitude 60% selama 12 menit. NLC diuji karakteristiknya meliputi ukuran globul, potensial zeta, indeks polidispersitas, viskositas, tegangan permukaan, morfologi globul, efisiensi penjerapan serta penetapan kadar. Pada penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa formula optimum yakni NLC dengan gliseril monostearate 2%. NLC yang diperoleh memenuhi kriteria sediaan rute parenteral yakni ukuran globul, indeks polidispersitas, zeta potensial, serta efisiensi penjerapan berturut-turut yakni 438,33 ± 90,71; 0,237 ± 0,01; -37,1 ± 0,34; 82,8890 ± 0,10% dan memiliki ukuran globul yakni sferis namun NLC masih belum memenuhi syarat sterilitas. Berdasarkan uji stabilitas yang dilakukan, NLC memiliki kestabilan fisik termasuk uji cucling, uji sentrifugasi, serta uji pada tiga kondisi suhu berbeda. Hasil penelitian yakni formula optimum NLC dengan GMS 2% memiliki kestabilan fisik baik hingga minggu ke-12.

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Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) is one of the plants used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. The active substance in Sambiloto, namely andrographolide, has many pharmacological activities. One of them is pharmacological activity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, andrographolide has its limitation such as low solubility in water, low bioavailability, and bitter taste. Therefore, andrographolide needs to formulated optimally to overcome these limitation. This study aims to obtain formulation of nanostructured lipid carrier andrographolide with suitable characteristics for parenteral administration. The NLC formulation consisted of andrographolide, palm oil, olive oil, glycerin, and double-distilled water with variances of glyceryl monostearate 2%, 3%, 4%. The manufactured of NLC using a homogenizer was continued with 60% amplitude ultrasonication for 12 minutes. The test of NLC characteristics included globule size, polydispersity index, assay, viscosity, surface tension, globule morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and sterility test. The study showed that, the optimum formula NLC with 2% glyceryl monostearate. NLC met the criteria for the parenteral route of administration which is globul size, polydispersity index, zeta potensial and encapsulation efficiency, respectively, 438.33±90.71; 0.237±0.01; -37.1 ± 0.34; 82.889±0.10%, and spherical shaped globule but did not meet the requirements for sterility. In addition, the physical stability of NLC was also carried out including centrifugation test, cycling test, test at three different temperatures. This study showed that formula optimum NLC with GMS 2% also the results of the physical test showed that NLC had good physical stability until 12th week."

"Paparan radikal bebas berlebih dapat menimbulkan stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan permasalahan pada kulit. Hal ini umumnya disebabkan akibat paparan sinar UV dan polusi udara. Untuk mengatasi efek buruk akibat radikal bebas, kulit memerlukan antioksidan yang cukup untuk mencegah reaksi oksidasi, salah satunya dengan tokotrienol. Aktivitas antioksidan pada tokotrienol dapat mencegah reaksi oksidasi oleh radikal bebas yang berlebih pada kulit. Penggunaan tokotrienol banyak dimanfaatkan pada kosmetik topikal sebagai antioksidan untuk melindungi kulit. Namun toktorienol memiliki keterbatasan yaitu tidak stabil dikarenakan adanya ikatan rangkap pada rantai samping tokotrienol, sehingga tokotrienol mudah teroksidasi. Akibat dari ketidakstabilan tokotrienol, hal ini dapat menurunkan efektivitas antioksidan dari tokotrienol. Salah satu strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk menjaga stabilitas tokotrienol adalah dengan memformulasikan tokotrienol kedalam Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). NLC terdiri atas campuran lipid padat dan lipid cair dengan penambahan surfaktan. Matriks campuran lipid pada NLC mampu melindungi tokotrienol dari pengaruh luar sehingga tetap tarjaga stabilitasnya. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai nanokosmetik tokotrienol sebagai antioksidan untuk kulit dengan penghantaran NLC untuk menjaga stabilitas tokotrienol. NLC salah satu bentuk nanokosmetik yang berpotensi diaplikasikan sebagai sistem penghantaran kosmetik  yang dapat menjaga stabilitas zat aktif.

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Exposure to excessive free radicals can cause oxidative stress which leads to problems on the skin. Often time this is caused by UV rays exposure and air pollution. In order to prevent oxidative stress the skin needs enough antioxidants, one of which is tocotrienol. Commercial industry, especially cosmetics, often uses tocotrienol for topical application on the skin. However, because of the double bonds on its side chain, tocotrienol is not a stable compound, making it easily oxidized. The unstable structure of tocotrienol can reduce the antioxidants effect, which is the essential feature of tocotrienol. One strategy that can maintain the stability of tocotrienol is combining it with Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC). NLC is a delivery system molecule made from a mixture of solid lipids and liquid lipids with the addition of surfactants. NLC can protect the tocotrienol in the lipid matrix from external influences so that the stability is maintained. The purpose of writing this article is to examine more deeply about the nanocosmetic of tocotrienol as antioxidants for the skin by delivering NLC to maintain stability of tocotrienol.

NLC is a form of nanocosmetics that has the potential to be applied as a cosmetic delivery system that can maintain the stability of active substances.

 

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"This second edition of Nanocrystalline materials provides updated information on the development and experimental work on the synthesis, properties, and applications of nanocrystalline materials. Nanocrystalline materials with new functionalities show great promise for use in industrial applications, such as reinforcing fillers in novel polymer composites and substantial progress has been made in the past decade in their synthesis and processing. This book focuses primarily on 1D semiconducting oxides and carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene sheets and 0D nanoparticles (metals and inorganic semiconductors). These materials are synthesized under different compositions, shapes and structures, exhibiting different chemical, physical and mechanical properties from their bulk counterparts. This second edition presents new topics relevant to the fast-paced development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, including the synthesis and application of nanomaterials for drug delivery, energy, printed flash memory, and luminescent materials. With contributions from leading experts, this book describes the fundamental theories and concepts that illustrate the complexity of developing novel nanocrystalline materials, and reviews current knowledge in the synthesis, microstructural characterization, physical and mechanical behavior, and application of nanomaterials."

"Minyak kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor utama Indonesia ke berbagai negara. Hasil fraksinasi utama minyak kelapa sawit yaitu palm stearin (fraksi padat) dan palm olein (fraksi cair). Pengembangan penggunaan palm stearin dan palm olein dibidang farmasi perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan manfaat dari minyak kelapa sawit, diantaranya dengan pembuatan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). Medroksiprogesteron asetat yang merupakan salahsatu obat KB dipilih sebagai zat aktif yang dibuat dalam bentuk NLC, untuk mensukseskan program Keluarga Berencana. Tingkat putus pakai suntik KB 28%. Alasan wanita berhenti menggunakan alat KB diantaranya karena menginginkan metode yang lebih efektif. Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan pemberian secara transdermal. Tetapi dalam pemberian secara transdermal, stratum korneum menjadi barrier terbesar untuk transpor obat ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan penetrasi obat ke dalam kulit dengan pembuatan medroksiprogesteron asetat dalam bentuk NLC. NLC dibuat dengan metode high shear homogenization (HSH) dan ultrasonikasi. Optimasi formula NLC dilakukan dengan membuat 3 variasi komposisi palm stearin : palm olein (7:3); (5:5);(3:7). Berdasarkan hasil optimasi, NLC dengan perbandingan palm stearin : palm olein (7:3) dipilih sebagai formula optimum dengan karakteristik ukuran partikel 110+0,49 nm, zeta potensial -27,53+1,13 mV, indeks polidispersitas 0,13+0,03 dan efisiensi penjerapan 98,39+0,006 %. NLC terpilih dibuat menjadi bentuk sediaan gel, dibandingkan dengan gel non NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat dan diuji secara in vitro menggunakan uji sel difusi franz. Berdasarkan hasil uji in vitro nilai fluks untuk NLC 285,81 ng/cm2.jam dan untuk gel non NLC 119,25 ng/cm2.jam. Jumlah kumulatif medroksiprogesteron asetat terpenetrasi untuk NLC 5461,66+679,1 ng/cm2 sedangkan untuk non NLC 2204,20+333,68 ng/cm2. Lag time untuk NLC 0,34 jam dan non NLC 2,73 jam. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat mempunyai daya penetrasi lebih besar dibandingkan dengan non NLC medroksiprogesteron asetat.

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Crude palm oil is one of main commodities exported by Indonesia to many countries. The main fractions of palm oil are palm stearin (solid fraction) and palm olein (liquid fraction). The development of palm stearin and palm olein in the pharmaceutical sector needs to be carried out to increase the benefits of palm oil, this includes manufacture of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC). Medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is one of the injectable contraceptive drugs,was chosen as the active substance in the NLC, for the success of the Family Planning program. The discontinuation rate for KB injections is 28%. Some of the reasons why patients stop using family planning devices are because they want a more effective method. This problem can be treated with transdermal administration. However, in transdermal administration, stratum corneum is the biggest barrier for drug transport into the skin. This research was conducted to increase the penetration of the drug into the skin by forming medroxyprogesterone acetate to an NLC. NLC was made by high shear homogenization (HSH) and ultrasonication methods. The NLC optimization formula performed by making 3 variations of palm stearin composition: palm olein (7:3); (5:5); (3:7). Based on the optimization results, NLC with a ratio of palm stearin : palm olein (7:3) was chosen as the optimum formula with the characteristics of particle size 110+0.49 nm, zeta potential -27.53+1.13 mV, polydispersity index 0.13+0.03 and entrapment efficiency 98.39+0.006 % . The selected NLC was made into a gel dosage form, compared with non-NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate gel and tested in-vitro using the Franz diffusion cell. Based on the in-vitro test results, the flux value for NLC was 285.81 ng/cm2.hour and for non-NLC gel was 119.25 ng/cm2.hour. The cumulative amount of medroxyprogesterone acetate penetrated for NLC was 5461.66 +679.1 ng/cm2 while for non-NLC was 2204.20+333.68 ng/cm2. Lag time for NLC was 0.34 hours and non-NLC was 2.73 hours. Based on the research, it can be concluded that NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate has higher penetration than non NLC medroxyprogesterone acetate."

"Nanostructured Lipid Carrier NLc adalah teknologi baru dari jenis nanoemulsi yang dapat meningkatkan bioavaibilitas zat aktif yang bersifat non polar. Jahe putih Zingiber officinale Rosc adalah tanaman obat yang efektif sebagai anti-toksoplasma secara in vitro dengan kandungan senyawa aktif utamanya gingerol yang bersifat semi polar. Jahe merah Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Rubrum adalah varian jahe yang memiliki kandungan zat aktif gingerol lebih tinggi dibandingkan jahe putih sehingga berpeluang memiliki aktivitas anti-toksoplasma yang lebih baik. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitasnya secara in vivo, perlu pengembangan formulasi ekstrak jahe menjadi bentuk NLc.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh metoda ekstraksi untuk mendapatkan ekstrak jahe merah yang paling efektif secara in vitro terhadap T.gondii stadium takhizoit, memperoleh formula NLc-ekstrak jahe merah dengan karakteristik terbaik dan mendapatkan data in vivo aktivitas anti-toksoplasma pada stadium takhizoit dari NLc-ekstrak jahe merah yang terbaik.Metoda yang dilakukan mencakup skrining ekstraksi jahe merah dengan dua jenis ekstraksi dan tiga jenis pelarut pengekstrasi terhadap efektivitasnya pada sel vero yang diinduksi takhizoit in vitro . Ekstrak yang paling efektif diformulasikan menjadi bentuk NLc dengan variasi konsentrasi fase lipid dan fase air, dan komposisi jenis lipid cair dan lipid padatnya. Pembentukan NLc dilakukan dengan metoda High Pressure Homogenizer tekanan 450 bar dengan variasi jumlah siklus. Evaluasi NLc meliputi distribusi dan ukuran partikel, potensial zeta, efisiensi penjerapan, analisa morfologi bentuk partikel dan uji stabilitas pada formula NLc-jahe merah yang paling baik. Tahapan selanjutnya adalah uji in vivo mencakup uji toksisitas akut dan uji efektivitas menggunakan hewan mencit yang diinduksi takhizoit secara intraperitonial.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metoda ekstraksi yang terbaik adalah metoda maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96 menghasilkan ekstrak JE96M yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan takhizoit yang tinggi pada sel vero. Formula NLc-ekstrak jahe merah yang terbaik adalah F7A dengan komposisi minyak sawit:minyak zaitun:lipoid S75 = 14:5,5:5,5 fase lipid 25 dan kadar ekstrak jahe merah 2 . Formula NLc ndash;ekstrak jahe merah F7A pada dosis 100-200mg/kgbb secara peroral efektif sebagai anti-toksoplasma pada mencit, mampu meningkatkan umur hidup mencit diatas 70 setelah diinduksi dengan takhizoit.

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Nanostructured Lipid Carrier NLc is a new technology of the nanoemulsion type. The advantage of NLc is to increase the bioavailability of non polar active substances. White ginger / big ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe is a medicinal plant that proves effective as an in vitro anti-toxoplasma. This plant has bioactive compounds named gingerols that are semi-polar. Red ginger Zingiber officinale Rosc var Rubrum is another variant of ginger that contains a higher content of gingerols compared to white ginger/big ginger so, therefore it is used in this study to increase the activity of anti-toxoplasma. In order to enhance its effectiveness for in vivo study, the ginger extract is formulated into NLc form that is become the background of this research. The purpose of this study is to obtain the extraction method and to obtain the most effective red ginger extract in vitro on T. gondii takhizoit stage, to obtain the red ginger NLc-extract formula with the best characteristics, and to obtain of anti-toxoplasma activity at the tachizoite stage of NLc-the best red ginger extract. The methods include red ginger extraction screening with two types of extraction process and three types of extracting solvents. Furthermore, the extract tested the effectiveness on tachizoite in vitro using vero cells that induced a tachizoite strain of RH. The most effective extracts were formulated into NLc forms with variations in lipid and water phase concentrations, and the compositions of the liquid lipids and lipids. Formation of NLc was done by High-Pressure Homogenizer method of pressure 450 barr with the variation of cycle number. The NLc evaluation includes the distribution and particle size, and zeta potentials performed so determine the most stable NLc-red ginger extract. In addition, the determination of the effectiveness of adsorption, particle shape morphology analysis and stability test on the best red NLc-ginger formula. The next step is the in vivo test including an acute toxicity test and the effectiveness test, using intraperitoneally induced tachizoite mice. The results showed that the most effective extraction method was the maceration method with 96 ethanol because the extract produced JE96M could inhibit the high tachizoite growth in vero cells. The best NLc-red ginger extract formula is F7A with the composition of palm oil: olive oil: lipids S75 = 14: 5,5 : 5,5 25 lipid phase and 2 red ginger extract level. Formula NLc-red ginger extract F7A at a dose of 100-200 mg / kgbb is peroral effective as an anti-toxoplasma in mice, able to increase mice life above 70 after induced by tachizoite."

"Bahan alam menjadi alternatif yang potensial untuk terapi hiperpigmentasi atau pencerah kulit dan juga mempunyai aktifitas sinergis sebagai tabir surya. Salah satunya dari tanaman murbei yang mengandung oksiresveratrol yang bekerja sebagai tyrosinase inhibitor dalam proses melanogenesis. Oksiresveratrol diketahui memiliki kemampuan penghambatan 32 kali lebih kuat daripada asam kojat. Oksiresveratrol larut dalam air dan mudah terdegradasi. Hal tersebut adalah suatu kendala dalam pengembangan sediaan topikal. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari formulasi Nanostructured Lipid Carrier NLC untuk memperbaiki stabilitas zat aktif ekstrak murbei terhadap degradasi, dan sekaligus NLC sebagai sistem penghantaran guna peningkatan penetrasi perkutan dan efektifitasnya sebagai tabir surya dan pencerah kulit.Simplisia akar murbei diekstraksi menggunakan beberapa jenis dan konsentrasi pelarut, ekstrak yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi, penetapan kadar oksiresveratrol, uji penghambatan tirosinase dan aktivitas antioksidan. Ekstrak diformulasi dalam NLC menggunakan optimasi dua metode yaitu mikroemulsi dan evaporasi penguapan pelarut dan pemilihan formula didasarkan pada ukuran partikel NLC, indeks polidispersitas, persen penjeratan, aktifitas penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan. Karakterisasi dilanjutkan untuk NLC yang dipilih meliputi zeta potensial, DSC, Difraksi sinar X, dan morfologi. NLC dibuat dalam sediaan gel dan dilakukan karakterisasi gel, uji penetrasi melalui perkutan dan uji stabilitas pada tiga suhu berbeda. Sediaan gel NLC dilanjutkan dengan uji iritasi metode Draize, penentuan SPF metode Petro dan aktifitas perlindungan kulit secara in vivo, uji iritasi metode HET CAM, dan uji iritasi metode patch test pada subjek. Subjek yang memenuhi syarat uji iritasi mengikuti uji efektifitas gel NLC secara in vivo dan dilakukan pengukuran indeks melanin menggunakan Dermalab.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi menggunakan metanol 100 memberikan kadar oksiresveratrol paling tinggi, sedangkan ekstraksi menggunakan etanol 96 memberikan aktifitas penghambatan tirosinase dan antioksidan paling tinggi. Ekstrak etanol 96 diformulasi menjadi NLC dengan konsentrasi surfaktan 7 dan metode evaporasi penguapan pelarut. Tingkat penetrasi gel NLC dan stabilitas oksiresveratrol lebih tinggi dibandingkan sediaan gel ekstrak akar murbei. Gel NLC tidak memberikan efek iritasi pada hewan kelinci yang diabrasi maupun yang tidak diabrasi, tidak ada iritasi membran mukosa menggunakan uji HET CAM dan pada subjek. Gel NLC memiliki aktifitas perlindungan kulit dari sinar UV dibandingkan gel ekstrak akar murbei (p< 0.05.)

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Natural ingredients become potential alternatives as hyperpigmentation or skin lightening agents and also have synergistic activities as sunscreen. One of natural ingredients is mulberry plant possessing oxyresveratrol that acts as a tyrosinase inhibitor for melanogenesis. This research studied the formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier NLC to improve the stability of the active ingredient of mulberry extract against degradation and as a delivery system to enhance percutaneous penetration and its effectiveness as sunscreen and skin lightening.

Mulberry roots were extracted using several solvents with variuos ratios. The extracts were characterized for oxyresveratrol content, tyrosinase inhibition activity and antioxidant activity. The extract was then formulated into NLC using two optimized methods ie microemulsion and solvent evaporation. The resulting particles of NLC were selected based on particle size, polydispersity index, tyrosinase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity. The characterization of the particles performed for further selection included zeta potential, DSC profile, X-ray diffraction profile, and the entrapment efficiency. The selected NLC was formulated into topical gel characterized for percutaneous penetration and stability at three different temperatures. In addition, the gel was further evaluated for SPF value by Petro method and in vivo skin UV protection activity, and irritation on human volunteers, rabits and eggs with HET CAM method. The volunteers eligible for the irritation test were topically administered the gel for in vivo efficacy as lightening agent by determination of melanin index using Dermalab.

The results showed that the extraction using 100 methanol gave the highest oxyresveratrol content, whereas the extraction using 96 ethanol gave the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity. The 96 ethanol extract was formulated into NLC with 7 surfactant concentration using solvent evaporation method. The penetration rate and oxyresveratrol stability of the gel containing the selected NLC were higher than those of the gel containing the extract. The gel demonstrated no irritating effect on both skin abration and non-abration rabbits, no mucosal membrane irritation on eggs and human volunteers. The gel containing the selected NLC displayed better skin-protection activity from UV rays and skin lightening activity compared to the gel containing the extract (p<0.05)."

"This book presents the fabrication of optoelectronic nanodevices. The structures considered are nanowires, nanorods, hybrid semiconductor nanostructures, wide bandgap nanostructures for visible light emitters and graphene. The device applications of these structures are broadly explained. The book deals also with the characterization of semiconductor nanostructures. "