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"Heterocycles have played a crucial role in the biological and industrial development of society, becoming one of the most researched areas within organic chemistry.The first chapter, is based on microwave theory, the latest developments in instrumentation technology, and the various microwave technologies used for synthesis. The remainder of the chapters are divided into two sections. Section A deals with the five-membered heterocycles (pyrazoles, isoxazoles, triazoles, oxadiazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, oxazoles, oxazolines etc.) and in Section B, various six-membered heterocycles (triazines, benzoxazoles, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles) are presented. Both sections contain a detailed, recent literature review of microwave assisted synthesis and its applicability to various aromatic heterocyclics."

"This book about perfluoroheteroaromatic chemistry : multifunctional systems from perfluorinated heterocycles by nucleophilic aromatic substitution processes, monofluorinated heterocycles, synthesis of beta-Halofurans, synthesis of halogenated 5- and 6-membered sulfur- and sulfur, nitrogen containing heterocycles, heterocyclic reagents containing nitrogen-halogen bond : recent applications, recent progress on the halogen dance reaction on heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles as pharmaceuticals, sources, occurrence and fate of halogenated heterocyclic pharmaceuticals in the environment, and green methods in halogenation of heterocycles."

"ABSTRACTA series of new 4,5-dihydro-6-oxo-1,2,4-triazino[4,5-b]1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines were synthesized by the reaction of methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylate and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halide in presence of triethylamine. The structures of the title compounds have been established by their elemental analyses and spectroscopecal data. The microbial features of some of the synthesized compounds were studiedby a known method. "

"Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of a carbonaceous solid by heat in the absence of oxygen. The feedstocks, such as biomass or solid wastes, are heated to a temperature between 400 and 600°C. The reaction produces three products: gas, pyro-fuel oil, and char. Pyrolyzing solid wastes to make pyro-oil and bio-char provides a renewable, low cost way to produce liquid fuel. The pyro-oil could be mixed with diesel fuel and the fuel properties suitable for a diesel engine generator could be investigated. This work uses a controlled microwave heating technique to pyrolyze used rubber tires into pyro-oil. The thermal treatment of received used rubber tires was done in a modified domestic microwave with a controlled heated stirred bed system. In earlier work, it was found that rubber tires are a poor absorber of microwaves. An appropriate microwave-absorbing material, such as activated char, was added to initiate the pyrolysis process, thus producing pyro-oil. The characteristics of this pyro-oil and the effect of the microwave absorber on the yield of pyro-oil are presented in the paper. Particular attention was paid to the temperature profile during microwave heating of the used rubber tires. The benefit of this application is the conversion of the waste tires into renewable and high calorific pyro-oil. In addition, properties of tire pyrolysis oil have been determined and compared with the results of commercial diesel fuel."

"Sebagai senyawa N-heterosiklik, 1,4-Dihidropiridin dan 1,2,3-Triazol merupakan senyawa aktif biologis dan farmakologis. Senyawa 1,2,3-triazol memiliki kegunaan seperti antioksidan dan antituberkulosis. Dilakukannya sikloadisi-alkuna antara 1,4-dihidropiridin dan 1,2,3-Triazol pada penelitian ini. Selain itu, Penelitian ini juga berfokus pada variasi precursor yang beragam. Tiga prekursor azida aromatik digunakan untuk sintesis 1,4- dihidropiridin dan tiga prekursor aromatik aldehid untuk sintesis 1,4-dihidropiridin hibrida chalcone. Pada sintesis 1,4-DHP bermotif 1,2,3-triazol terdapat reaksi propargil, kondensasi Hantzch dan Sikloadisi-alkuna. Pada sintesis 1,4-DHP bermotif Chalcone akan dilanjutkan dengan Kondensasi Claisen Schmidt.

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As N-heterocyclic compounds, 1,4-Dihydropyridine and 1,2,3-Triazole are biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. 1,2,3-triazole compounds have uses such as antioxidant and antituberculosis. The alkyne-cycloaddition between 1,4-dihydropyridine and 1,2,3-Triazole was carried out in this study. In addition, this study also focuses on the variety of precursors. Three aromatik azide precursors were used for the synthesis of 1,4- dihydropyridine and three aromatik aldehyde precursors for the synthesis of 1,4- dihydropyridine hybrid chalcone. In the synthesis of 1,4-DHP patterned 1,2,3-triazole, there are propargyl, Hantzch condensation and Cycloaddition-alkynone reactions. The synthesis of chalcone-patterned 1,4-DHP will be followed by Claisen Schmidt condensation."

"Kebutuhan manusia akan minyak bumi sebagai sumber bahan baku industri petrokimia semakin besar. Sehingga, diperlukan sumber bahan baku alternatif sebagai pengganti minyak bumi, salah satunya adalah gliserol yang keberadaannya sangat melimpah di alam sehingga perlu dimanfaatkan. Gliserol merupakan produk hasil samping pembuatan biodiesel yang terbentuk dari trigliserida melalui proses transesterifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari proses konversi gliserol menjadi hidrokarbon aromatik dengan katalis Al2O3 dan HZSM-5 serta mengusahakan agar yield mencapai nilai setinggi-tingginya. Konversi gliserol dilakukan pada reaktor semi-batch dengan memvariasi suhu reaktor dan rasio massa umpan terhadap katalis. Produk yang dihasilkan dianalisis menggunakan instrument GC-FID.

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Humans need of petroleum as feedstock source in petrochemical industry is getting bigger from year to year. Therefore, we need alternative feedstock source replacing the petroleum, such as glycerol of which there are plenty in nature so that it needs to be used. Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production which is formed from triglycerides through transesterification process. The purpose of this research is to study about conversion process from glycerol to aromatic hydrocarbons using catalyst of Al2O3 and HZSM-5 alloys and also to achieve high aromatic yield. Glycerol conversion was done in a half-batch reactor with varying the reactor temperature and feed-to-catalyst mass ratio. The final products were analyzed using GC-FID instrument."

"Senyawa 2-hidroksi-1,4-naftokuinon atau lawson merupakan senyawa yang terkandung dalam tanaman Lawsonia inermis biasa juga disebut pacar kuku. Pacar kuku merupakan tanaman yang mudah dijumpai dan di dalamnya terkandung senyawa fenolik, khususnya naftokuinon yang memiliki aktivitas biologis seperti antibakteri, antikanker, antitumor, serta berpotensi menjadi antioksidan. Melalui pendekatan reaksi multikomponen sintesis senyawa turunan 2-hidroksi-1,4-naftokuinon dengan variasi aldehida aromatik (banzaldehida, sinamaldehida, 4-hidroksi benzaldehida), hidrazin, dan katalis iodin telah berhasil disintesis. Berdasarkan hasil (senyawa 1) hasil reaksi menggunakan benzaldehida belum berhasil disintesis dengan nama IUPAC 2-(hidrazinil(fenil)metil)-3- hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dengan rendemen sebesar 91%, untuk (senyawa 2) hasil reaksi menggunakan sinamaldehida juga belum terbentuk 2-(1-hidrazinil-3-fenilalil)-3- hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dengan rendemen sebesar 91,75%, untuk (senyawa 3) dengan rendemen sebesar 87,22% belum berhasil juga membentuk senyawa 2-(hidrazinil(4- hidroksifenil)metil)-3-hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dari hasil reaksi menggunakan 4- hidroksi benzaldehida. Analisis produk hasil sintesis dikonfirmasi dengan KLT, UV-Vis, FTIR, dan GC-MS. Uji aktivitas antioksidan didapatkan nilai IC50 dari senyawa 1 dan senyawa 2 masing-masing sebesar 204,94 dan 139,06 ppm.

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2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or lawson are compounds where is contained in the Lawsonia inermis plant, also commonly called pacar kuku. Pacar kuku is a plant that is easily to found and it contained in phenolics, especially that naphthooquinone derivativies have biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antitumor, and have the potential to become antioxidants. Through a multicomponent reaction synthesis approach 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthooquinone derivativies compounds with aromatic aldehyde variations; banzaldehida; cinnamaldehyde; 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, hydrazine, and iodine catalyst have been synthesized. Based on the results (compound 1) have not succeeded with the name IUPAC 2- (hydrazinyl (phenyl) methyl) -3- hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione with 91% yield, for the (compound 2) is still have not ducceeded with the name (E) -2- (1-hydrazinyl- 3-phenylallyl) -3-hydroxynaphthalene- 1,4-dione with 91,75% yield, and then (compound 3) with 87,22% yield have not succeeded in forming 2- (hydrazinyl (4 hydroxyphenyl) methyl) compounds - 3- hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione from the reaction using 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde. The analysis of the synthesis products was confirmed by TLC, UV-Vis, FTIR, and GC-MS. The antioxidant acti"

"Senyawa 2-hidroksi-1,4-naftokuinon atau lawson merupakan senyawa yang terkandung dalam tanaman Lawsonia inermis biasa juga disebut pacar kuku. Pacar kuku merupakan tanaman yang mudah dijumpai dan di dalamnya terkandung senyawa fenolik, khususnya naftokuinon yang memiliki aktivitas biologis seperti antibakteri, antikanker, antitumor,serta berpotensi menjadi antioksidan. Melalui pendekatan reaksi multikomponen sintesis senyawa turunan 2-hidroksi-1,4-naftokuinon dengan variasi aldehida aromatik (banzaldehida, sinamaldehida, 4-hidroksi benzaldehida), hidrazin, dan katalis iodin telah berhasil disintesis. Berdasarkan hasil (senyawa 1) hasil reaksi menggunakanbenzaldehida belum berhasil disintesis dengan nama IUPAC 2-(hidrazinil(fenil)metil)-3- hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dengan rendemen sebesar 91%, untuk (senyawa 2) hasil reaksi menggunakan sinamaldehida juga belum terbentuk 2-(1-hidrazinil-3-fenilalil)-3- hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dengan rendemen sebesar 91,75%, untuk (senyawa 3) dengan rendemen sebesar 87,22% belum berhasil juga membentuk senyawa 2-(hidrazinil(4- hidroksifenil)metil)-3-hidroksinaftalen-1,4-dion dari hasil reaksi menggunakan 4- hidroksi benzaldehida. Analisis produk hasil sintesis dikonfirmasi dengan KLT, UV-Vis, FTIR, dan GC-MS. Uji aktivitas antioksidan didapatkan nilai IC50 dari senyawa 1 dan senyawa 2 masing-masing sebesar 204,94 dan 139,06 ppm2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or lawson are compounds where is contained in the Lawsonia inermis plant, also commonly called pacar kuku. Pacar kuku is a plant that is easily to found and it contained in phenolics, especially that naphthooquinone derivativies have biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antitumor, and have the potential to become antioxidants. Through a multicomponent reaction synthesis approach 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthooquinone derivativies compounds with aromatic aldehyde variations; banzaldehida; cinnamaldehyde; 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, hydrazine, and iodine catalyst have been synthesized. Based on the results (compound 1) have not succeeded with the name IUPAC 2- (hydrazinyl (phenyl) methyl) -3- hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione with 91% yield, for the (compound 2) is still have not ducceeded with the name (E) -2- (1-hydrazinyl- 3-phenylallyl) -3-hydroxynaphthalene- 1,4-dione with 91,75% yield, and then (compound 3) with 87,22% yield have not succeeded in forming 2- (hydrazinyl (4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl) compounds - 3- hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione from the reaction using 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde. The analysis of the synthesis products was confirmed by TLC, UV-Vis, FTIR, and GC-MS. The antioxidant activity test found IC50 values of compounds 1 and 2 respectively 204,94 and 139,06 ppm."