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"This thesis presents an impressive summary of the potential to use passive seismic methods to monitor the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in geologic reservoirs. The data come from the Weyburn-Midale project, which is currently the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in the world. James Verdon’s results show how passive seismic monitoring can be used as an early warning system for fault reactivation and top seal failure, which may lead to the escape of CO2 at the surface."

"This research was carried out with the aim of providing a better understanding of the multiphase fluid flow characteristics of fluid-rock systems during the geo-sequestration process. The ultimate goal of this research was to experimentally evaluate the change in a number of multiphase flow characteristics of the system over time caused by the potential chemical and physical/mechanical processes occurring during deep CO2 disposal. In order to achieve this goal the effects of cyclic/alternating CO2-brine flooding, flow direction, existence of residual hydrocarbon (natural gas) and change in the reservoir stress field on the system’s multiphase flow behaviour were investigated."

"Paris Agreement merupakan perjanjian mengenai mitigasi emisi gas CO2. Tujuan perjanjian ini dibentuk untuk menahan laju peningkatan temperatur global. Hal ini juga didukung mengenai volume emisi CO2 akibat pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang mencapai 56% dari total semua emisi global. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) adalah salah satu solusi di bidang teknologi mitigasi yang membahas pemanasan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis konduktivitas listrik pada sampel batuan tersaturasi CO2 yang didapatkan dari perhitungan Digital Rock Physics. Metode Digital Rock Physics adalah suatu metode berbasis digital yang memanfaatkan citra batuan digital untuk mengidentifikasi sifat fisis batuan dan visualisasi struktur mikro batuan secara lebih efektif dan efisien. Dengan memanfaat metode digital rock physics menggunakan sampel batuan pasir dan karbonat, dapat menunjukkan antara korelasi konduktivitas listrik terhadap batuan tersaturasi CO2 dengan konsentrasi 2 mg / L, 6.5 mg/L, dan 10 mg/L tiap saturasi CO2 mulai dari 0% hingga 100%. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai konduktivitas listrik sangat baik pada batuan pasir dengan rentang 1.38 μS/cm - 2.80 μS/cm dan batuan karbonat dengan rentang 18.38 μS/cm - 20.47 μS/cm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai konduktivitas listrik berbanding lurus dengan saturasi CO2. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan nilai porositas sangat baik pada batuan pasir dengan rentang 19.51% - 26.92% dan batuan karbonat 12.88% - 14.41%. Porositas juga mempengaruhi nilai konduktivitas listrik terhadap batuan tersaturasi CO2. Semakin besar nilai porositas, maka konduktivitas listrik akan semakin rendah. Konsentrasi CO2 juga mempengaruhi konduktivitas listrik, dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi CO2 maka semakin besar nilai kondukstivitas listrik yang didapat. Hubungan antara konduktivitas listrik batuan dengan konsentrasi CO2 sangat kuat dengan koefisien korelasi diatas 0,9 untuk semua sampel. Berdasarkan hasil ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu parameter aplikasi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) untuk mengetahui saturasi CO2 yang berada di dalam reservoir berdasarkan konduktivitas listrik batuan dengan catatan sebelumnya reservoir yang digunakan tidak ada fluida yang terisi dan tidak ada kompaksi tanah.

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The Paris Agreement is an agreement on the mitigation of CO2 gas emissions. The purpose of this agreement was formed to restrain the rate of increase in global temperature. This is also supported by the volume of CO2 emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels, which account for 56% of all global emissions. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the solutions in the field of mitigation technology that addresses global warming. This study aims to identify and analyze the electrical conductivity of CO2 saturated rock samples obtained from Digital Rock Physics calculations. Digital Rock Physics method is a digital based method that utilizes digital rock images to identify rock physical properties and visualize rock microstructure more effectively and efficiently. By utilizing the digital rock physics method using sand and carbonate rock samples, it can show the correlation of electrical conductivity to CO2 saturated rocks with concentrations of 2 mg/L, 6.5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L per CO2 saturation ranging from 0% to 100%. The results of the analysis show that the electrical conductivity is very good in sandstone with a range of 1.38 μS/cm - 2.80 μS/cm and carbonate rocks with a range of 18.38 μS/cm - 20.47 μS/cm. The results of this study indicate the value of electrical conductivity is directly proportional to CO2 saturation. The results also showed very good porosity values in sandstone with a range of 19.51% - 26.92% and carbonate rock 12.88% - 14.41%. Porosity also affects the value of the electrical conductivity of CO2 saturated rocks. The greater the porosity value, the lower the electrical conductivity. The concentration of CO2 also affects the electrical conductivity, where the higher the concentration of CO2, the greater the value of the electrical conductivity obtained. The relationship between the electrical conductivity of rocks with CO2 concentration is very strong with a correlation coefficient above 0.9 for all samples. Based on these results, it can be used as one of the parameters for the application of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) to determine the CO2 saturation in the reservoir based on the electrical conductivity of the rock with the previous record that the reservoir used was not filled with fluid and no soil compaction."

"This review provides an insight for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologyimplementation possibilities in the niche of coal power generation plants. A brief explanation ofthe technology is necessary for understanding the technological and economic constraintsaffecting successful implementation. Barriers and opportunities for the technology areaddressed, and the advantages for achieving climate change mitigation goals are discussed.Possible solutions to protect the technology and its implementation support are provided aswell. This study maintains that international collaboration, government incentives, a positiveinvestment climate, public awareness, and learning by doing experiments are needed to ensurethat CCS technology operates successfully within coal power plants. Based on the conductedreview, we conclude that renewable energytechnologies must be developed rapidly andimplemented as soon as possible; and until that time, CCS technology can provide a temporarysolution by contributing to climate change mitigation plans. "

"ABSTRAKEmisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) merupakan isu lingkungan yang belum bisa diselesaikan dan terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Fenomena tersebut juga terjadi di Indonesia, sebagai negara berkembang yang berfokus pada pembangunan berkelanjutan. Setiap tahunnya, penyumbang terbesar untuk emisi GRK adalah emisi gas karbon dioksida. Pada tahun 2020, emisi gas karbon dioksida di Indonesia diprediksi mencapai angka 960 juta ton apabila tidak ada tindakan pencegahan (mitigasi). Salah satu mitigasi yang dapat dilakukan adalah penggunaan teknologi carbon capture and storage seperti di negara maju. Namun, penelitian dan informasi akan penerapan teknologi CCS di Indonesia masih minim. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis berusaha mengembangkan metode technology assessment (penilaian teknologi) dengan hasil keluaran berupa kriteria apa saja yang diperlukan apabila teknologi CCS diterapkan. Subkriteria tingkat penangkapan emisi gas karbon dioksida dan biaya investasi alat carbon capture memiliki bobot tertinggi untuk kriteria lingkungan dan ekonomi. Hasil keluaran yang diperoleh dan metode yang disusun diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan kerangka kerja bagi penerapan teknologi CCS, khususnya di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTGreen house gases (GHG) emission is one of the environmental issues that hasn?t been resolved and continued to increase annually. Carbon dioxide gas is known as the largest contributor for GHG emissions. This environmental issue also happens in Indonesia as a developing country which has focused on sustainable development. In 2020, the total emission of carbon dioxide gas in Indonesia is predicted around 960 million ton if there is no mitigation action. In developed countries, they have a bold step to mitigate their emission of CO2 gas by using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. This technology is effective to reduce the CO2 emission in large-scale. The study and informations about CCS, as a new technology to reduce emission, haven?t well developed in Indonesia. Based on the situation, the author tries to do a research of CCS technology implementation in Indonesia using technology assessment method. The output of this research are giving understanding how CCS could be used by seeing what the criterias needed are, particularly in Indonesia. The rate of carbon capture of CO2 emission and the cost of investment for carbon capture technology are the main subcriterias for each criteria of environment and economic if the carbon capture technology implemented in Indonesia."

"Kilang bio dengan carbon capture and storage memiliki potensi dalam mengurangi emisi karbon dari atmosfer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh efisiensi energi keseluruhan sistem, biaya produksi (etanol, xilitol, dan listrik), CO2 avoidance cost (CAC), serta nilai emisi CO2eq dari integrasi sistem kilang bio dengan carbon capture and storage(CCS). Aspen Plus v.11 digunakan untuk simulasi proses produksi etanol dan xilitol dengan teknologi hidrolisis asam, sedangkan unit CCS disimulasikan dengan Aspen HYSYS v.11. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua skema, yaitu skema produksi tunggal etanol (1) dan skema koproduksi etanol-xilitol (2). Analisis lingkungan dilakukan dengan metode life cycle assessment (LCA) dengan lingkup cradle-to-gate dan analisis keekonomian dilakukan dengan metode levelized cost. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi energi sistem keseluruhan  lebih tinggi pada skema 1 (35,8%) daripada skema 2 (33,7%). Nilai emisi sistem kilang bio dengan CCS pada skema 1 (-3,55 kgCO2eq/L etanol) lebih negatif daripada skema 2 (-2,20 kgCO2eq/L etanol). Skema 1 memiliki biaya produksi etanol dan nilai CAC (0,64 USD/L etanol dan 69,50 USD/ton CO2eq)  yang lebih besar daripada skema 2 (0,60 USD/L etanol dan 63,98 USD/ton CO2eq). Skema 1 menghasilkan nilai LCOE (0,15 USD/kWh) yang lebih tinggi daripada skema 2 (0,14 USD/kWh). Pada skema 2 diperoleh biaya produksi xilitol seharga 2,73 USD/kg xilitol. Oleh karena itu, skema 2 memiliki potensi komersial yang lebih baik.

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Biorefinery with carbon capture and storage has great potential in reducing carbon emissions from the atmosphere. This study aims to obtain the overall system energy efficiency, production costs (ethanol, xylitol, and electricity), CO₂ avoidance cost (CAC), and CO2eq emission from the integration of biorefinery system with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Aspen Plus v.11 was used to simulate the ethanol and xylitol production processes using acid hydrolysis, while the CCS unit was simulated with Aspen HYSYS v.11. This study uses two schemes, namely a single ethanol production scheme (1) and an ethanol-xilitol coproduction scheme (2). Environmental analysis was conducted using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method with a cradle-to-gate scope, and economic analysis was conducted using the levelized cost method. The results showed that the overall system energy efficiency was higher in scheme 1 (35.8%) than scheme 2 (33.7%). The emission value of the biorefinery system with CCS in scheme 1 (-3.55 kgCO2eq/L ethanol) was more negative than scheme 2 (-2.20 kgCO2eq/L ethanol). Scheme 1 has higher ethanol production costs and CAC values (0.64 USD/L ethanol and 69.50 USD/ton CO2eq) than scheme 2 (0.60 USD/L ethanol and 63.98 USD/ton CO2eq). Scheme 1 produced a higher LCOE value (0.15 USD/kWh) than scheme 2 (0.14 USD/kWh). In scheme 2, the production cost of xylitol is 2.73 USD/kg xylitol. Therefore, scheme 2 has better commercial viability."

"Area Smeaheia, Laut Norwegia Utara merupakan salah satu lapangan yang dimanfaatkan sebagai reservoir CO2 atau CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). Dalam suatu reservoir, patahan merupakan salah satu komponen yang penting untuk dikaji terkait kemampuannya untuk menyekat karbon. Pada penelitian kali ini dapat menjadi identifikasi awal dari potensi sekatan patahan (fault seal analysis) dan memfokuskan penelitian pada target reservoir yaitu formasi Sognefjord yang didominasi oleh litologi berupa batu pasir. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif menggunakan parameter model patahan yang dapat menunjukkan nilai throw patahan serta sebaran zona porositas melalui atribut seismik. Untuk mendukung interpretasi terhadap patahan, digunakan beberapa atribut lainnya yaitu RMS Amplitude, Variance, dan Ant-tracking serta dilakukan perhitungan menggunakan metode Shale Gouge Ratio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan patahan yang berpotensi sebagai seal (SGR = 48%) yang akan menyekat CO2 dan patahan yang berpotensi menjadi jalur migrasi pada reservoir formasi Sognefjord.

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The Smeaheia area, North Norwegian Sea is one of the fields used as a CO2 reservoir or CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). In a reservoir, fault is one of the important components to be studied regarding its ability to seal the carbon. This study examines the initial indication for fault seal analysis and focuses on the target reservoir, namely the Sognefjord formation which is dominated by sandstone lithology. The analysis was carried out qualitatively using fault model parameters that can show the value of the fault throw and the distribution of the porosity zone through seismic attributes. To support the interpretation of the fault, several other attributes are used, namely RMS Amplitude, Variance, and Ant-tracking and calculations are carried out using the Shale Gouge Ratio method. The results showed that the fault has the potential as a seal (SGR = 48%) that will block CO2 and the fault has the potential to become a migration pathway in the reservoir of the Sognefjord formation."

"Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) adalah salah satu teknologi mitigasi pemanasan global dengan cara mengurangi emisi CO2 ke atmosfer (ESDM, 2009). Dalam pengaplikasian CCS, geologi bawah permukaan untuk penyimpanan dan elemen penutup membutuhkan investigasi yang tepat untuk digunakan sebagai tempat penyimpanan gas CO2 setelah diinjeksikan. Metode inversi Impedansi Akustik dilakukan pada penelitian ini untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoir target yaitu di Lapangan X, Cekungan Asri pada Upper Zelda Member, Formasi Talang Akar yang memiliki lingkungan pengendapan shallow lacustrine dan fluvial-deltaic dengan litologi penyusun sedimen klastik berupa batupasir berlapis fluvial, batulempung tebal, serpih, dan lapisan tipis batubara secara lokal. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan estimasi nilai impedansi akustik batu pasir adalah 17.000 (ft/s)*(g/cc) hingga 22.000 (ft/s)*(g/cc) yang diidentifikasi berasosiasi dengan porositas dan permeabilitas yang baik. Metodologi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi pengumpulan data, well seismic tie, Analisa crossplot, pembuatan model inisiasl, dan analisa inversi impedansi akustik dengan metode model-based.

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Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) is is one of the global warming mitigation technologies by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere (ESDM, 2009). In the application of CCS, the subsurface geology for storage and cover elements requires proper investigation to be used as a place for storing CO2 gas after injection. The Acoustic Impedance inversion method was carried out in this study to characterize the target reservoir at X Field, Asri Basin in the Upper Zelda Member, Talang Akar Formation which has shallow lacustrine and fluvial-deltaic depositional environments with clastic sedimentary constituent lithology in the form of fluvial layered sandstone, thick claystone, shale, and locally thin coal seams. In this study, the estimated acoustic impedance of sandstone is 17,000 (ft/s)*(g/cc) to 22,000 (ft/s)*(g/cc) which is identified as having good porosity and permeability. The methodology used in this research includes data collection, well seismic tie, cross plot analysis, built initial model, and acoustic impedance inversion analysis using model-based methods."

"Upaya untuk mencapai peningkatan maksimal 1,5 derajat Celsius pada tahun 2030 hingga 2050 dalam Paris Agreement mengakibatkan meningkatnya upaya dalam menurunkan emisi CO2 di atmosfir. Pemerintah Indonesia menargetkan penurunan emisi CO2secara mandiri sebanyak 32% berdasarkan penetapan Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (E-NDC). Salah satu upaya penurunan emisi karbon yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan metode Carbon Capture and Storage. Tujuan utama studi ini adalah untuk mendapatkan kelayakan teknis dan kelayakan ekonomi untuk sistem transportasi CO2 di lapangan minyak dan gas yang telah mengalami penurunan (depleted reservoir) di daerah Jawa Tengah. Tujuan ini dicapai melalui perancangan sistem transportasi CO2 dengan skenario point-to-point yang melibatkan fasilitas pipa existing, pemilihan spesifikasi peralatan tambahan, perhitungan investasi, serta perhitungan kelayakan keekonomian dari sistem. Perangkat yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah perangkat lunak Aspen Hysys. Diperoleh hasil bahwa emisi CO2 dengan laju alir sebesar 2.100.298  ton/tahun layak secara teknis untuk ditransportasikan melalui pipa existingTransmisi X, dari PLTGU A ke depleted reservoir B di daerah Jawa Tengah, dengan spesifikasi Outer Diameter (OD) sebesar 14 in, panjang pipa 207 km, wall thickness minimum 11,9 mm, serta rating 900. CO2 ditransportasikan dalam fasa superkritikal dengan tekanan masuk pipa sebesar 135 bar, sehingga dibutuhkan penambahan peralatan untuk mengondisikan CO2 yang terdiri dari 5 kompresor, 1 pompa CO2 , 1 pompa air, 5 intercooler, dan 6 separator. Total Capital Investment yang dibutuhkan untuk proyek ini adalah sebesar $247 juta USD. Untuk menghitung kelayakan ekonomi proyek, digunakan skenario perhitungan berdasarkan pendapatan menggunakan harga karbon ETS Indonesia, ETS Australia, ETS UK, dan ETS Eropa. Diperoleh bahwa proyek layak secara ekonomi dengan skenario harga karbon ETS Eropa sebesar $61,3 USD/ton CO2 dengan parameter kelayakan ekonomi NPV sebesar $309 juta USD, IRR 21,19%, dan payback period selama 3,65 tahun.

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The efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2030 and 2050 under the Paris Agreement have spurred heightened initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions worldwide. As part of this effort, the Indonesian government aims for a 32% reduction in CO2 emissions independently, based on the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (E-NDC). One effective method to achieve this reduction is through Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The primary objective of this study is to assess the technical and economic feasibility of a CO2 transportation system in depleted oil and gas fields in Central Java. This objective is pursued by designing a point-to-point CO2 transportation system that utilizes existing pipeline facilities, selecting specifications for additional equipment, calculating investment costs, and evaluating the system's economic feasibility using Aspen Hysys software. The study's findings indicate that it is technically feasible to transport CO2 emissions at a flow rate of 2,100,298 tons per year through the existing Transmisi X pipeline. This pipeline, stretching 207 km from PLTGU A to the depleted reservoir B in Central Java, has an outer diameter (OD) of 14 inches, a minimum wall thickness of 11.9 mm, and a rating of 900. Additional equipment is required to transport CO2 in a supercritical phase with a pipeline inlet pressure of 135 bar, including 5 compressors, 1 CO2 pump, 1 water pump, 5 intercoolers, and 6 separators. The total capital investment for this project is estimated at USD 247 million. Various carbon price scenarios were evaluated to determine the project's economic feasibility, including those from ETS Indonesia, ETS Australia, ETS UK, and ETS Europe. The analysis revealed that the project is economically viable under the ETS Europe carbon price scenario of USD 61.3 per ton of CO2, yielding an NPV of USD 309 million, an IRR of 21.19%, and a payback period of 3.65 years."

"This book approaches the energy science sub-field carbon capture with an interdisciplinary discussion based upon fundamental chemical concepts ranging from thermodynamics, combustion, kinetics, mass transfer, material properties, and the relationship between the chemistry and process of carbon capture technologies. Energy science itself is a broad field that spans many disciplines, policy, mathematics, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, geology, materials science and mineralogy, and the author has selected the material, as well as end-of-chapter problems and policy discussions, that provide the necessary tools to interested students."