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"Latar belakang. Bersihan kolon yang adekuat berkaitan dengan persiapan kolonoskopi yang baik namun hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai dua preparat bersihan kolon yang paling umum digunakan di Indonesia yaitu polyethylene glycol (PEG) dan sodium phosphate (SP).Tujuan. Mengetahui perbandingan bersihan kolon antara PEG dan SP pada pasien yang akan dilakukan kolonoskopi di Indonesia. Metode. Uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal, satu sentral penelitian di pusat endoskopi saluran cerna (PESC) RS. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) pada pasien usia lebih dari 18 tahun yang menjalani kolonoskopi periode Maret ? September 2014. Randomisasi manual, teknik sampling konsekutif dilakukan untuk mengalokasikan preparat PEG dan SP, kemudian penilaian bersihan kolon secara tersamar tunggal dilakukan oleh dua orang dengan Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Nilai adekuat bila skor ≥ 5. Analisis dilakukan dengan intention to treat.Hasil. Dari 135 subyek yang dirandomisasi, dieksklusi 14 subyek sehingga yang dianalisis 121 subyek (PEG n=62; SP n=59). Semua subyek menjalani penelitian hingga selesai. Bersihan adekuat pada PEG 88,7% dengan rerata skor BPPS 5,89, sedangkan pada SP 89,8% dengan rerata skor BPPS 6,34 (nilai p=0,84). Didapatkan nilai Control Event Rate (CER) 11,3%, Experiment Event Rate (EER) 10,17%, Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) 1,13%, Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) 9,92%, dan Number Needed to Treat (NNT) untuk SP sebesar 90 subyek. Efek samping pada PEG adalah mual (19,4%), rasa tidak enak (3,2%), muntah (1,6%) sedangkan pada SP hanya rasa tidak enak (5,1%). Kedua kelompok tidak mengalami alergi.Kesimpulan. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik dan klinis antara PEG dan SP dalam bersihan kolon yang adekuat menggunakan skor BPPS.

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Background. Adequate clearance of the colon is associated with a good preparation for colonoscopy. Up until now research on colon adequate clearance by using two of the most commonly used preparations in Indonesia, namely polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate has not been done.Aims. To compare the effectivity of PEG and SP in colon clearance for patients undergoing colonoscopy in Indonesia.Design and Methods. A single blind randomized clinical trial in one centre at gastrointestinal endoscopy centre RSCM, was conducted on patients aged over 18 years old that had colonoscopy in the period from March to September 2014. Consecutive manual randomization was performed to allocate the PEG and SP lavage and assessment of adequate colon clearance will be evaluated by two investigators using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Adequate score if > 5. Analysis was done by intention to treat.Results. From the 135 randomized subjects, 14 was excluded, and 121 subjects obtained (PEG n=62; SP n=59). All subjects completed the research. Adequate clearance in PEG was 88.7% with BPPS mean score 5.89. While, SP had adequate clearance of 89.8% with BPPS mean score 6.34 (p value=0.84). Analysis resulted in CER 11.3%, EER 10.17%, ARR 1.13%, RRR 9.92%, and NNT for SP was 90 subjects. Side effects in PEG participants were nausea (19.4%), unpleasant taste (3.2%), vomit (1.6%) while in SP participants only experienced unpleasant taste (5.1%). Both groups did not experience allergic reaction.Conclusion. There was no significant difference in terms of adequate colon clearance preparation between PEG and SP using BPPS score."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pemeriksaan kolonoskopi memerlukan persiapan dan usaha yang kompleks dengan melibatkan modifikasi diet dan pemilihan laksatif untuk meningkatkan kualitas bersihan kolon. Penggunaan berbagai regimen dan cara pemberian pencahar masih menjadi bahan diskusi para ahli hingga sekarang. Polyethylene glycol merupakan salah satu regimen pencahar yang dapat diberikan dalam dosis terbagi maupun dosis tunggal dalam satu waktu.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan bersihan kolon pada polyethylene glycol dosis tunggal dengan dosis terbagi pada persiapan kolonoskopiMetode: Uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal dilakukan di Divisi Gastroenterologi, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode Juni hingga Agustus 2018. Pasien yang dilakukan tindakan kolonoskopi dijadikan sampel dengan pemilihan secara konsekutif. Pasien dengan obstruksi kolon, penyakit jantung, gangguan fungsi ginjal, gangguan fungsi hati berat, riwayat reseksi usus besar, alergi terhadap polyehtylene glycol, dan pasien yang tidak bersedia mengikuti penelitian tidak diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Penilaian bersihan kolon dilakukan oleh beberapa staf gastroenterologi yang telah ditunjuk menggunakan Boston Bowel Preparation Score (BBPS) tanpa mengetahui cara pemberian preparat saat persiapan kolonoskopi pasien.Hasil: Sebanyak 76 subyek penelitian, 38 pada kelompok pemberian dosis tunggal dan 38 pada kelompok pemberian dosis terbagi, diikutsertakan dalam uji klinis. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara metode pemberian polyethylene glycol terhadap tingkat bersihan kolon pada pasien kolonoskopi.Simpulan: Bersihan kolon pada regimen pemberian polyethylene glycol dosis terbagi dan dosis tunggal pada persiapan kolonoskopi memiliki nilai efikasi yang sama.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Colonoscopic examination is a unique examination requiring various plans and efforts including diet modifications and laxative choices in order to maximize colon adequacy. A plethora of regiments and methods have been served as a discussion topic for experts. Polyethylene glycol is one of the laxative regiments used in multiple administration method, either split dose or single doseAim: Comparing bowel cleanliness between polyehtylene glycol given in single dose and split dose on patients undergoing colonoscopic preparation.Methods: Single blinded study was done in Gastroenterology Division, Internal Medicine Department of Doctor Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital during June to August 2018. Patients undergoing colonoscopic preparations weree chosen as research samples using consecutive method. Patients with colon obstruction, heart disease, kidney function decline, severe liver damage, history of colon resection, allergic to polyehtylene glycol, or disagree to join the study was excluded. Bowel cleanliness was assessed by multiple gastroenterologist staff using Boston Bowel Preparation Score (BBPS) without knowing patients laxative regimentResults: There were 76 study samples, 38 of each study groups, included in this study. There were no significant difference of efficacy between polyehtylene glycol administration method with bowel cleanliness in colonoscopic examination patients.Conclusion: Bowel cleanliness on polyehtylene glycol given in split dose and single dose were of similar efficacy"

"Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan preparasi gibsit diinterkalasi litium (LIG) dari mineral gibsit alam. LIG dipreparasi melalui interkalasi LiCl ke gibsit dan membentuk struktur [LiAl2(OH)6]+ dengan lapisan interlayer ion Cl- dan air. LIG ini memiliki efektivitas dan kapasitas lebih baik dibanding mineral gibsit untuk menghilangkan fosfat dalam air. Adsorpsi terjadi melalui pertukaran anion Cl- di- interlayer dalam LIG dengan fosfat. Adsorpsi maksimum pada pH 4,5 dan menurun dengan meningkatnya pH, karena adanya kompetisi dengan anion OH- seiring kenaikan pH. Pertukaran anion adalah reaksi yang cepat, selesai dalam beberapa menit. Sebaliknya, adsorpsi pada permukaan adalah proses yang lambat dan membutuhkan beberapa hari untuk mencapai kesetimbangan. Adsorpsi pada pH asam lebih banyak dalam bentuk ion monovalen H2PO4-, dan adsorpsi pada pH yang lebih tinggi cenderung lebih selektif terhadap ion divalen HPO42- dan OH-. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa LIG menjadi pengadsorpsi yang efektif untuk menghilangkan fosfat dalam air pada kondisi pH 4,5.

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In this research, preparation gibbsite intercalated lithium (LIG) of mineral gibbsite nature. LIG was prepared by intercalation of LiCl into gibbsite and form structures [LiAl2(OH)6]+ with ion Cl- layers and interlayer water. LIG has better effectiveness and capacity than gibbsite mineral to eliminate phosphates in the water. Adsorption occurs through anion exchange of Cl- in LIG with phosphate in the interlayer. Maximum adsorption at pH 4.5 and decreased with increasing pH, due to competition with OH- anions with increasing pH. Anion exchange reaction is rapid, complete in a few minutes. In contrast, adsorption on the surface is a slow process and can take several days to reach equilibrium. Adsorption at pH more acidic in the form of monovalent ion H2PO4-, and adsorption at higher pH tend to be more selective about divalent ion HPO42- and OH-. These results suggest that LIG be effective adsorbent for removing phosphate in water at pH 4.5 conditions."

"Scope and Method of Study: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are still a major problem in developing countries viewed from epidemiological, laboratory, as well as clinical aspects. Reliable laboratory diagnosis is the blood culture. However, failure of the blood culture occurs, due to the bactericidal effect of blood (phagocytes, complement, and specific and nonspecific antibodies, among others). Microbiologists are challenged to improve the blood culture by adding sodium polyanethol sulphonate (SPS) in the media. SPS is capable to inactivate the blood bactericidal effect, is an effective anticoagulant, non-toxic to most pathogens, stable to high temperature, acid and alkaline solutions, and is water-soluble.The objective of this study is to compare bile culture plus 0.05% SPS to conventional bile culture for the growth of salmonella in blood. The result was evaluated by the rate of growth in both cultures after 1 minute, 4 hours and 12 hours (logarithmic phase). The number of organisms was calculated from growth on nutrient agar plates when the range-of growth were 30-300 colonies per 0.1 ml inoculum, and the dilution of both cultures.Findings and Conclusions: Fifty isolates representing five species of salmonellae has been tested and showed that the number of organisms per ml in the SPS bile culture was not significantly different compared to conventional bile culture. In conclusion, the SPS bile culture is the same as conventional bile culture for the growth of S. typhi, S. pa-atyphi A, B, C, and S. typhimurium in blood from healthy humans, with a blood-broth ratio of 1: 10."

"An attempt to prepare trinuclear tungsten oxoalkoxides [BzMe3N]3[W3O8(OMe)5] from the reaction betweenWO2(OMe)2, [BzMe3N]2WO4 and [BzMe3N](OMe) in the ratio of 2:1:1 in MeOH produced[BzMe3N]2[Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6].6MeOH. Suitable crystals for X-ray chrystallographic studies were obtainedfrom hot mixture of methanol-acetonitrile solution. The I.R., 1H-NMR, and microanalysis data including crystalstructure of [Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6]2- anion are reported."

"Sodium (Na) was found as one of chemical elements that able to disturb plants that grow along the Cikijing river. This river water that had been detected as contains high sodium,whereas the river water is still used by local famers to irigate their rice fields....."

"Konsentrasi fosfat yang tinggi di lingkungan akuatik dapat menyebabkan terjadinya blooming algae yang dapat mengakibatkan ketidakseimbangan ekosistem air. Oleh karena itu, penentuan bioavailabilitas fosfat perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui konsentrasinya dalam ekosistem akuatik. Salah satu metode efektif yang saat ini digunakan dalam penentuan bioavailabilitas fosfat di lingkungan akuatik adalah metode Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) dengan binding gel TiO2. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi pengikat silang pada gel poliakrilamida yang digunakan sebagai diffusive gel pada sistem DGT untuk meningkatkan selektivitasnya terhadap anion ortofosfat. Pengikat silang yang digunakan untuk modifikasi adalah N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). Nilai koefisien difusi dengan variasi konsentrasi pengikat silang MBA didapatkan bahwa nilai koefisien difusi berbanding terbalik dengan konsentrasi pengikat silangnya. Pembandingan selektivitas diffusive gel DGT dengan pengikat silang MBA dilakukan melalui perhitungan kadar fosfat total pada kedua sistem tersebut dengan adanya anion pengganggu berupa asam fitat dan asam humat. Perhitungan dilakukan menggunakan sistem deployment dalam waktu 24 jam dan variasi konsentrasi pengikat silang MBA (0,05%; 0,2%; dan 0,3%). Melalui perhitungan ini didapat bahwa diffusive gel dengan konsentrasi pengikat silang MBA sebesar 0,3% memberi selektivitas terbaik terhadap anion ortofosfat. Hal ini dibuktikan melalui percobaan dengan gangguan fosfat organik. Konsentrasi asam fitat dan asam humat yang teradsorpsi pada sistem ini cenderung tetap meski konsentrasinya bertambah. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa diffusive gel MBA 0,3% memiliki ambang batas tertentu dalam melewatkan kedua asam organik tersebut, yaitu sebesar 28,753 μg untuk asam fitat dan untuk asam humat sebesar 33,177 μg. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa MBA dapat digunakan sebagai pengikat silang pada diffusive gel poliakrilamida dalam sistem DGT. Penggunaan pengikat silang MBA juga dapat menghasilkan pengukuran kadar bioavailabilitas fosfat yang lebih akurat karena lebih selektif terhadap ortofosfat dan bersifat membatasi jumlah fosfat organik yang terdifusi yang dapat mengganggu analisis kadar ortofosfat.

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High phosphate concentrations in aquatic environments can cause algae bloom that can result in an imbalance of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the determination of phosphate bioavailability needs to be done in order to know the level of phosphate concentrate in aquatic ecosystem. One of effective method that is currently used in the determination of phosphate bioavailability in aquatic environments is a Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) technique with TiO2 as a binding layer.

In this research, the crosslinking modification of polyacrylamide gel used as a diffusive gels in DGT system to improve the selectivity of the orthophosphate adsorption. The crosslinker that used for modification is N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). Diffusion coefficient with concentration of crosslinking degree of variation was found that the diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to the concentrate of cross linker. Benchmarking selectivity DGT diffusive gels with crosslinking MBA done through the calculation of total phosphate levels in both systems with the confounders in the form of phytic acid anions and humic acids.

The calculation is done using the system deployment within 24 hours and the concentration of crosslinking variation MBA (0,05%, 0,2% and 0.3%). Obtained through these calculations that the diffusive gel crosslinking MBA with a concentration of 0.3% gave the best selectivity towards orthophosphate anion. This has been proven through experimental research by using organic phosphate as confounder. Concentration of phytic acid and humic acid adsorbed on these systems tend to stagnate despite its concentration increases. This proves that the diffusive gel MBA 0,3% have skipped a certain threshold in both the organic acids : 28,753μg for phytic acid and 33,177 μg for humic acid.

Based on this study it can be concluded that the degree can be used as a crosslinking on diffusive polyacrylamide gels in DGT system. The use of crosslinked diffusive material can also provide phosphate bioavailability concentration measurements that are more accurate because it is more selective towards limiting the amount of orthophosphate and organic phosphate diffused as phytic acid and humic acid which can interfere with analysis of the levels of orthophosphate."

"Penelitian ini fokus terhadap penentuan senyawa ortofosfat secara elektrokimia mengunakan deposit oksida kobalt sebagai sensor non-enzimatik. Deposit diperoleh melalui proses Kronoamperometri larutan H3BO3 dan NaCl dengan elektroda karbon pasta sebagai elektroda kerja dengan variasi potensial dan waktu deposisi untuk memperoleh kondisi deposit yang paling optimum. Karakterisasi FTIR dan SEM digunakan untuk melihat interaksi senyawa yang terdapat di permukaan elektroda sebelum dan setelah pengukuran fosfat serta melihat karakter morfologi deposit. Dari FTIR, muncul puncak pada bilangan gelombang 1040 cm-1 yang mengindikasikan adanya interaksi antara oksida kobalt dengan ion fosfat. Karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan deposit logam Co telah berhasil ditempelkan pada permukaan elekroda karbon pasta. Untuk mendeteksi fosfat, deposit oksida kobalt digunakan sebagai elektroda kerja dan elektroda Ag/AgCl sebagai elektroda pembanding dengan metode potensiometri. Deposit oksida kobalt cenderung selektif terhadap spesi ortofosfat sekunder H2PO4. Deposit Co optimum diperoleh pada potensial reduksi -0.32 V selama 180 detik dengan sensitivitas tertinggi 3778,825, batas deteksi paling rendah 8,8435 M, nilai linearitas yang paling tinggi 0,9436 , repeatabilitas dan kestabilan yang tinggi serta tidak begitu dipengaruhi oleh intervensi anion lain . Pada analisa fosfat yang lepas dari sedimen , diketahui bahwa oksigen terlarut pada sedimen menurunkan jumlah fosfat yang terlepas dari sedimen ke badan air.

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This research focused on the determination of orthophosphate compound electrochemically using cobalt oxide deposit as non-enzymatic sensor. Deposits obtained through Chronoamperometry solution of, H3BO3 and NaCl with a carbon electrode as the working electrode paste with a variety of potential and deposition time to obtain the most optimum conditions of deposit. FTIR and SEM characterization is used to see the interaction of the compound contained in the surface of the electrode before and after measurement of phosphate and see the character morphology of the deposit. From FTIR, appeared peaks at wave number 1040 cm-1 which indicates interactions between oxide cobalt phosphate ions. SEM characterization showed metal deposits Co. has been successfully placed on the surface of carbon paste electrodes. To detect phosphate, cobalt oxide deposit is used as the working electrode and the electrode Ag / AgCl as the reference electrode with potentiometric method. Deposit cobalt oxide species tend to be selective with the secondary orthophosphate H2PO4. Deposit Co optimum reduction potential obtained at -0.32 V for 180 seconds with the highest sensitivity μV 3778.825 , the lowest detection limit of 8.8435 x 10, the highest value of 0.9436 linearity, repeatability and high stability and less influenced by the intervention of other anions. In the analysis of phosphate is separated from the sediment, it is known that the dissolved oxygen in the sediment decreases the amount of phosphate released from the sediment into the water body."

"Phosphate Sludge (PS) waste has been a problem in metal surface finishing industry. The waste cannot be dumped in landfill due to the metal content. Valorisation of the waste will be beneficial in a way that it conserves natural reserves and reduces energy consumption. This paper describes the attempt of utilization of PS by mixing it in kaolin in preparation of ceramic bricks. A series of experiments showed that mixtures containing between 25–50 mass % PS sintered at 1200oC attained the highest compressive strength of >25 MPa. X-ray diffractions (XRD) showed that the presence of PS hindered the formation of mullite, the phase that contribute to strength in Al2O3–SiO2 kaolin system. In the mixture of 1:1 kaolin: PS fired at 1200oC, cristobalite was formed, instead of mullite, as observed in the XRD patterns."

"Eutrofikasi merupakan fenomena pengkayaan nutrient khususnya fosfat yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya peledakan pertumbuhan alga algae blooming) dan menimbulkan efek samping yaitu penurunan konsentrasi oksigen dalam badan air yang menyebabkan kematian biota. Sedimen di perairan merupakan kompartemen dan sumber lepasnya fosfat ke badan air. Oleh karena itu, untuk memonitor dan mengkontrol eutrofikasi di badan air perlu dikaji interaksi antara sedimen dan badan air dengan mengetahui dan mengkarakterisasi spesi senyawa fosfat di sedimen yang berpotensi menjadi sumber fosfat bagi alga di badan air. Identifikasi spesi senyawa fosfat di sedimen dilakukan dengan proses ekstraksi bertahap. Dalam penelitian ini empat metode ekstraksi bertahap dibandingkan, yaitu metode yang diusulkan oleh Bowman Cole, Hedley et al., Ivanoff et al., dan metode standard-Baoqing, et al. Berdasarkan percobaan yang dilakukan, metode ekstraksi yang paling efektif adalah metode yang diusulkan oleh Ivanoff et al dengan waktu ekstraksi yang lebih efisien dan dapat mengekstrak kadar P 99.83 dari kadar P total dengan memperoleh 6 tipe spesi fosfat dari 7 fraksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi bertahap. Tipe fosfat yang berada dalam sedimen yaitu fosfat organik fosfat labile, P-mikrobal, dan fosfat yang bersifat cukup resisten dan resisten dan fosfat anorganik fosfat labile, fosfat cukup labile, dan Ca-P dengan senyawa fosfat yang paling banyak ditemukan di sedimen yaitu tipe fosfor anorganik pada fraksi P Labile. Faktor yang mempengaruhi proses ekstraksi bertahap spesi fosfat pada sedimen yaitu 1 pH, 2 ekstraktan, 3 waktu ekstraksi, dan 4 tahapan prosedur pada metode ekstraksi bertahap.

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Eutrophication is a phenomenon of nutrient enrichment especially phosphates that can cause the explosion of algal growth alga bloom and side effects is the decrease of oxygen concentration in porewater that causing the death of biota. Aquatic sediments are the compartment and the source of the phosphate release to the porewater. Therefore, to monitor and control eutrophication in the porewater, it is necessary to examine the interactions between sediments and porewater by knowing and characterizing phosphate specifications in the sediments that are the source of phosphates for algae in the porewater. Identification of the species phosphate in the sediment was carried out by a sequential extraction process. In this study several sequential extraction methods used namely as follow the method of Bowman Cole, Hedley et al., Ivanoff et al., and standard methods Baoqing, et al. The most effective sequential extraction method is the method devised by Ivanoff et al. With the more efficient extraction time which has extracted 99.83 of P from total P content with 6 species of phosphate. It is found that phosphate species in sediment were organic phosphate labile P, P microbal, and moderately resistant P and resistant P and inorganic phosphate labile P, moderately labile P, and Ca P with the most widely found species of phosphate were inorganic phosphorus in P Labile fraction. Factors affecting the gradual extraction process is 1 pH, 2 extractants, 3 extraction times, and 4 the procedure stage of the method."