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"Penelitian ini merupakan uji eksperimental dengan tiga populasi berbeda dengan proses intervensi yang sama yaitu penetesan tropikamid 1% yang bertujuan untuk menilai fungsi dan struktur jaringan mata setelah penetesan tropikamid 1%. Sebanyak 90 subjek dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok berdasarkan usia dan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Dilakukan pemeriksaan diameter pupil, tajam penglihatan jauh dan dekat, tekanan intraokular, dan kedalaman bilik mata depan yang diukur pada menit ke-30, 60, dan 120 setelah penetesan. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan bahwa kelompok usia 20-40 tahun dan usia ≥ 60 tahun dengan DM kurang responsif terhadap tropikamid 1% dibanding usia ≥ 60 tahun non-DM.

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This is a clinical experimental study in three different groups with one intervention. This study aimed to assess ocular functions and structures in normal and diabetic subjects. A total of 90 subjects were divided into three groups based on the description of age and present of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The evaluation of pupil diameter, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and anterior chamber depth were assessed in 30, 60, and 120 minutes after 1% tropicamide instillation. The result is that in the 20-40 years old non-DM group and ≥ 60 years old with DM group are less responsive to 1% tropicamide than ≥ 60 years old non-DM group."

"Asupan serat pada penyandang DM tipe 2 maupun orang sehat di Indonesia rendah, meskipun berbagai penelitian membuktikan bahwa serat bermanfaat dalam memperbaiki profil lipid. Uji klinis acak menyilang ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan serat makanan terhadap profil lipid penyandang DM tipe 2 usia 20−64 tahun, dengan kadar serum kolesterol total >150 mg/dL, atau kolesterol LDL >100 mg/dL, atau kadar HDL < 45 mg/dL, atau trigliserida >150 mg/dL. Setiap subyek penelitian menjalani dua macam perlakuan diet selama 3 minggu, dengan wash out selama 1 minggu: diet DM sesuai rekomendasi PERKENI dengan makanan selingan berserat 5,88 g/hari. Dilakukan wawancara karakteristik demografi, pengukuran tinggi dan berat badan, penilaian asupan zat gizi dengan metode food record 3 x 24 jam serta pemeriksaan profil lipid sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Rentang usia subyek penelitian 47-61 tahun, sebagian besar subyek adalah perempuan, dan tingkat pendidikan rendah, serta tingkat aktivitas fisik ringan, dengan status gizi obes I sebanyak 66%. Subyek dapat mengonsumsi makanan selingan berserat sebanyak 90% dari anjuran. Makanan selingan berserat dapat ditoleransi dengan baik, tanpa ada keluhan yang berarti. Sebagian besar subyek penelitian tidak dapat mengikuti anjuran diet DM nya, terutama dalam hal asupan protein, lemak, dan serat. Terlihat penurunan yang bermakna pada kadar serum kolesterol total (p=0,03) dan trigliserida (p=0,04) setelah konsumsi makanan selingan berserat. Kesimpulan: diet DM dengan konsumsi serat sebagai makanan selingan sebesar 5,88 g/hari menurunkan kadar serum kolesterol total dan trigliserida serum dibandingkan dengan diet DM pada penyandang DM tipe 2. Penelitian lanjutan dianjurkan dengan menambah serat dalam makanan selingan.

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Dietary fiber intake of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and general Indonesian population were lower than recommendation, despite proven beneficial effect of dietary fiber on serum lipid profile. This randomized cross-over clinical trial aims to investigate the effect of 5,88 g/day fiber snack supplementation for 3 weeks on serum lipid profile among 20−64 years old T2DM patients with either serum concentration cholesterol total >150 mg/dL, cholesterol LDL >100 mg/dL, cholesterol HDL <45 mg/dL, or triglyceride >150 mg/dL.

Every subject underwent two treatments for 3 weeks with 1 week wash out: 5.88 g/day dietary fiber in snack bars integrated in diabetic diet recommended by Indonesian Diabetic Association (PERKENI). Assessments of sociodemographic, body height and weight, dietary intake using food record 3x24 hours method during study period, and lipid profile before and after intervention were performed.

Subjects age ranged 47-61 years, majority was female, low educational level, sedentary physical activity, and 66% obese. Subjects managed to consume 90% of the dietary fiber snack bars, without experiencing any side effects. Majority of subjects could not follow their diabetic dietary regimen, especially consumption of protein, fat and fiber. There were significant decreases total cholesterol (p=0.03) and triglyceride (p=0.04) serum concentrations after consumption of dietary fiber in snack bars.

Conclusion : diabetic diet with 5.88 g/day fiber snack decreases total cholesterol and triglyceride serum concentrations compared to diabetic diet alone in patients with T2DM. Further study to increase the amount of fiber in snack is proposed."

"Asupan serat dalam menu harian penyandang diabetes masih rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh penambahan serat dalam makanan selingan penyandang diabetes melitus (DM) 2 terhadap kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental dengan desain menyilang alokasi acak pada 7 laki-laki dan 13 perempuan di Klinik Dokter Keluarga Kayu Putih Jakarta. Subyek penelitian dibagi dalam dua kelompok: kelompok kontrol mendapat anjuran diet DM dan kelompok perlakuan mendapat anjuran diet DM dan pemberian makanan selingan yang mengandung serat 6 gram/hari selama 3 minggu. Pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah puasa dan 2 jam postprandial dilakukan pada awal dan akhir perlakuan. Status gizi obes didapatkan pada 55% subyek. Sebagian besar subyek tidak mematuhi anjuran diet DM: asupan lemak tinggi sedangkan asupan serat 7,0–13,7 g/hari. Pada awal penelitian, kadar glukosa darah puasa dan 2 jam postprandial serum kedua kelompok perlakuan tidak berbeda bermakna. Setelah periode perlakuan, perubahan kadar glukosa darah tidak bermakna, namun terlihat cenderung menurun pada kelompok perlakuan. Kesimpulan: pada penyandang DM tipe 2, pemberian makanan selingan yang mengandung serat 6 gram selama 3 minggu tidak menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa dan 2 jam postprandial serum.

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Fiber intake in the daily menu of diabetes patients was observed to be lower than recommendation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fiber supplementation as snack on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. This randomized, cross-over controlled clinical trial involved 7 men and 13 women, who visited to Family Doctor Clinic Kayu Putih in Jakarta. Subjects were assigned into two groups: control group who got diabetic diet recommendation, while treatment group got diabetic diet recommendation and snack containing 6 grams fiber/day for three weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) levels were assessed before and after intervention. Fifty five percent of the subjects were obese. Majority of subjects could not comply with diabetic regiment: high in fat, while fiber intakes was around 7.0–13.7 g/day. At baseline, FBG and PPBG levels were comparable. After intervention period, blood glucose level did not changed significantly, but tend to decrease in the treatment group. In conclusion: snack containing 6 grams of fiber for three weeks did not decrease FBG and PPBG of type 2 diabetic subjects."

"Latar Belakang: Akumulasi lemak viseral pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Tipe 2 dapat menyebabkan komplikasi metabolik dan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan dalam bentuk kombinasi High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) dan latihan beban terhadap perubahan lemak viseral pada pasien DM Tipe 2. Metode: Analisis sekunder dari Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) pada bulan Juli 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Subjek berjumlah 18 orang yang diambil dari kelompok eksperimen. Subjek melakukan HIIT sebanyak 3x/minggu dan latihan beban 2x/minggu dengan durasi 12 minggu latihan. Protokol HIIT dengan perbandingan 1 menit intensitas tinggi dan 4 menit intensitas lebih rendah, sedangkan latihan beban terdiri dari 9 jenis latihan meliputi ekstrimitas atas, batang tubuh, dan ekstrimitas bawah. Hasil: 18 pasien (72% perempuan) dengan rerata usia 50,94 tahun. Seluruh subjek berada pada kategori overweight (17%), dan obese (83%), serta obesitas sentral (100%). Tidak didapatkan perubahan lemak viseral yang signifikan (p>0.05) dengan pengukuran menggunakan Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Kesimpulan: Didapatkan seluruh subjek berada pada kategori overweight dan obese serta memiliki obesitas sentral. Tidak didapatkan perubahan lemak viseral yang bermakna dari kombinasi HIIT dan latihan beban selama 12 minggu pada pasien DM Tipe 2.

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Background: The accumulation of visceral fat in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patient can cause metabolic complications and risk of cardiovascular disease. Goals: This study aims to determine the effect of combined High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Resistance training on the Changes in Visceral Fat in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient. Methods: Secondary analysis of the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) on July 2017 and completed January 2018. Eighteen participants were taken from the experimental group. Participants did HIIT three times a week and resistance training twice a week with the duration of 12 weeks. HIIT protocol was comprised of one minute of high intensity and 4 minutes of lower intensity. Resistance training was comprised of nine exercises for upper extremities, core, and lower extremities. Results: 18 patients (72% female) with an average age of 50.94 years. All subjects were in the overweight (17%), obese (83%), and central obesity (100%). There were no significant changes in visceral fat (p>0,05) with measurements using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Conclusion: All participants are overweight, obese and have central obesity. There were no changes in visceral fat from a combination of HIIT and resistance training in

Type 2 DM patients in 12 weeks."

"[TUJUAN: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan performa uji jalan 400 meter pada wanita antara penyandang diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 dan individu sehat, dengan membandingkan kecepatan berjalan dan prediksi ambilan oksigen maksimal (VO2max). METODE: Subyek penelitian adalah wanita dengan DM tipe 2 dan individu sehat, yang dipasangkan berdasarkan kelompok umur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan awal berupa indeks massa tubuh, glukosa sewaktu, ankle-brachial index, tekanan darah, dan nadi pra uji latih. Sebelum diberikan uji jalan 400 meter, subyek melakukan pemanasan pada jalur 20 meter selama 2 menit. Selama pemanasan dan uji latih, nadi diukur tiap 30 detik. Tekanan darah sistolik diukur setelah pemanasan dan dalam 60 detik setelah uji latih. Uji jalan 400 meter dilakukan 2 kali pada hari yang berbeda.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the performa of the 400-meter walk test in women between people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy individuals, by comparing walking speed and predicted maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHOD: Study subjects were women with type 2 DM and healthy individuals, who were paired by age group. Initial examinations were carried out in the form of body mass index, glucose at any time, ankle-brachial index, blood pressure, and pulse before the training test. Before being given a 400-meter road test, the subjects warmed up on a 20-meter track for 2 minutes. During warm-ups and training tests, the pulse is measured every 30 seconds. Systolic blood pressure is measured after warm-up and within 60 seconds of the training test. Test the 400-meter walk is carried out 2 times on different days.;, ]"

"Latar Belakang: Insidensi dan prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) terus meningkat. Penurunan imunitas yang terjadi pada DMT2 dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi. Kontrol gula darah yang baik bermanfaat dalam pengendalian infeksi dan pencegahan komplikasi makro dan mikrovaskuler tetapi penelitian yang melibatkan pasien DMT2 usia lanjut masih belum konklusif. Serial kasus ini dilakukan untuk melihat efektivitas kontrol gula darah terhadap kesintasan pasien DMT2 yang dirawat di rumah sakit, dan untuk implementasi tatalaksana nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berusia antara 47 ? 65 tahun. Penyulit infeksi pada keempat pasien ini yaitu gangren diabetikum, selulitis, dan sepsis dengan infeksi paru dan infeksi saluran kemih. Tatalaksana nutrisi pasien dilakukan sesuai dengan rekomendasi American Diabetes Association dan Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes disesuaikan dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi pasien. Perhitungan kebutuhan nutrisi menggunakan rekomendasi untuk perawatan pasien sakit kritis bagi pasien yang dirawat di intensive care unit (ICU), dan menggunakan perhitungan dengan formula Harris-Benedict bagi yang dirawat di ruangan dengan faktor stres sesuai derajat hipermetabolisme pasien. Pasien dipantau selama 7 ? 11 hari. Edukasi diberikan kepada pasien dan keluarga selama perawatan dan saat akan pulang. Hasil: Dalam pemantauan, tiga pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis, toleransi asupan, dan laboratorium, dan dapat dipulangkan, sedangkan satu pasien meninggal dunia. Kesimpulan: Kontrol gula darah, asupan nutrisi yang adekuat, dan edukasi yang sesuai, dapat meningkatkan kesintasan pasien DMT2 dengan penyulit infeksi yang dirawat di rumah sakit.

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Background: The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing. Immune disfunction in T2DM patient may increase the risk of infection. The appropriate blood glucose control has a benefit in infection control and macro and microvascular complication prevention. The Studies of glycaemic control included older patients did not find convincing evidence. The aim of this case series is to assess the association between glycaemic control and clinical outcome of hospitalized T2DM patient with comorbid infection, and to provide appropriate nutrition therapy based on individual nutrition needs.

Method: Patients in this case series were between 47 - 65 years old. There of those patients were diagnosed T2DM with comorbid gangrenous diabeticum, cellulitis, and sepsis with lung infection and urinary tract infection. Two patients need intensive care in ICU, and another patients in the ward. Two patients received nutrition therapy as critically ill condition, and the rest as American Diabetic Association recommendation, with basal calorie requirement were calculated using Harris-Benedict formula and stress factor suitable for metabolic changes. Monitoring was done for 7 - 11 days. Education was done for the patient and family during hospitalization and discharge planning.

Results: Three patients showed the improvement of clinical conditions, intake tolerance, and laboratory results, whatever one patient was pass away.

Conclusion: Glycaemic control, adequate nutrition intake, and intensive education, may improve survival rate in hospitalized T2DM patient with infection as comorbid."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang. Prevalensi disfungsi tiroid lebih tinggi pada pasien diabetes dibandingkan populasiumum. Hipotiroidisme memperburuk komplikasi, morbiditas, mortalitas, dan kualitas hidup pasiendiabetes melitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2). Faktor risiko hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 selama ini masihkontradiktif dan belum dikaji secara lengkap. Keberadaan sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 diperlukan untuk membantu diagnosis dan menapis pasien DM tipe 2 yang memerlukanpemeriksaan laboratorium fungsi tiroid sebagai baku emas diagnosis hipotiroidisme.Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2.Metode. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Divisi Metabolik Endokrin(Poliklinik Diabetes) RSCM pada Juli sampai September 2015 dengan metode sampling konsekutif.Subjek menjalani anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (TSH dan fT4). Analisisdata dilakukan dengan program statistik SPSS Statistics 17.0 untuk analisis univariat, bivariat,multivariat, dan Receiving Characteristics Operator (ROC) dan SPSS Statistics 20.0 untuk analisisbootstrapping pada Kalibrasi Hosmer-Lemeshow.Hasil. Sebanyak 303 subjek dianalisis untuk mendapatkan proporsi disfungsi tiroid dan 299 subjekdianalisis untuk mendapatkan determinan hipotiroidisme. Sebanyak 23 subjek (7,59%) terdiagnosishipotiroidisme, terdiri dari 43,5% subjek hipotiroid klinis dan 56,5% subjek hipotiroid subklinisberdasarkan Indeks Zulewski dan/atau Indeks Billewicz, dengan 16,7% hipotiroid klinis dan 83,3%hipotiroid subklinis berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan fT4. Determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga dengan OR sebesar 4,719 (95% IntervalKepercayaan/IK 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), keberadaan goiter dengan OR sebesar 20,679 (95% IK 3,49122,66, p = 0,001),kontrol glikemik yang buruk dengan OR sebesar 3,460 (95%IK 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), dan adanya sindrom metabolikOR sebesar 25,718 (95% IK 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Simpulan. Proporsi hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah 7,59%. Determinan diagnosis dan komponen sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga, keberadaan goiter, kontrol glikemik yang buruk, dan adanya sindrom metabolik. Sistem skor yang diberi nama Skor Hipotiroid RSCM ini diharapkan menjadi alat bantu diagnosis hipotiroidisme pada pasienDM tipe 2. ABSTRACT Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results. 303 subjects included for proportion study of thyroid dysfunction and 299subjects included for analysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients."

"Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 merupakan sekumpulan gangguan metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia. Komplikasi klinis akibat DM berkolerasi dengan status glikemik, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengontrolan status glikemik pasien DM, baik jangka pendek, jangka menengah maupun jangka panjang untuk mencegah atau mengurangi komplikasi progresif akibat penyakit tersebut. Parameter laboratorium untuk pemantauan status glikemik meliputi kadar glukosa darah harian, HbA1c, dan albumin glikat (AG). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada pasien DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol, mendapatkan korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG, juga melihat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi diagnostik, yang melibatkan 32 subyek penelitian yang diikuti selama 3 bulan mulai bulan Februari hingga Mei 2014. Diagnosis DM tipe 2 ditegakkan oleh dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam dan diagnosis DM tipe 2 tidak terkontrol didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan HbA1c > 7 %. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan rerata (SD) kadar glukosa darah puasa bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3 berturut-turut sebesar 170,5(51,6) mg/dL; 162,7(54,6) mg/dL, dan 147,3(45,9) mg/dL. Median (rentang) kadar glukosa darah 2 jam postprandial l(G2PP) bulan ke-0 dan ke-1 sebesar 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL dan 191,5 mg/dL (114-468) mg/dL; rerata(SD) kadar G2PP bulan ke-3 sebesar 201(65,98) mg/dL. Korelasi antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG adalah : pada bulan ke-0, r=0,79, p<0,001, bulan ke-1 r=0,74, p<0,001 dan bulan ke-3 r=0,78, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar HbA1c dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3) adalah median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,43% (0,35-0,74)%, p<0,001 dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 0,89% (0,64-2,30)%, p<0,001. Penurunan kadar AG bulan ke-1 dari baseline (delta-1) dan pada bulan ke-3 (delta-3): median (rentang) delta-1 sebesar 0,94% (0,48-1,64)%, p<0,001, dan median (rentang) delta-3 sebesar 1,79% (0,33-1,40)%, p<0,001. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara kadar HbA1c dan kadar AG pada bulan ke-0, ke-1, dan ke-3, dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat (r = 0.7-0.8), selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar HbA1c dan AG yang bermakna sesudah terapi 1 dan 3 bulan.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a group of metabolic disorders with hyperglycemic characteristic. Clinical complications of DM correlate with glycemic state, therefore it is necessary to make an effort to control DM glycemic state, in short-, medium-, and long-term to prevent or minimize progressive complications due to the disease. Laboratory parameters to monitor glycemic state include daily blood glucose, HbA1c, and glycated albumin (GA).

This study aimed to obtain HbA1c and GA levels in uncontrolled type 2 DM patients, the correlations between HbA1c and GA levels, and also the decrease in HbA1c and GA levels after 1 month and 3 months treatment. This was a diagnostic study involving 32 subjects that were followed for 3 months from February to May 2014. Type 2 DM was diagnosed by the internist in the Department of Internal Medicine and the uncontrolled type 2 DM was confirmed by HbA1c measurement of > 7%.

The results showed that mean (SD) fasting blood glucose levels at baseline, 1 month and 3 months were 170.5 (51.6) mg/dL; 162.7 (54.6) mg/dL, and 147.3(45.9) mg/dL, respectively. Median (range) 2 hours postprandial blood glucose levels at baseline and 1 month respectively, were 220 mg/dL (90-544) mg/dL and 191.5 mg/dL, respectively, and mean (SD) at 3 months was 201,7 (65,98) mg/dL. Correlations between HbA1c and GA levels : at baseline r =0.79, p<0.001, at 1 month r=0.74, p<0.001 and at 3 months r=0.78, p<0.001.

Decreases of HbA1c level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1was 0.43% (0.35-0.74)%, p<0.001 and median (range) delta-3 was 0.89% (0.64-2.30)%, p<0.001. Decreases of GA level from baseline, at 1 month (delta-1) and at 3 months (delta-3) : median (range) delta-1 was 0.94%(0.48-1.64)%, p<0.001, and median (range) delta-3 was 1.79%(0.33-1.40)%, p<0.001.

We concluded that there were significant positive correlations between HbA1c and GA levels at baseline,1 month and 3 months, with strong correlations (r=0.7-0.8). In addition, there were also significant decreases in HbA1c and GA levels from baseline at 1 month and 3 months therapy."

"Kekurangan gizi pada awal kehidupan (1000 hari pertama) terutama masa prenatal akan memberikan multiple effect yang bersifat irreversible yaitu hambatan pertumbuhan linier yang direpresentasikan oleh pendek, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organ termasuk pancreas yang direpresentasikan oleh diabetes mellitus dan tumbuh kembang otak yang direpresentasikan oleh kemampuan kognitif. Tingginya pendek pada populasi dewasa dan tingginya penyakit diabates mellitus di perkotaan berdasarkan survei Riskesdas 2007 mengindikasikan bahwa gangguan pertumbuhan linier dan perkembangan organ terjadi secara parallel.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai apakah pendek usia dewasa mewakili stunting awal kehidupan dalam menjelaskan risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus usia dewasa.Penelitian ini memanfaatkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 dengan disain cross sectional yang mewakili daerah perkotaan di 33 propinsi di Indonesia. Subyek penelitian adalah 12.639 laki-laki dan perempuan berumur 20 - 49 tahun. Penyakit diabetes mellitus ditegakkan berdasarkan kadar gula darah puasa 2 jam post prandial sedangkan hambatan pertumbuhan linier awal kehidupan diukur dengan pencapaian tinggi badan (pendek) di usia dewasa.Analisis dilakukan 2 level yaitu : (1) melakukan uji bivariat, stratifikasi, multivariat pada kondisi saat ini (subyek dewasa). (2) Melakukan analisis risiko kekurangan gizi awal kehidupan terhadap penyakit diabetes mellitus menggunakan teori dan bukti ilmiah hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Data yang digunakan dalam analisis penelitian ini cukup memadai yang ditunjukkan dengan konsistensi antar variabel dan konsisten dengan hasil penelitian lain.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi diabetes mellitus sebesar 3,8% dan proporsi pendek sebesar 37,7%. Pendek usia dewasa pada IMT<23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus OR adjusted 1,52 (CI 95% : 1.08-2.12). Bertambahnya umur meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 3,05 (CI 95% : 1,82-5,09) pada umur 30-39 tahun dan OR 7,58 (CI 95% : 4,69-12,27) pada umur 40-49 tahun. Keluarga kaya mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi untuk menderita diabetes mellitus dengan OR 1.90 (CI 95% : 1.36-2.66). Minum minuman berkafein ≥1 x/hr dapat mencegah penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 0,48 (CI 95% : 0,33-0,71).Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pendek usia dewasa pada kelompok IMT < 23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus.

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Malnutrition in early life (1000 first day), especially during pregnancy would cause multiple effect which were irreversible, such as obstruction in linear growth were represented by short stature, growth and development of organs, including the pancreas represented by diabetes mellitus, and brain growth is represented by deficiency in cognitive abilities. The high prevalence of short stature in adult and the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus disease in urban population based on Riskesdas 2007 survey data indicated that disruption of linear growth and organ development occured in parallel.The purpose of this study was to assess whether short stature in adulthood represent stunting in their early life, in order to explain the risk of diabetes mellitus in adult. This study was utilized data from Indonesian Basic Health Research 2007 with a cross-sectional design representing urban areas in 33 provinces in Indonesia. Subjects were 12,639 men and women aged 20-49 years. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on fasting blood glucose levels, 2 hours post prandial, while linear growth retardation in early life is measured by the attainment of height (short stature) in adulthood. Analysis was done in 2 levels:(1) Worked on bivariate, stratified, multivariate testing on current conditions (adult subjects). (2) Performed a risk analysis of malnutrition in early life towards diabetes mellitus disease using theories and scientific evidence based on previous researches. The data used in this analysis were sufficient, indicated by consistency between variables and consistency with the results of other related studies.Results of this study showed that the proportion of diabetes mellitus was 3.8% and the proportion of short stature was 37.7%. Short stature in adults with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus with adjusted OR of 1.52 (CI 95%: 1:08-2:12). Increasing age increased the risk of diabetes mellitus with 3.05 OR (95% CI: 1.82 to 5.09) at the age 30-39 years and 7.58 OR (95% CI: 4.69 to 12.27) at the age of 40-49 years. Wealthier families have a higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus with OR 1.90 (95% CI: 1.36-.66). Drinking caffeinated beverages ≥1 x / day could prevent diabetes mellitus with OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33 to 0.71).Conclusion of this study was short stature in adult with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus."

"Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 adalah penyakit kronis dimana tubuh tidak bisa menggunakan insulin untuk metabolisme glukosa. Penyakit ini terus menerus bertambah setiap tahun baik pada masyarakat perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Disayangkan, penyakit diabetes mellitus tidak dapat disembuhkan, hanya bisa dikendalikan.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kejadian pre DM dan DM tipe 2 pada Staf Kependidikan FKM UI, Depok. Variabel independen yang diteliti adalah umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, asupan zat gizi (energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan serat), aktivitas fisik, status gizi lebih, lingkar pinggang, dan pengetahuan gizi. Desain studi penelitian yaitu cross sectional dengan analisis chi square. Penelitian dilakukan pada 122 responden dan pada bulan April 2014.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 26,2% penderita pre DMDM (Pre DM (17,2%) dan DM (9%)). Variabel yang memiliki perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna dengan kejadian pre DM-DM adalah umur. Faktor dominan adalah riwayat keluarga dan umur. Staf kependidikan FKM UI diharapkan meningkatkan kesadaran untuk melakukan pola hidup sehat baik makan-makanan seimbang maupun olahraga rutin, dan melakukan pengecekan glukosa darah.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic disease which the body can not use insulin for glucose metabolism. The disease is constantly increasing every year both in urban and rural communities. Unfortunately, diabetes mellitus can not be cured, only controlled.

This study aims to determine the dominant factor on the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Education Staff at FKM UI, Depok. The independent variables studied were age, sex, family history, the adequacy of nutrients (energy, carbohydrates, fats, and fiber), physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and nutrition knowledge. The study design is a crosssectional study with a chi-square analysis. The study was conducted on 122 respondents, on April 7 to 25, 2014.

Results showed 26.2% of patients with pre-DM - DM (Pre DM (17.2%) and DM (9%)). Variables that had significant differences in the proportion of the incidence of pre-DM and DM is age. Dominant factor is family history ang age. Education Staff at FKM UI is expected to raise awareness for do healthy lifestyle such as eat balanc meals and exercise regularly, and do a blood sugar check."