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"[ABSTRAKPemahaman mengenai interaksi laut dan atmosfer merupakan kunci untuk menjelaskan fenomena iklim dan cuaca di benua maritim Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dikaji hubungan antara energi radiasi gelombang panjang yang dipantulkan oleh bumi ke atmosfer, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), dengan suhu muka laut (SST). Sebagai ilustrasi, uap air (terutama awan), merupakan gas yang cukup efektif menyerap radiasi gelombang panjang. Namun jumlah uap air di atmosfer selalu berubah karena terjadi proses penguapan dan kondensasi secara terus-menerus, sementara sumber uap air utama adalah lautan. Data yang digunakan adalah OLR dan SST tahun 1979 hinggga 2011. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa nilai koefisien korelasi di wilayah Indonesia menunjukkan ikatan hubungan yang sedang (r = 0,5). Sedangkan hasil pemetaan korelasi dan signifikansi menunjukkan bahwa hubungan OLR dan SST di wilayah Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh fenomena ENSO dan IODM.

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ABSTRACTOcean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM.;Ocean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM.;Ocean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM.;Ocean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM.;Ocean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM., Ocean and atmosphere interactions are the key to explain the phenomenon of climate and weather in Indonesia. This study will be assessed the relationship between the energy of longwave radiation reflected by the earth into the atmosphere, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (SST). As an illustration, water vapor (especially cloud), is an effective gas to absorb longwave radiation. But the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is always changing due to evaporation and condensation processes continously, while the main source of water vapor is the ocean. The data used is OLR and SST in 1979 until 2011. Based on the analysis it is known that the value of the correlation coefficient in the region of Indonesia shows r = 0,5. While the results of the mapping correlation and significance shows that OLR and SST relationship in Indonesia affected by ENSO and IODM.]"

"Peningkatan temperatur udara secara global telah mempengaruhi kondisi iklim, yaitu adanya perubahan iklim, yang ditandai tingginya fluktuasi curah hujan yang mempengaruhi musim hujan maupun musim kemarau. Perubahan iklim yang terjadi di wilayah DAS Brantas diidentifikasi melalui unsur temperatur udara dan curah hujan berdasarkan kecenderungan perubahan trend (jangka Panjang) dan step change (jangka pendek), sedangkan perubahan musim berdasarkan kondisi normal awal musim hujan dan kemarau di DAS Brantas dengan periode waktu sepuluh tahunan (dekadal). Pola hujan di DAS Brantas mempunyai empat (IV) tipe, yang dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian, arah hadap lereng dan arah pergerakan angin. Pada curah hujan tahunan tidak terjadi perubahan trend dan step change, perubahan trend dan step change terjadi pada curah hujan bulanan dan dasarian di daerah pola hujan tipe I dan III. Perubahan trend dan step change terjadi pada temperatur udara maksimum dan minimum absolut, tidak terjadi perubahan pada temperatur minimum absolut di wilayah Karangploso. Awal musim hujan paling cepat pada dasarian III Oktober sedangkan awal musim kemarau pada dasarian III April. Perubahan musim terjadi berfluktuasi mengikuti variabilitas dan perubahan curah hujan di wilayah DAS Brantas.

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The increase in global air temperature has affected climatic conditions, namely climate change, which is characterized by high fluctuations in rainfall that affect the rainy season and dry season. Climate change that occurs in the Brantas watershed area identified through elements of air temperature and rainfall based on the tendency to change the trend (long-term) and step change (short-term), while seasonal changes based on the normal conditions of the beginning of the rainy and dry season in the Brantas watershed with a ten-year time period (decadal). Rainfall patterns in the Brantas watershed has four (IV) types, which are influenced by altitude, the direction of the slope and the direction of wind movement. In annual rainfall there is no change in trend and step change, changes in trend and step change occur in monthly and dasarian rainfall in the rainfall pattern areas of types I and III. Changes in trends and step changes occur in absolute maximum and minimum air temperatures, there is no change in absolute minimum temperatures in the Karangploso area. The beginning of the rainy season is the earliest in dasarian III October while the beginning of the dry season is in dasarian III April. Seasonal changes occur fluctuate following variability and changes in rainfall in the Brantas watershed area."

"Variabilitas curah hujan merupakan penyebab utama dalam jumlah keseimbangan air di setiap Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) dalamskala ruang dan waktu, sehingga variabilitas curah hujan memiliki peranan penting terhadap debit aliran permukaan. Tidak hanya curahhujan sebagaiinput utama, tingkat penutupan lahan dan sifat fisiktanah dengan berbagai konsep pun merupakaninput penting dalammenjaga kesetimbangan jumlah air dalam suatu DAS, sehinggamenghasilkan satu kesetimbangan neraca air, dan debit aliranpermukaan dianggap sebagai keluaran yang berpeluang untukkebutuhan sektor. Data yang digunakan adalah luaran model GCMGeophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) curah hujan dalamsatuan (mm) yang direduksi dari skala global menjadi lokal. Selain itudata curah hujan (mm) satelitTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM, 3B43) dengan resolusi 0,25 derajat (setara dengan 27,5 km2),suhu (0C) dariModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)level dengan resolusi 0,045 derajat (setara dengan 5 km2). Begitu puladata observasi curah hujan, suhu dan debit aliran permukaan(mm3/det) dari tahun 2001 hingga 2009 yang digunakan untuk validasidata satelit dan model atmosfer. Korelasi antara curah hujan observasidengan satelit dan luaran model atmosfer masing-masing sebesar 0,76dan 0,65. Dengan menggunakan metodeHydrological Simulation Model (HYSIM) dapat diketahui proyeksi debit aliran permukaan dimasamendatang berbasis model atmosfer di DAS Citarum, Jawa Barat.Berdasarkan debit aliran perhitungan dan observasi dari tahun 2001hingga 2009, ternyata memiliki kesesuaian yang sangat mirip dengankoefisien korelasi 0,8. Setelah dikalibrasi proyeksi debit aliran tahun2011 hingga 2019 adalah mengikuti pola tahun-tahun sebelumnyadengan korelasi 0,6. Debit aliran dipengaruhi dengan curah hujan diwilayahnya. Berdasarkan curah hujan proyeksi, diketahui bahwa curahhujan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya curah hujan, makaketersediaan air pun lebih banyak, sehingga debit aliran permukaan diDAS Citarum diperkirakan cenderung meningkat."

"Hujan ekstrim merupakan salah satu fenomena cuaca ekstrim yang kejadiannya sering memicu bencana alam seperti tanah longsor, banjir bandang, dan erosi tanah. Di Wilayah Jabodetabek khususnya Kota Jakarta sering dilanda banjir akibat adanya curah hujan yang berlebih. Melalui perhitungan stastistik dan analisis spasial serta temporal, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa terjadi kecenderungan kejadian hujan ekstrim di Jabodetabek dari tahun 1980 - 2011. Dengan menggunakan metode site specific threshold dan analisis spasial, ditemukan bahwa kejadian hujan ekstrim cenderung terjadi di wilayah dataran rendah dan dekat jaraknya dari garis pantai. Kejadian hujan ekstrim di Jabodetabek tahun 1980 - 2011 akan lebih sering terjadi dalam siklus 5 tahunan, dan cenderung meningkat kejadiannya meskipun tidak selalu fluktuatif dan tidak terlalu signifikan.

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Extreme rainfall is one of the occurrence of extreme weather phenomena are often triggered by natural disasters such as landslides, floods, and erosion. In Jabodetabek region especially the city of Jakarta is often flooded due to excessive rainfall. Through a statistical calculation and analysis of spatial and temporal, this study reveals that there is a trend of extreme rainfall events in Jabodetabek from 1980 - 2011. By using site specific threshold method and spatial analysis, it was found that the incidence of extreme rainfall tends to occur in low lying areas and near distance from the sea. Extreme rainfall events in Jabodetabek from 1980 - 2011 will be more likely to occur in cycles of 5 years, and is likely to increase occurrence though not always fluctuate and are not too significant."

"Skripsi ini mengkaji variasi reinterpretasi kosmologi yang tertuang dalam pranata mangsa yang merupakan acuan bercocok tanam yang dipakai oleh petani di pulau Jawa secara turun temurun. Selain itu, skripsi ini juga menjabarkan mengenai reinterpretasi pengetahuan lokal petani mengenai cuaca atau yang disebut sebagai weather lore, yaitu ujaran-ujaran mengenai tanda-tanda alam untuk membaca cuaca yang disampaikan secara lisan. Reinterpretasi yang dilakukan oleh petani yang tergabung dalam anggota kelompok Tani Mulya, Desa Segeran Kidul tersebut merupakan respon mereka dalam menghadapi kondisi perubahan cuaca yang ekstrem atau yang biasa dikenal sebagai fenomena El-Niño dan La-Niña yang menyebabkan kondisi alam menjadi tidak lazim. Keberagaman reinterpretasi tersebut secara individual, dituangkan dalam strategi bercocok tanam yang dilakukan oleh petani kelompok Tani Mulya. Skripsi ini juga mendeskripsikan bagaimana kelompok Tani Mulya memperoleh sebuah introduksi pengetahuan baru berupa pengukuran curah hujan dan analisis agroekosistem. Meskipun program pengukuran curah hujan tersebut belum mampu membentuk sebuah skema baru berupa analisis mendalam mengenai curah hujan dan implikasinya pada lahan dan pertumbuhan tanaman, namun hal tersebut mampu membuat para petani termotivasi untuk menafsirkan ulang pengetahuan yang telah mereka miliki sebelumnya dan memunculkan minat mereka untuk mempertajam kemampuan pengamatan dan analisis mendalam terhadap lingkungan mereka. Dalam mendeskripsikan kisah para petani pengukur curah hujan itu, skripsi ini juga ditunjang oleh data sekunder melalui studi pustaka.

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This article probes cosmological reinterpretation variation that occurred in pranata mangsa. Those cosmological reinterpretation becomes a guide to farming. which used by Javanese farmers hereditarily. Moreover, this thesis explains the reinterpretation of farmer’s local knowledge about the weather or commonly referred to as weather lore that is the knowledge of natural sign for predicting the weather that delivered orally. The reinterpretation which done by the farmers in the group Tani Mulya, Segeran Kidul Village is their response to face the changes of weather condition which causes the unstability of natural conditions. The variety of reinterpretation applied individually with on the farming strategy of the group Tani Mulya.

This thesis also describes how the Tani Mulya group get the introduction for new knowledge such as measuring the rainfall. Even though that rainfall measurement program could not form the new schema like deep-analysis of rainfall, it motivates the farmers to reinterprate their knowledge and raises their interest to improve their observation and deep-analytical skill on their environment. In describing the story of those rainfall measuring farmers, this thesis also supported by secondary data which obtained from literature."

"Almost all of the breakthroughs in understanding the atmosphere have been initiated by field observations, using a range of instrumental techniques. Developing or deploying instruments to make further observations demands a thorough understanding of the chemical and spectroscopic principles on which such measurements depend. Written as an authoritative guide to the techniques of instrumental measurement for the atmospheric scientist, research student or undergraduate, Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement focuses on the instruments used to make real time measurements of atmospheric gas and aerosol composition. Topics covered include how they work, their strengths and weaknesses for a particular task, the platforms on which they have been deployed and how they are calibrated. It explains the fundamental principles upon which the instrumental techniques are based (i.e. what property of a molecule can be exploited to enable its detection), what limits instrumental sensitivity and accuracy, and the information that can be gained from their use--Publisher's blurb."

"ABSTRAKPerubahan iklim telah menyebabkan kerugian jiwa dan ekonomi akibat fenomena iklim ekstrem seperti banjir, kekeringan, perubahan karakteristik hujan dan kenaikan suhu di Indonesia. Informasi tentang proyeksi iklim yaitu curah hujan dan tren suhu sangat penting untuk melakukan adaptasi, mitigasi serta perencanaan operasional untuk berbagai sektor yang terkena dampak. Dalam studi ini, peneliti menggunakan data observasi dan data model iklim global. Data observasi harian berasal dari 70 stasiun meteorologi di Indonesia selama 20 tahun dari 1986 hingga 2005. Selanjutnya 29 data model iklim global GCM (Global Circulation Model) dari CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) historical dianalisis berdasarkan kesamaan pola spasial dan pola temporal dengan pola pengamatan stasiun meteorologi di Indonesia menggunakan korelasi. Model proyeksi perubahan iklim masa depan hingga tahun 2100 untuk variabel curah hujan dan suhu udara dikoreksi biasnya untuk skenario RCP 4.5 dan RCP 8.5 dari model terbaik yang didapatkan dari korelasi tertinggi. Proyeksi masa depan dibuat dalam index iklim ekstrem berdasarkan ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) menjadi index total curah hujan tahunan (Prcptot), hari kering berturut-turut (CDD), hari hujan berturut-turut (CWD), nilai suhu maksimum bulanan (TXx) dan nilai suhu minimum bulanan (TNn). Index iklim ekstrem berdasarkan ETCCDI proyeksi dibandingkan dengan periode historical (1981-2010) sehingga diperoleh seberapa besar persentase perubahan iklim ekstrim pada periode 2011-2040, 2041-2070 dan 2071-2100. Hasil proyeksi masa depan secara temporal dan spasial indek iklim ekstrim meliputi Prcptot, CWD, TXx dan TNn kecuali indek CDD relatif mengalami kenaikan terhadap periode historicalnya.

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ABSTRACTClimate change has caused life and economic losses due to extreme climate phenomena such as floods, droughts, changes in the characteristics of rain and rising temperatures in Indonesia. Information about climate projections, namely rainfall and temperature trends is very important for adaptation, mitigation and operational planning for the various sectors affected. In this study, researcher used observational data and global climate model data. Daily observational data obtained from 70 meteorological stations in Indonesia for 20 years from 1986 to 2005. Furthermore, 29 global model GCM (Global Circulation Model) from CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) historical were analyzed based on similarity of spatial patterns and temporal patterns with pattern of observation of meteorological stations in Indonesia using correlation. The projection model of future climate change until 2100 for rainfall variables and air temperature bias corrected for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios of the best models obtained from the highest correlation. Future projections are made in the extreme climate index based on ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) to be an index of total annual rainfall (Prcptot), consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD), maximum monthly temperature values (TXx) ​​and minimum monthly temperature values (TNn). Extreme climate index based on projection ETCCDI compared to historical period (1981-2010) so that the percentage of extreme climate change is obtained in the period 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100. The results of temporal and spatial predictions of extreme climate indices include Prcptot, CWD, TXx and TNN except that the CDD index has relatively increased over the historical period."