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"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas mengenai hal-hal yang memengaruhi sikap masyarakat terhadap kebijakan pemerintah dengan memperhitungkan sosok pemimpin yang memimpin pemerintahan tersebut. Dua konsep yang diukur adalah konsep kredibilitas sumber Source Credibility) dan daya tarik sumber (Source Attractiveness). Jika kebijakan dianalogikan sebagai produk setiap pemerintahan, maka dibutuhkan seseorang yang memilki kredibilitas dan daya tarik di mata masyarakat agar pesan yang disampaikan oleh pemerintah tersebut dapat diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat. Sehingga dengan kredibilitas dan daya tarik yang tinggi, hendaknya setiap kebijakan yang diambil mampu dianggap positif oleh masyarakat.Berdasarkan paparan tadi penelitian ini meneliti Hubungan Kredibilitas Sumber (Source Kredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (Source Attractiveness) Dengan Sikap Masyarakat Pada Kebijakan Pemerintah di Kota Surabaya, di bawah pimpinan Ibu Tri Rismaharini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menguji pengaruh antara variabel-variabel terkait pembentukan sikap positif masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh adanya kredibilitas sumber dan daya tarik sumber..Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain eksplanatif, responden pada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Ilmu Politik Universitas Airlangga Surabaya berjumlah 136 orang yang ditarik secara acak sederhana (simle random) pada populasi keseluruhan mahasiswa 2012-2013 yang berjumlah 214 orang. Metode analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis regresi berganda untuk membuktikan hipotesis dalam penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan dari variable-variabel yang diuji dimana variable Kredibilitas Sumber (Source Kredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (Source Attractiveness) masing masing memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap sikap masyarakat pada kebijakan pemerintah Surabaya. Pada pengujian koefisien determinasi juga ditemukan bahwa total variable sikap dapat dijelaskan sangat tinggi oleh variable Kredibilitas Sumber (Source Kredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (Source Attractiveness), dimana kedua variable ini juga dipastikan memiliki pengeruh secara bersama-sama dalam pembentukan sikap.

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ABSTRACTThis research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towards government policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two concepts measured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicators in estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibility concept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a product of each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractiveness on the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well received by the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider the policy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractiveness with public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship of Mrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research?s purpose is to identify and examine the influence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of public caused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondents in this study were students of political science in University of Airlangga amounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall population of students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of data analysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of the variables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variables has significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards government policies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total of demeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and source attractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influenced collectively in the demeanour estabilishment.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towards government policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two concepts measured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicators in estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibility concept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a product of each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractiveness on the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well received by the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider the policy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractiveness with public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship of Mrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research?s purpose is to identify and examine the influence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of public caused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondents in this study were students of political science in University of Airlangga amounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall population of students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of data analysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of the variables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variables has significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards government policies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total of demeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and source attractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influenced collectively in the demeanour estabilishment.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towards government policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two concepts measured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicators in estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibility concept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a product of each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractiveness on the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well received by the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider the policy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractiveness with public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship of Mrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research?s purpose is to identify and examine the influence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of public caused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondents in this study were students of political science in University of Airlangga amounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall population of students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of data analysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of the variables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variables has significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards government policies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total of demeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and source attractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influenced collectively in the demeanour estabilishment.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towards government policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two concepts measured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicators in estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibility concept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a product of each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractiveness on the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well received by the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider the policy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractiveness with public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship of Mrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine the influence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of public caused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondents in this study were students of political science in University of Airlangga amounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall population of students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of data analysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of the variables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variables has significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards government policies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total of demeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and source attractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influenced collectively in the demeanour estabilishment., This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towards government policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two concepts measured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicators in estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibility concept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a product of each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractiveness on the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well received by the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider the policy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractiveness with public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship of Mrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine the influence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of public caused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondents in this study were students of political science in University of Airlangga amounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall population of students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of data analysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of the variables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variables has significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards government policies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total of demeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and source attractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influenced collectively in the demeanour estabilishment.]"

"[Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hal-hal yang memengaruhi sikap masyarakatterhadap kebijakan pemerintah dengan memperhitungkan sosok pemimpin yangmemimpin pemerintahan tersebut. Dua konsep yang diukur adalah konsepkredibilitas sumber Source Credibility) dan daya tarik sumber (SourceAttractiveness). Jika kebijakan dianalogikan sebagai produk setiap pemerintahan,maka dibutuhkan seseorang yang memilki kredibilitas dan daya tarik di matamasyarakat agar pesan yang disampaikan oleh pemerintah tersebut dapat diterimadengan baik oleh masyarakat. Sehingga dengan kredibilitas dan daya tarik yangtinggi, hendaknya setiap kebijakan yang diambil mampu dianggap positif olehmasyarakat.Berdasarkan paparan tadi penelitian ini meneliti Hubungan Kredibilitas Sumber(Source Kredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (Source Attractiveness) DenganSikap Masyarakat Pada Kebijakan Pemerintah di Kota Surabaya, di bawahpimpinan Ibu Tri Rismaharini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui danmenguji pengaruh antara variabel-variabel terkait pembentukan sikap positifmasyarakat yang disebabkan oleh adanya kredibilitas sumber dan daya tariksumber..Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain eksplanatif, respondenpada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Ilmu Politik Universitas Airlangga Surabayaberjumlah 136 orang yang ditarik secara acak sederhana (simle random) padapopulasi keseluruhan mahasiswa 2012-2013 yang berjumlah 214 orang. Metodeanalisis data dilakukan dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis regresiberganda untuk membuktikan hipotesis dalam penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan darivariable-variabel yang diuji dimana variable Kredibilitas Sumber (SourceKredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (Source Attractiveness) masing masingmemiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap sikap masyarakat padakebijakan pemerintah Surabaya. Pada pengujian koefisien determinasi jugaditemukan bahwa total variable sikap dapat dijelaskan sangat tinggi oleh variableKredibilitas Sumber (Source Kredibility) dan Daya Tarik Sumber (SourceAttractiveness), dimana kedua variable ini juga dipastikan memiliki pengeruhsecara bersama-sama dalam pembentukan sikap.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towardsgovernment policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two conceptsmeasured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicatorsin estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibilityconcept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a productof each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractivenesson the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well receivedby the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider thepolicy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractivenesswith public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship ofMrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine theinfluence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of publiccaused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondentsin this study were students of political science in University of Airlanggaamounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall populationof students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of dataanalysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regressionanalysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of thevariables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variableshas significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards governmentpolicies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total ofdemeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and sourceattractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influencedcollectively in the demeanour estabilishment.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towardsgovernment policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two conceptsmeasured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicatorsin estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibilityconcept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a productof each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractivenesson the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well receivedby the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider thepolicy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractivenesswith public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship ofMrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine theinfluence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of publiccaused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondentsin this study were students of political science in University of Airlanggaamounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall populationof students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of dataanalysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regressionanalysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of thevariables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variableshas significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards governmentpolicies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total ofdemeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and sourceattractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influencedcollectively in the demeanour estabilishment.;This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towardsgovernment policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two conceptsmeasured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicatorsin estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibilityconcept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a productof each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractivenesson the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well receivedby the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider thepolicy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractivenesswith public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship ofMrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine theinfluence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of publiccaused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondentsin this study were students of political science in University of Airlanggaamounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall populationof students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of dataanalysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regressionanalysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of thevariables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variableshas significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards governmentpolicies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total ofdemeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and sourceattractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influencedcollectively in the demeanour estabilishment., This research discouses the thins that affect public demeanour towardsgovernment policy by considering a leader who leads government. Two conceptsmeasured related to the role of the leader in the contex of political communicatorsin estabilishing positive public demeanour towards the policy is source credibilityconcept nad source attranctiveness concept. If the policy is analogue as a productof each government, it takes someone who has the credibility and attractivenesson the public, so that the messages delivered by government can be well receivedby the public. High credibility and attractiveness will make the public consider thepolicy positive.This research study the relation of source credibility and source attractivenesswith public demeanour on government policy in Surabaya under the ledearship ofMrs. Tri Rismaharini. This research’s purpose is to identify and examine theinfluence of the variables related to estabilishment of positive demeanor of publiccaused by the presence of source credibility and source attractiveness.This research is a quantitative research with explanatory design. The respondentsin this study were students of political science in University of Airlanggaamounted 136 people drawn randomly (simple random) in the overall populationof students from year 2012 an 2013 which amounted 214 people. Methods of dataanalysisconducted by descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regressionanalysis that prove this hypothesis.The research showed that there is positive and significant influence of thevariables examined. Each source credibility and source attractiveness variableshas significant and positive influences on public demeanour towards governmentpolicies in Surabaya. Coefficient of determination showed that the total ofdemeanour variable can be explained by source credibility and sourceattractiveness variables, which is also confirmed both variables have influencedcollectively in the demeanour estabilishment.]"

"Kebijakan komunikasi sebagai kebijakan publik hendaknya selalu berpihak pada kepentingan publik. Maka, diperlukan proses analisis terhadap kebijakan komunikasi. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengelaborasi alternatif atau prediksi yang muncul dalam sistem, sehingga memperoleh hasil dengan sedikit risiko tetapi memiliki peluang yang besar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan proses pengumpulan data yaitu teknik field research, mengumpulkan berbagai notulensi rapat dan wawancara para pembuat kebijakan.Kemudian dijabarkan secara deskriptif, dan dianalisis secara tematik dari proses general system theory. Tema yang dijabarkan meliputi masalah (problem), sumber input (resource input), proses internal (internal process), hasil (solution), dan evaluasi (evaluation). Kelima tema ini memunculkan konsep elaborasi alternatif, yang mampu membuat struktur dalam sistem menjadi lebih dinamis. Hal ini dikarenakan hubungan arah panah diagram yang asimetris, setiap bagian bisa saling berhubungan pada saat bersamaan. Maka sistem selalu mengalami pertumbuhan untuk hasil yang lebih baik.

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Communication policy as a public policy is intended as a favour of public interest. Accordingly, communication policy needs analysis process. The purpose is to elaborate alternative or prediction which appears in system, so that minimal risk can be achieved and it creates a big chance. The research used qualitative method with field research technique. The researcher collected the minutes of the meeting and did in-depth interview with the policy maker.

The result was descriptively explained and thematically analyzed by the general system theory. The themes explained were the problem, the resource input, the internal process, the solution, and the evaluation. Those five themes create an elaborated alternative concept that is able to make systems structure more dynamic. It happens because the direction of the diagram arrow heads to asymmetric and every part can connect in the same time. Then, the systems show a growth for a better output."

"Keunggulan suatu negara semakin ditentukan oleh fakta, apakah ia memiliki kebijakan-kebijakan publik yang unggul atau sebaliknya. Masalahnya, tidak cukup banyak para Pimpinan Pemerintahan dan Negara yang mahfum bahwa kebijakan publik menjadi penentu kelangsungan hidup bangsanya. Kebijakan publik ibarat tuangan di hulu sungai. Jika para pemimpin negara menuang warna biru, birulah seluruh aliran sungai. Jika yang dituang merah, merahlah seluruh sungai. Jika dituang madu, manislah semuanya. Kebijakan publik adalah keputusan politik yang melembaga, keputusan yang dibuat oleh Negara sebagai strategi untuk merealisasikan tujuan Negara yang bersangkutan. Kebijakan publik adalah strategi untuk mengantar masyarakat pada masa awal, memasuki masyarakat pada masa transisi, untuk menuju masyarakat yang dicita-citakan. KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK ADALAH MASALAH MEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN ATAS PILIHAN-PILIHAN MASA DEPAN. Kebijakan publik adalah menciptakan masa depan pada HARI INI. Masalahnya, sebagian besar kebijakan publik dibuat dengan asal-asalan, dengan analogi, bahkan intuisi. Kesembronoan berlanjut sampai dengan implementasi kebijakan. Kesembronoan juga terjadi pada tataran manajemennya, ketika kebijakan publik disusun atas rangkaian perumusan, implementasi, dan evaluasi. Kebijakan publik tidak cukup dievaluasi, tetapi dikendalikan. Tanpa pengendalian kebijakan, kebijakan publik mudah untuk gagal menjadi kebijakan yang direbut dan diselewengkan pihak lain (derailed policy implementation). Buku ini memberikan gambaran tentang mengapa kita perlu membangun suatu negara dengan kebijakan publik yang unggul dan bagaimana? Disusun dengan keyakinan, bahwa tidak ada satu negara pun di dunia, khususnya negara-negara berkembang, lebih khusus lagi Indonesia, yang tidak mampu membangun kebijakan publik yang unggul untuk menghebatkan bangsa. Indonesia, sebagaimana setiap negara berkembang di dunia, dapat dan pasti bisa melakukannya, dengan dua syarat memahami arti penting kebijakan publik dan menyepakati bahwa memang sungguh-sungguh penting, dan mengetahui secara pasti bagaimana membangunnya. Dan, buku ini hanya tentang kedua hal itu!"

"Kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka ditetapkan berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi dengan pedoman Nomor 262/M/2022 tentang Perubahan Atas Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 56/M/2022 tentang Pedoman Penerapan Kurikulum dalam Rangka Pemulihan Pembelajaran dengan tujuan mengatasi learning loss. Learning loss merupakan ketertinggalan hingga hilangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang sebelumnya telah dipelajari siswa yang mana learning loss pada siswa SMAN di Jakarta Utara dipicu oleh tingginya tingkat putus sekolah serta dominasi latar belakang ekonomi tidak mampu, yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka belajar pada SMAN di Jakarta Utara dalam mengatasi Learning Loss berdasarkan perspektif Guru dengan menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan publik oleh Van Meter dan Van Horn (1975). Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif post positivist dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi Kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka berdasarkan perspektif guru dinilai mampu mengatasi learning loss. Hasil capaian belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan selama menggunakan Kurikulum Merdeka. Selain itu, kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka telah memiliki standarisasi dan tujuan yang jelas, adanya koordinasi, dan terdapat buku pedoman bagi guru untuk mengajar. Guru memahami dan mendukung implementasi dalam mengatasi learning loss melalui adanya upaya pemberian metode dan materi pembelajaran sesuai kebutuhan siswa. Meskipun begitu, terdapat beberapa aspek yang perlu menjadi perhatian yakni belum sepenuhnya guru ingin belajar serta kurangnya jumlah guru dalam menerapkan kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka guna mengatasi learning loss pada SMAN Jakarta Utara. Rekomendasi yang diberikan yakni memperkuat koordinasi dan sinergitas Kemendikbud Ristek, Sudin Jakarta Utara, hingga guru SMAN untuk menyelenggarakan pembukaan Pegawai Pemerintah dengan perjanjian Kontrak (PPPK), melaksanakan kolaborasi antar sekolah untuk mengatasi keterbatasan guru, dan mengoptimalkan penggunaan PMM dalam penerapan kebijakan Kurikulum Merdeka.

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The Merdeka Curriculum Policy is established based on the Decree of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology with guideline Number 262/M/2022, amending the Decree of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Number 56/M/2022 on Guidelines for Curriculum Implementation in the Context of Learning Recovery, with the aim of addressing learning loss. Learning loss refers to the lag or loss of knowledge and skills previously acquired by students, which in the case of students at SMAN in North Jakarta is triggered by high dropout rates and the dominance of economically disadvantaged backgrounds, significantly affecting the learning process. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum Policy at SMAN in North Jakarta in overcoming Learning Loss from the perspective of teachers using the public policy implementation theory by Van Meter and Van Horn (1975). The method used is qualitative post-positivist with deep interview data collection techniques and literature studies. The results show that the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum Policy from the perspective of teachers is considered effective in addressing learning loss. Student learning outcomes have improved during the use of the Merdeka Curriculum. Furthermore, the Merdeka Curriculum policy has clear standards and goals, coordination, and there are teaching guidelines for teachers. Teachers understand and support the implementation in addressing learning loss through efforts to provide teaching methods and materials according to student needs. However, there are some aspects that need attention, namely that not all teachers are fully willing to learn and there is a shortage of teachers in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum policy to address learning loss at SMAN in North Jakarta. The recommendations given are to strengthen coordination and synergy between the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, the North Jakarta Education Office, and SMAN teachers to conduct the recruitment of Government Employees with Contract Agreements (PPPK), carry out collaboration between schools to address teacher shortages, and optimize the use of PMM in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum policy."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan dampak proses globalisasi dan otonomi khusus yang terjadi secara bersamaan pada pengelolaan huitan berkelanjutan di Provinsi Aceh. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualiitatif, tiga aspek diteliti: respons kebijakan dan institusi oleh pemerintah Aceh dan dampaknya pada keberlanjutan dua ekosistem penting, Leuser dan Ulu Masen. Teori proses kebijakan dan ekologi politik digunakan untuk menjelaskan narasi, aktor dan jaringan, serta kepentingan yang mempengaruhi pembuatan dan hasil kebijakan. Indeks Tata Kelola Hutan yang Baik dengan menggunakan teknik Multi Dimentional Scaling digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja lembaga yang mengurus konservasi yang dibentuk Pascatsunami di Aceh. Teknik yang sama digunakan untuk mengukur keberlanjutan kawasan hutan dengan melibatkan lima dimensi pengelolaan hutan di Aceh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat narasi dengan berbagai aktor dan kepentingan terlibat dalam proses kebijakan kehutanan/konservasi di Aceh. Kebijakan dan lembaga yang dibentuk pascatsunami memiliki kinerja kurang baik dan status keberlanjutan kawasan hutan juga kurang berkelanjutan. Berdasarkan temuan ini, sebuah model kemitraan pemerintah-swata diusulkan untuk mengelola kawasan hutan Aceh secara berkelanjutan di masa mendatang.

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This research explains the impact of parallel processes of asymmetric decentralization in the form of special autonomy and globalization through REDD+ on sustainable forest management in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Using qualitative approach, three key aspects are studied: the policy and institutional responses of the government of Aceh and the sustainability of forest management for two important ecosystems: Leuser and Ulu Masen. Political ecology and policy process theories are used to explain the narratives behind a policy, the actors involved, and the political interests influencing the policy making and outputs. Good Forest Governance index by using Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique is used to measure the performance of conservation institutions formed during the post tsunami Aceh. Similar MDS technique is used to develop sustainability index by looking at five dimensions of sustainable forest management in Aceh.

The results show that four main narratives with different actors and political interests involved in influencing forest conservation arena in Aceh. The conservation policy and institutions formed in post-tsunami Aceh have not performed well and the sustainability status for the two ecosystems studied are less sustainable. Based on these results, a model of public-private partnership is developed to manage future forest conservation in Aceh."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan karena telah terjadi konflik akibat perbedaan kepentingan antar-stakeholder dalam penetapan kebijakan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 17 tahun 1988 atau yang dikenal dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Materi dari kebijakan ini antara lain pencabutan alias cabotage, pembukaan pelabuhan terbuka untuk ekspor sebanyak 117 pelabuhan dan pencabutan izin trayek. Kebijakan PAKNOV-21 tahun 1988 ternyata memberikan implikasi positif dalam meningkatkan volume ekspor nonmigas. Namun di sisi lain justru memberikan implikasi negatif dengan menurunnya perolehan muatan oleh angkutan laut nasional.Sehubungan dengan itu, melalui penelitian ini ingin diketahui lebih dalam latar belakang penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV. 21 serta dampak yang diterima oleh Stakeholder. Untuk itu, tujuan penelitian ini ada tiga. Pertama, untuk mengetahui dampak yang dihasilkan dari penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Kedua, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar deviasi yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Ketiga, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar keberhasilan yang diperoleh dari kebijakan PAKNOV-21.Dalam melaksanakan evaluasi terhadap kinerja kebijakan PAKNOV-21, didasarkan atas teori dan perspektif yang relevan yaitu. Pertama, penelitian ini untuk mengelola dan menyempurnakan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 agar dapat lebih efisien dan efektif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan teori administrasi publik. Kedua, keputusan penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 didasarkan atas perspektif pilihan publik (public choice), mengingat bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 telah berlangsung sekitar 16 (enam belas) tahun sehingga perlu dilakukan evaluasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Sehubungan dengan itu, diperlukan teori kebijakan publik. Ketiga, implementasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ternyata memberikan implikasi positif terhadap sektor perdagangan dan implikasi negatif terhadap sektor angkutan laut, sehingga menimbulkan konflik kepentingan antarorganisasi, untuk itu diperlukan teori organisasi. Keempat, berdasarkan pertimbangan bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ditetapkan bukan hanya berdasarkan aspek ekonomi saja namun dalam kepentingan yang lebih luas yaitu memaksimumkan kesejahteraan masyarakat sehingga unsur politik juga dipertimbangkan dalam penetapan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Atas dasar hal tersebut digunakan perspektif ekonomi politik. Kelima, mengingat bahwa kebijakan PAKNOV-21 didasarkan atas menurunnya harga minyak dipasaran internasional sehingga perspektif globalisasi perlu digunakan untuk menilai seberapa besar globalisasi dapat mempengaruhi perekonomian nasional dalam kaftan dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Keenam, Konflik antar-organisasi tersebut menimbulkan derajat kompleksitas yang tinggi sehingga perlu penyelesaian dengan pendekatan kesisteman, untuk itu diperlukan teori kesisteman. Ketujuh, sebagai sistem terdiri dari sub-sistem Perdagangan dan subsistem Angkutan Laut maka masing-masing digunakan perspektif pendukung yaitu perspektif ekonomi makro dan perspektif transportasi laut.Kontribusi teori terhadap kebijakan publik dari basil penelitian ini adalah pembuktian keberadaan kondisi optimal dalam suatu kebijakan publik. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan menurunkan nilai konflik yang terjadi pada setiap implementasi kebijakan publik dengan menggunakan metode yang integral dan menyeluruh (comprehensive) melalui intervensi optimal sehingga tercapai "gain" optimal dari stakeholder. Teori ini didasarkan atas pemikiran Nash yang kemudian disebut sebagai Nash Equilibrium atau keseimbangan noncooperative, yaitu: satu kompetisi sempurna dimana setiap produsen memaksimalisasi keuntungannya dan konsumen dapat memaksimalisasi utilitas berdasarkan kondisi harga yang diberikan (tertentu). Jika kondisi optimal ini tidak tercapai maka pasti ada pihak yang diuntungkan dan dirugikan atau tidak terjadi keseimbangan (equilibrium). Kondisi ini disebut sebagai kondisi optimal dari penciptaan kebijakan publik yang tepat. Rumusan teori yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah: "Bahwa setiap penetapan kebijakan publik tentunya dapat memberikan suatu kondisi equilibrium atau solusi optimal bagi setiap pihak yang terkait dengan menghadirkan suatu metode yang komprehensif dengan mengkombinasikan antara pendekatan agregasi kepentingan dan interaksi dinamis melalui intervensi optimal sehingga tercapai gain optimal".Konstribusi kebijakan yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah pengenalan metode evaluasi kebijakan publik. Metode ini dikembangkan atas dasar evaluasi terhadap formulasi kebijakan dan evaluasi terhadap implementasi kebijakan. Evaluasi terhadap formulasi kebijakan menggunakan model statis sedangkan evaluasi terhadap implementasi kebijakan menggunakan model dinamis. Model statis digunakan untuk memotret kondisi saat kebijakan PAKNOV-21 ditetapkan dan saat tujuan kebijakan PAKNOV-21 dipertanyakan. Selisih antara kedua penilaian kondisi tersebut adalah nilai "ketidaksesuaian" antara kondisi harapan dan kenyataan terhadap kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Namun model statis ini memiliki keterbatasan yaitu bersifat subjektif karena sumber data yang digunakan berdasarkan preferensi stakeholder. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan model dinamis yang dapat memberikan gambaran lebih objektif. Kelebihan dari model dinamis dapat mengetahui interaksi dinamis antara variabel yang terkait dengan kebijakan PAKNOV-21. Kondisi objektif pada model dinamis didasarkan pada sumber data sekunder dari masing-masing variabel terkait. Untuk kepentingan evaluasi kebijakan PAKNOV-21 diperlukan kombinasi antara model stasis dengan model dinamis. Kombinasi ini dilakukan dengan cara memasukkan nilai deviasi dari model statis ke dalam model dinamis. Sehingga dapat diperoleh "model penilaian keberhasilan kebijakan PAKNOV-21", dengan kriteria sebagai berikut:- Apabila nilai elastisitas pada kondisi harapan lebih besar daripada nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut tidak atau kurang berhasil.- Apabila nilai elastisitas harapan sama besar dengan nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut cukup berhasil.- Apabila nilai elastisitas harapan lebih kecil daripada nilai elastisitas kondisi kenyataan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan tersebut sangat berhasil.

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This research was carried out due to a conflict of interests among stakeholder during the implementation of the Government Decree no. 17/1988 (known as PAKNOV-21 Policy). The substance of this policy was partly the withdrawal of Cabotage rules, the opening of 117 ports for export, and the withdrawal of route licenses for domestic shipping. On the one hand, the PAKNOV-21 has apparently given positive impacts on boosting the volume of non-oil export whilst, on the other hand, it has given negative impacts on the degradation of freight volume for national shipping fleet.

In response to these phenomena, this research is seeking for further investigation of the mindset under which the decision was derived, and the impacts imposed on the stakeholder. As such, the objectives of this research are written as follows: first, to investigate the impacts resulting from the implementation of PAKNOY-21; second, to measure the deviation due to the implementation of PAKNOV-21; and third, to measure the degree of successfulness upon the implementation of PAKNOV-21.

The evaluation of PAKNOV-21 was carried out through stages based on some relevant theories and perspectives as follows: First, this research is intended to manage and to improve the PAKNOV-21 so that it will be more efficient and effective. Hence, the public administration theory is applied. Second, the decision to implement the PAKNOV-21 was also driven by the perspective of public choice. Given that PAKNOV-21 has been implemented for almost 16 years, it therefore needs to be reviewed and evaluated. In order to do the evaluation, the public policy theory was used. Third, the implementation of PAKNOV-21 has apparently given positive impacts to trade sector and a negative implication to sea transport sector, and it also produced a conflict of inter-organization performance measurement between those two sectors. Hence, the organization theory was applied. Fourth, historically, PAKNOV-21 was decided not only due to economic reasons, but also for maximizing the public welfare to a larger extent. It means that there was a political influence in the decision making process and hence the political economic perspective was applied. Fifth, recalling the event when the PAKNOV-21 was started, it was partially influenced by the decline of international oil prices. In this context, the globalization perspective is applied in order to measure how big the influences of globalization on our national economy. Sixth, the conflict of inter-organization has caused a high degree of complexities making system theory was required. Hence, the System Dynamic (SD) approach was applied. Seventh, the evaluation model can be viewed as a system comprising two subsystems, namely trade and sea transport sectors. In this case, as supporting theories, macro economic perspective and marine transport system perspective are applied for its respective sectors.

Theoretical contribution of this research to public policy is the proof of the existence of optimum condition to a public policy. The approach carried out in this research is to lower down the conflict which mostly occurred during the implementation phase of a public policy. This can be done by using a comprehensive method through optimum intervention, so that it will achieve optimal "gain" with respect to stake holder?s interests. Thanks to John Nash who developed this theory which was later known as Nash Equilibrium or Noncooperative Equilibrium, i.e., a perfect competition where each producer can maximize his own profits, and consumers can maximize his own utility under certain given price conditions. If this optimal condition is violated, then there must be a party that will gain at the expense of others. Theoretical formulation resulting from this research has confirmed that "every public policy decision could provide an equilibrium or optimum solution with respect to all parties involved by presenting a comprehensive method that can combine between aggregate interests approach and dynamic interactions through optimum intervention so as to achieve optimal gain".

Policy contribution resulting from this research is the introduction of a model for public policy evaluation. The development of this method is based on the evaluation of policy formulation and the evaluation of policy implementation. The former is carried out by using a static model, whereas the latter is done by applying a dynamic model. The static model is used in order to portray two conditions at two different times, namely, the time when the PAKNOV-21 was decided, and the time when it is being questioned or evaluated. The difference in values between those two conditions will reflect the value of "incompatibility" between the expected value and the reality value correspond to PAKNOV-21. The static model has some shortcomings due to its subjective stake holder?s preferences. Therefore, it should be validated by introducing a dynamic model that to some degree it can replicate the dynamic interaction among the variables involved in PAKNOV-21. The dynamic model is further validated by comparing with the secondary data of each respective variable. In order to use the model for the purpose of evaluation of PAKNOV-21, the two models (i.e. static and dynamic models) have to be combined. This combination can be conducted by plugging the deviation values of the static model into the dynamic model so that the successfulness value of PAKNOV-21 policy can be obtained. The following criterion showed the degree of successfulness of a public policy:

- If the elasticity under expected condition is greater than the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is not or less successful.

- If the elasticity under expected condition is equal to the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is fairly successful.

- If the elasticity under expected condition is less than the elasticity of the condition of reality, it can be concluded that the policy is very successful."