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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Peran root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning (minosiklin 2,1% dan EDTA 24%) terhadap keberadaan smear layer setelah penghalusan akar gigi. Metoda: Sepuluh gigi manusia yang dicabut akibat kelainan periodontal dan dilakukan penghalusan akar. Gigi dipotong pada daerahsepertiga servikal, dan 30 spesimen yang terbentuk dibagi dalam tiga kelompok.Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan terhadap tingkat keberadaan smear layer antara kelompok minosiklin maupun EDTA (p=0,759). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok minosiklin dan EDTA dengan salin sebagai kontrol (p=0,00). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer.;Background: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer., Background: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer.]"

"The purpose of this study is to clarify the ecosystem quality of Bayur Bay based on heavy metalic elements (CD and Pb) behaviour in surface sediment. Sediment samples were collected using grap sampler from 4 stations in Bayur Bay. West Sumatera Province, Indonesia in March to April 2009. Surface sediment samples were used for the mechanical analysis by the settlingtube method, and mean size diameter was calculated based on the proportion of grain - size distribution. Concentration of CD and of Pb in the samples were determined using Automic Absorption Spectrofotimetry (ASS). One way Analysis variance (ANOVA) was carried to clarify the relation between the concentration of Cd, and mean size diameter of sediment. General trend of Cd and Pb distribution strongly indicate that the ecosystem quality of Bayur Bay is in same level for all stations as shown by result of one way anova (Tcalculate < Ttable). The study area is under influence of human activities supplied Cd and Pb to the surface sediment . Result of linier regression analysis show is under influence of human activities supplied Cd and Pb to the surface sediment. results of linier regression analysis show negative correlation between Cd concentration and mean size diameter shows positive value (Y = -0.031x + 1.262). Constrastingly, correlation between Pb concentration and mean size diameter show positive value (Y = 0,098x - 0,10). Cd and Pb concentrations in surface sediment of Bayur Bay are lower than the ERL (Effect Range Low : Cd = 1,2 ppm; Pb = 46,7 ppm) and ERM (Effect Range Median : Cd = 9,6 ppm; Pb = 218 ppm) indicating the Bayur Bay ecosystem is not yet polluted by the concentrations."

"Telah dibuat rancangan sistem kestabilan suspensi bis dengan menggunakan metode kedudukan akar-akar (root-locus). Rancangan dimulai dari pembuatan model matematis sistem untuk memperoleh fungsi transfer sistem dengan menurunkan persamaan mekanis sistem dan kemudian ditransformasikan dengan menggunakan transformasi Laplace sehingga diperoleh fungsi transfer sistem tersebut. Dari sample yang diteliti, semua sistem memenuhi permintaan desain untuk waktu turun (settling time) kurang dari 5 detik, dengan sistem suspensi yang paling cepat menuju kestabilan adalah HINO RK260-front axle dengan settling time rata-rata 4,2 detik. Sedangkan sistem suspensi yang paling lama waktu turunya adalah Mercedes Benz O350-rear axle dengan settling time rata-rata 4,9 detik. Dan secara keseluruhan, dari rata-rata deflaksi sistem, semua sistem suspensi yang diuji mampu mendekati tingkat kenyamanan yang diinginkan dengan rentang frekuensi 3,1Hz – 12,5 Hz"

"The longevity of a tooth is based not on the pulp, but on the health of the attachment apparatus. Mikroorganism and their toxic products can passed out into the periapical tissue and generates lesions of endodontic origin. The rationale of root canal treatment now is based on biologic principles. Healing will occurr if biomecanical preparation, cleaning and shaping were properly excecuted and the root canal system is hermetically sealed in three dimension."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Preparasi saluran akar menghasilkan ekstrusi debri, memicu respons inflamasi di periapeks. Tujuan: Mengamati perbedaan jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks pada saluran akar yang dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar secara acak dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontiyu. Kelompok 2 menggunakan gerakan resiprokal. Penimbangan tabung penampung debri dilakukan dua kali, yaitu sebelum dan setelah preparasi. Perbedaan berat tabung tersebut dianggap sebagai berat debri terekstrusi. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,844) Kesimpulan: Perbedaan gerakan preparasi saluran akar menggunakan rotasi kontinyu maupun resiprokal tidak memengaruhi jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks.

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Root canal preparation produces debris extrusion, lead to inflammation in periapical tissue.

Objective: Assess the differences of periapically extruded debris amount after preparation using continous rotation and reciprocating motion.

Method: Thirty two premolars in a receptor tube were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was prepared using continuous rotation, Group 2 using reciprocating motion. Amount of the extruded debris was obtained by the receptor tube weight differences before and after preparation.

Results: The difference between groups were not statistically significant (p = 0,844).

Conclusion: Continuous rotation and reciprocating motion have no influence in the amount of periapically extruded debris."

"Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256). Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques.

Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256)

Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Latar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai pengaruh pelebaran korona saluran akar terhadap tingkat ketepatan apex locator hanya sedikit. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketepatan lokasi foramen apikalis pada dua tipe apex locator dan menilai pengaruh pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Metode: Panjang kerja 16 gigi premolar satu mandibula diukur secara visual, menggunakan dua jenis apex locator saat sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona saluran akar. Hasil: Berbeda bermakna ketepatan pada tiap jenis apex locator setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona, namun tidak berbeda bermakna pada keduanya setelah pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Kesimpulan: pelebaran korona saluran akar meningkatkan ketepatan apex locator mengukur lokasi foramen apikalis.

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Background: Only a few studies on the effect of coronal preflaring to the accuracy of apex locator.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of two types of apex locators and evaluate the influence of coronal preflaring in them.

Method: working length of sixteen first mandibular bicuspids were measured visually, using two types apex locator at before and after coronal preflaring.

Result: statistically significant of two type apex locators at before and after coronal preflaring, no statistically significant at both types after coronal preflaring.

Conclusion: coronal preflaring will increase the accuracy of apex locator in locating the apical foramen."

"Instrumentasi saluran akar masih meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi. Insrumen osilasi diklaim dapat membersihkan dinding saluran akar secara optimal.Tujuan: Membandingkan luas dinding sepertiga apeks saluran akar yang tidak terpreparasi antara instrumen osilasi Reciproc® dan WaveOne®.Metode: Tiga puluh dua saluran akar premolar mandibula diisi tinta cina kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok berjumlah sama (n=16): Reciproc® dan WaveOne®. Luas dinding yang tertutup tinta cina dianalisis dengan Adobe Photoshop CS5.Hasil: Kelompok II mempreparasi lebih banyak dinding tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok I (p=0,265).Kesimpulan: Reciproc® dan WaveOne® tetap meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi di sepertiga apeks saluran akar.

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Thirty five percents area of root canal wall was left uninstrumented after instrumentation. Oscillation instrument was claimed able to clean whole area of root canal walls.Objective: to compare uninstrumented area of root canal at the apical third after instrumented by oscillation instrument.Methods: Thirty two human mandibular premolar root canals were dyed with china ink and were divided equally into Reciproc® and WaveOne® group. The area was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS5.Results: WaveOne® showed a better result than Reciproc®, but not statistically significant (p=0,265).Conclusion: The Reciproc® and WaveOne® showed no difference in cleaning the root canal."

"Residu Ca(OH)2 dapat mengganggu hermetisitas obturasi saluran akar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tiga metode pembersihan residu Ca(OH)2. Metode. Tigapuluh premolar bawah dipeparasi dengan ProTaper sampai F3, kemudian diberi medikamen Ca(OH)2 dan disimpan selama 7 hari. Setelah itu, sampel dibagi tiga sama banyak. Residu Ca(OH)2 di Kelompok I dibersihkan dengan irigan gabungan NaOCl-EDTA, kelompok II dengan CanalBrush, dan Kelompok III dengan file NiTi. Sampel kemudian dibelah arah buko-lingual dan residu diperiksa dengan mikroskopstereo dan program Axiocam. Hasil. Pembersihan paling baik adalah pada kelompok II, disusul oleh kelompok III, dan kelompok I, walaupun secara statistik tidak berbeda signifikan (p <0,05). Kesimpulan. Ketiga metode menghasilkan efek pembersihan residu Ca(OH)2 yang tidak berbeda.

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The residu of Ca(OH)2 will hamper the hermeticity of root canal obturation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the methods of its removal. Methods. Root canal preparation was performed on 30 lower premolar using Proaper system. The Ca(OH)2 paste was put on the root canal for 7 days. The samples were then divided equally into three groups. The residu of Ca(OH)2 in group I, II, and III were removed by combined irrigant of NaOCl-EDTA, Canal Brush, and NiTi file respectively. After bisected bucco-lingually, the residu was assessed under stereomicroscope (12x magnification) and AxioCam. Results. Substantially, the most effective method was group II, followed by group III and I, but statistically no significance difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The canal brush is the best methods in removing Ca(OH)2 residu, although the difference is statistically not significant."