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"[ABSTRAK Anak yang dilahirkan dalam atau sebagai akibat dari suatu perkawinan yang dilakukan secara sah dan dicatatkan menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, hukum dapat memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan atas hak-haknya. Yang menjadi permasalahan adalah ketika anak yang dilahirkan tidak dalam atau sebagai akibat perkawinan yang sah, maka negara tidak dapat memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan terhadapnya. Dengan begitu, persoalan hubungan keperdataan ayah dan anak menjadi bermasalah. Pembuktian hubungan keperdataan antara ayah dan anak luar kawin menjadi sulit. Mahkamah Konstitusi mengeluarkan sebuah putusan yang pada intinya mengatakan bahwa ayah biologis dari anak luar kawin dapat mempunyai hubungan keperdataan dengan anak tersebut, sepanjang dapat dibuktikan dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang ada, oleh karenanya penulis mengangkat pokok permasalahan dalam tesis ini yaitu bagaimana kedudukan anak sah yang kemudian dapat dibuktikan berdasarkan Tes DNA bahwa si suami bukan ayah biologisnya dalam pembuktian hubungan keperdataan antara ayah dengan anak dan bagaimana kedudukan tes DNA dan penerapan hukumnya pada pembuktian hubungan keperdataan antara ayah dan anak tersebut dalam Putusan No.66/Pdt.G/2012/PTA.Sby dan Putusan No. 1484/Pdt.G/2012/PA.Bms. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan keperdataan yang dimaksud dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi adalah ayah biologis dari anak luar kawin tetap memiliki kewajiban hukum untuk memberikan nafkah kepada anak luar kawin. Mengenai kedudukan tes DNA sebagai salah satu alat bukti yang dapat membuktikan hubungan keperdataan antara ayah dan anak luar kawin dapat diterapkan, karena tes DNA mempunyai hasil akurasi yang tepat, namun dalam memerintahkan suatu tes DNA, hakim harus memeperhatikan fakta-fakta hukum yang ada dan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

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ABSTRACTChildren who were born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage and recorded in accordance with the legislation in force, law can provide certainty and protection of their rights. The problem is when a child is not born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage, then the state can not provide certainty and protection against him. That , the issue of civil relationship of father and son became problematic. Proof of civil relationship between father and son outside marriage becomes difficult. The Constitutional Court issued a ruling that essentially says that the biological father of a child outside of marriage can have a civil relationship with the child, as long as can be proved by science and technology exist, therefore the authors raise the issue in this thesis is how the position of the legitimate child then it can be proven by DNA testing that the husband is not the biological father in the proof of civil relationship between the father and son and how the position of DNA testing and application of the ruling on evidentiary civil relationship between the father and the child in Decision No. 66 / Pdt.G /2012 / PTA.Sby and Decision No. 1484 / Pdt.G / 2012 / PA.Bms. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the civil relationship referred to in the Decision of the Constitutional Court is the biological father of a child outside of marriage still has a legal obligation to provide maintenance to a child outside marriage. Regarding the position of DNA testing as one type of evidence that can prove the civil relationship between father and son outside of marriage can be applied, because the accuracy of the results of DNA tests have the right, but in order a DNA test, the judge must consider the facts existing and regulations legislation in force.;Children who were born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage and recorded in accordance with the legislation in force, law can provide certainty and protection of their rights. The problem is when a child is not born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage, then the state can not provide certainty and protection against him. That , the issue of civil relationship of father and son became problematic. Proof of civil relationship between father and son outside marriage becomes difficult. The Constitutional Court issued a ruling that essentially says that the biological father of a child outside of marriage can have a civil relationship with the child, as long as can be proved by science and technology exist, therefore the authors raise the issue in this thesis is how the position of the legitimate child then it can be proven by DNA testing that the husband is not the biological father in the proof of civil relationship between the father and son and how the position of DNA testing and application of the ruling on evidentiary civil relationship between the father and the child in Decision No. 66 / Pdt.G /2012 / PTA.Sby and Decision No. 1484 / Pdt.G / 2012 / PA.Bms. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the civil relationship referred to in the Decision of the Constitutional Court is the biological father of a child outside of marriage still has a legal obligation to provide maintenance to a child outside marriage. Regarding the position of DNA testing as one type of evidence that can prove the civil relationship between father and son outside of marriage can be applied, because the accuracy of the results of DNA tests have the right, but in order a DNA test, the judge must consider the facts existing and regulations legislation in force.;Children who were born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage and recorded in accordance with the legislation in force, law can provide certainty and protection of their rights. The problem is when a child is not born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage, then the state can not provide certainty and protection against him. That , the issue of civil relationship of father and son became problematic. Proof of civil relationship between father and son outside marriage becomes difficult. The Constitutional Court issued a ruling that essentially says that the biological father of a child outside of marriage can have a civil relationship with the child, as long as can be proved by science and technology exist, therefore the authors raise the issue in this thesis is how the position of the legitimate child then it can be proven by DNA testing that the husband is not the biological father in the proof of civil relationship between the father and son and how the position of DNA testing and application of the ruling on evidentiary civil relationship between the father and the child in Decision No. 66 / Pdt.G /2012 / PTA.Sby and Decision No. 1484 / Pdt.G / 2012 / PA.Bms. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the civil relationship referred to in the Decision of the Constitutional Court is the biological father of a child outside of marriage still has a legal obligation to provide maintenance to a child outside marriage. Regarding the position of DNA testing as one type of evidence that can prove the civil relationship between father and son outside of marriage can be applied, because the accuracy of the results of DNA tests have the right, but in order a DNA test, the judge must consider the facts existing and regulations legislation in force., Children who were born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage and recorded in accordance with the legislation in force, law can provide certainty and protection of their rights. The problem is when a child is not born in or as a result of a legitimate marriage, then the state can not provide certainty and protection against him. That , the issue of civil relationship of father and son became problematic. Proof of civil relationship between father and son outside marriage becomes difficult. The Constitutional Court issued a ruling that essentially says that the biological father of a child outside of marriage can have a civil relationship with the child, as long as can be proved by science and technology exist, therefore the authors raise the issue in this thesis is how the position of the legitimate child then it can be proven by DNA testing that the husband is not the biological father in the proof of civil relationship between the father and son and how the position of DNA testing and application of the ruling on evidentiary civil relationship between the father and the child in Decision No. 66 / Pdt.G /2012 / PTA.Sby and Decision No. 1484 / Pdt.G / 2012 / PA.Bms. The research method used in this research is normative juridical. Based on the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the civil relationship referred to in the Decision of the Constitutional Court is the biological father of a child outside of marriage still has a legal obligation to provide maintenance to a child outside marriage. Regarding the position of DNA testing as one type of evidence that can prove the civil relationship between father and son outside of marriage can be applied, because the accuracy of the results of DNA tests have the right, but in order a DNA test, the judge must consider the facts existing and regulations legislation in force.]"

"Perkawinan merupakan salah satu peristiwa penting dalam kehidupan manusia.Tujuan dari perkawinan adalah membentuk keluarga yang bahgia dan kekal. Namun pada kenyataannya banyak terjadi permasalahan dalam pelakasanaannya. Salah satunya adalah perkawinan yang tidak dicatatkan. Jika suatu perkawinan dilakukan maka tentunya perlu disertai dengan buktibukti autentik yang sifat bukti itu dapat dipedomani untuk membuktikan tentang kedudukan hukumnya. Dalam hal perkawinan yang tidak dicatatkan maka anak-anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan tersebut mendapatkan status sebagai anak luar kawin atau tidak dianggap sebagai anak sah. Dalam tesis ini akan dibahas mengenai pengertian anak sah dan anak luar kawin yang diatur dalam undang-undang perkawinan nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang perkawinan dan juga engenai keabsahan perkawinan yang tidak dicatatkan serta akibat hokum yang timbul terhadap anak-anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan tersebut. Metode penelitian dalam tesis ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan jenis data sekunder yaitu bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini bahwa perkawinan yang telah dilakukan secara agama dan kepercayaan adalah sah menurut hhukum agama namun belum sah menurut hokum negara. Pencatatan perkawinan menajdikan suatu perkawinan yang telah sah secara agama tersebut menjadi sah dan diakui juga di mata hukum negara. Apabila suat perkawinan adalah sah menurut hokum negara maka anak yang ahir dari perkawina tersebut adalah anak sah, namun apabila perkawinan itu tidak dicatatkan sehingga tidak sah menurut hokum negara maka anak -anak yang lahir dari perkawinan demikian menjadi anak luar kawin. Anak-anak ini tidak bisa mendapatkan hak layaknya anak-anak lain yang lahir dalam perkawinan yang sah dan dicatatkan. Anak-anak dalam perkawinan tersebut tidak dapat menuntut hak atas nafkah, hak atas biaya hidup, serta tanggung jawab terhadap biaya pendidikan, juga kelak di kemudian hari tidak berhak atas warisan dari pihak ayahnya.

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Marriage is one of the key events in the human life.The purpose of a marriage is a build a happy family that will last for a lifetime. But in reality many problems occur in the marriage. One of the problemis a marriage that is not recorded by the goverment. A marriage must have evidence that can be guided to prove their legal status. In the case of a marriage that is not listed then the children born in such marriages not considered as a legitimate child. This thesis will discuss the definition of legitimate children and children outside of mating regulated in marriage law no. 1 of 1974 on marriage and also about validity of a marriage that is not recorded and the consequences arising out of the law that children born in the marriage.

The research method in this thesis is a normative juridical using secondary data types, namely primary legal materials and secondary law. The conclusion from this study that the marriage was performed religiously and trust are valid according to religion law but not legal under state law. Registration of marriages makes a marriage that already valid by religion law also to be valid and recognized in the eyes of state law. If divulging marriage is valid according to the state law then the children that orn in the marriage is considered as a legitimate child, but if the marriage was not registered so then it is not legal under state law, the children becomes a child outside of marriage. These children can not get the right like other children born in a marriage that is valid and registered. Children in this kind of marriage can not claim the right to livelihood, the right to the cost of living, as well as the responsibility for the cost of education, but also later in life is not entitled to inheritance from his father's side. "

"[ABSTRAKPerkawinan adalah ikatan lahir batin antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita dengantujuan untuk membentuk keluarga yang bahagia dan kekal berdasarkan keTuhananYang Maha Esa. Penulis berasumsi bahwa salah satu tujuan perkawinan adalah untukmendapatkan keturunan atau anak. Dalam penelitian ini pokok permasalahan yangpenulis angkat adalah mengenai kedudukan anak luar kawin ditinjau dari Pasal 43Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan analisis terhadapPenetapan Pengadilan Negeri Nomor : 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim. Penulismenggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Pasal 43 Undang-Undang Nomor 1tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan menyatakan bahwa anak luar kawin hanya memilikihubungan hukum dengan ibu dan keluarga ibunya. Tindakan hukum yang dapatdilakukan anak luar kawin memiliki hubungan hukum dengan ayah dan keluargaayahnya adalah melalui pengakuan terhadap anak luar kawin dan pengesahan anakluar kawin pada saat perkawinan kedua orangtuanya. Dalam Penetapan PengadilanNegeri Nomor : 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim orang tua dari anak luar kawin tidakmelakukan pengesahan terhadap anak luar kawin mereka pada saat perkawinan,sehingga meminta penetapan pengadilan negeri. Pengakuan dan Pengesahan Anakyang telah melebihi jangka waktu yang telah ditetapkan Pasal 49 dan Pasal 50Undang-Undang Nomor 24 tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang Nomor23 tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan harus melalui PenetapanPengadilan Negeri. Penulis setuju dengan pertimbangan hukum hakim dalamPenetapan Pengadilan Negeri Nomor : 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim.

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ABSTRACTMarriage is born inner bond between a man and a woman with the aim to a form ahappy family and eternal based on one supreme divinity. The authors assume that oneof purposes of marriage is to obtain offspring or children. The issue that i use is onthe position of illegitimate child in view of Article 43 of Law Number 1 year 1974concerning marriage and analysis to determination of district court number55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM. The autor uses the methode of normative legal research.Article 43 of Law number 1 year 1974 on marriage states that an illegitimate childonly has a legal relationship with mother and her family. Legal actions that can bedone to an illegitimate child has a legal relationship with his father and his father?sfamily is throught the recognition and validation of an illegitimate child at the time ofhis parents marriage. If parents of an illegitimate child negligent conduct agains anillegitimate child endorsement, can be done in state court determination as describedin Article 32 paragraph 2 of Law number 26 year 2006 concerning administration ofresidence. In determination of district court number: 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim anillegitimate child?s parents do not approve of the marriage of their children at the timeof marriage, so requast a court warrant. Recognation and validation of child who hasexceeded a predetermined time period Article 49 and Article 50 of Law Number 24year 2013 concerning changes to the Law number of 2006 concerning administrationof residence must go through a court warrant. Autors agrees with the legalconsiderations in determination of district court number 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM.;Marriage is born inner bond between a man and a woman with the aim to a form ahappy family and eternal based on one supreme divinity. The authors assume that oneof purposes of marriage is to obtain offspring or children. The issue that i use is onthe position of illegitimate child in view of Article 43 of Law Number 1 year 1974concerning marriage and analysis to determination of district court number55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM. The autor uses the methode of normative legal research.Article 43 of Law number 1 year 1974 on marriage states that an illegitimate childonly has a legal relationship with mother and her family. Legal actions that can bedone to an illegitimate child has a legal relationship with his father and his father?sfamily is throught the recognition and validation of an illegitimate child at the time ofhis parents marriage. If parents of an illegitimate child negligent conduct agains anillegitimate child endorsement, can be done in state court determination as describedin Article 32 paragraph 2 of Law number 26 year 2006 concerning administration ofresidence. In determination of district court number: 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim anillegitimate child?s parents do not approve of the marriage of their children at the timeof marriage, so requast a court warrant. Recognation and validation of child who hasexceeded a predetermined time period Article 49 and Article 50 of Law Number 24year 2013 concerning changes to the Law number of 2006 concerning administrationof residence must go through a court warrant. Autors agrees with the legalconsiderations in determination of district court number 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM.;Marriage is born inner bond between a man and a woman with the aim to a form ahappy family and eternal based on one supreme divinity. The authors assume that oneof purposes of marriage is to obtain offspring or children. The issue that i use is onthe position of illegitimate child in view of Article 43 of Law Number 1 year 1974concerning marriage and analysis to determination of district court number55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM. The autor uses the methode of normative legal research.Article 43 of Law number 1 year 1974 on marriage states that an illegitimate childonly has a legal relationship with mother and her family. Legal actions that can bedone to an illegitimate child has a legal relationship with his father and his father?sfamily is throught the recognition and validation of an illegitimate child at the time ofhis parents marriage. If parents of an illegitimate child negligent conduct agains anillegitimate child endorsement, can be done in state court determination as describedin Article 32 paragraph 2 of Law number 26 year 2006 concerning administration ofresidence. In determination of district court number: 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim anillegitimate child?s parents do not approve of the marriage of their children at the timeof marriage, so requast a court warrant. Recognation and validation of child who hasexceeded a predetermined time period Article 49 and Article 50 of Law Number 24year 2013 concerning changes to the Law number of 2006 concerning administrationof residence must go through a court warrant. Autors agrees with the legalconsiderations in determination of district court number 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM., Marriage is born inner bond between a man and a woman with the aim to a form ahappy family and eternal based on one supreme divinity. The authors assume that oneof purposes of marriage is to obtain offspring or children. The issue that i use is onthe position of illegitimate child in view of Article 43 of Law Number 1 year 1974concerning marriage and analysis to determination of district court number55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM. The autor uses the methode of normative legal research.Article 43 of Law number 1 year 1974 on marriage states that an illegitimate childonly has a legal relationship with mother and her family. Legal actions that can bedone to an illegitimate child has a legal relationship with his father and his father’sfamily is throught the recognition and validation of an illegitimate child at the time ofhis parents marriage. If parents of an illegitimate child negligent conduct agains anillegitimate child endorsement, can be done in state court determination as describedin Article 32 paragraph 2 of Law number 26 year 2006 concerning administration ofresidence. In determination of district court number: 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.Jkt.Tim anillegitimate child’s parents do not approve of the marriage of their children at the timeof marriage, so requast a court warrant. Recognation and validation of child who hasexceeded a predetermined time period Article 49 and Article 50 of Law Number 24year 2013 concerning changes to the Law number of 2006 concerning administrationof residence must go through a court warrant. Autors agrees with the legalconsiderations in determination of district court number 55/Pdt.P/2014/PN.JKT.TIM.]"

"Perkawinan ialah ikatan lahir batin antara seorang pria dengan seorang wanita sebagai suami istri dengan tujuan membentuk keluarga (rumah tangga) yang bahagia dan kekal berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Kebahagiaan yang ingin dicapai oleh mereka yang melangsungkan perkawinan tidak hanya dalam bentuk terpenuhinya kebutuhan akan hal-hal yang bersifat kebendaan. Dalam mengarungi mahligai rumah tangga, terpenuhinya kebutuhan batiniah seringkali lebih membahagiakan daripada terpenuhinya hal-hal yang bersifat kebendaan. Salah satu hal yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan batiniah pasangan suami istri ialah lahirnya anak dalam perkawinan sebagai penerus mereka. Kelahiran anak dalam suatu perkawinan menimbulkan tanggung jawab bersama terhadap anak baik yang bersifat imateril maupun materil yang harus dipikul oleh suami istri. Dengan di kenalnya lembaga perjanjian perkawinan, tanggung jawab bersama diantara suami istri, terutama dalam hal pembiayaan untuk pemeliharaaan dan pendidikan anak diperjanjikan hanya dipikul oleh pihak suami. Hal ini merupakan suatu penyimpangan dari prinsip-prinsip hukum dalam kaitannya dengan masalah pemeliharaan dan pendidikan anak. Selain daripada itu peletakkan tanggung jawab yang hanya dipikul oleh pihak suami dapat megganggu terjaminnya hak-hak anak."

"Penelitian ini membahas advokasi perlindungan hak-hak anak sebagai respon legalisasi perkawinan bagi anak perempuan dalam UU No. 1 Tahun 1974. UU tersebut mengatur batas usia perkawinan perempuan pada usia 16 tahun, yang masih dikategorikan sebagai usia anak. Angka perkawinan anak yang tinggi di Indonesia dan ketiadaan respon pemerintah merevisi kebijakan telah menggerakan masyarakat sipil mengupayakan advokasi. Kelompok masyarakat sipil yang dimaksud adalah Koalisi 18+. Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana peran Koalisi 18+ mengadvokasi kenaikan batas umur pernikahan dalam UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dalam kurun waktu 2014-2019. Pertanyaan penelitian akan dijawab menggunakan teori Aktivisme Politik oleh Pippa Norris. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitiatif dengan metode pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam dan studi literatur, ditemukan bahwa proses advokasi kebijakan dilakukan melalui tiga jalur yaitu, Uji Materi, pengajuan Peraturan Pengganti Undang-Undang (Perppu), dan pengajuan Revisi Undang-Undang dengan menargetkan Pasal 7 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) UU Perkawinan. Dengan ini, Koalisi 18+ dapat dikategorikan sebagai agensi, tepatnya agensi modern. Adapun strategi yang dilakukan merupakan mixed action strategies, sementara target advokasi Koalisi 18+ dikategorikan sebagai state-oriented, karena pergerakannya ditujukan kepada tiga lembaga negara sekaligus (eksekutif, legislatif, dan yudikatif). Keberhasilan Koalisi 18+ ditandai dengan dikabulkannya permohonan uji materi 2017-2018 dan disahkannya UU No. 16 Tahun 2019. Beberapa faktor yang signifikan pada keberhasilan ini yaitu, peluang politik, aliansi dengan aktor di dalam pemerintahan yang pro-perubahan, dan framing isu. Meskipun begitu, keberadaan Eva Kusuma Sundari sebagai gatekeeper perubahan UU dalam pemerintahan, menjadi faktor keberhasilan utama.

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This study discusses the protection of children's rights as a response to the legalization of girls marriage in Law No. 1 of 1974. The law regulates age limit for women at 16 years, which still categorized as child age. The high rate of child marriage in Indonesia and the lack of government's response to policy revisions have moved civil society to seek advocacy. The civil society group in question is Koalisi 18+. This study addresses the question of Koalisi 18+ role in advocating increase of women's legal age for marriage in Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage throughout 2014-2019. Research questions will be answered with the theory of Political Activism by Pippa Norris. Using a qualitative approach with in-depth data collection methods and literature studies, it was found that the policy advocacy process was carried out through three channels, Judicial Review, submission of Regulations in Lieu of Law (Perppu), and submission of Law Revisions targeted Article 7 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the Marriage Law. With this, Koalisi 18+ can be categorized as an activism agency, a modern agency. The strategy adopted is a mixed action strategy, while the Koalisi 18+ targeted three state institutions at once (executive, legislative, and judicial), proofing it as state-oriented activism. The success of the 18+ Coalition marked by the granting of the 2017-2018 judicial review and the establishment of Law no. 16 of 2019. Some of the significant factors for this success are political opportunities, alliances with prochange actor in government, and issues framing. Even so, the existence of Eva Kusuma Sundari as a gatekeeper for changes to laws in the government, became the main success factor."

"Penentuan pemberian hak asuh anak akibat perceraian seharusnya dilakukan berdasarkan pertimbangan “the best interest of the child” atau kepentingan terbaik bagi si anak. Hal ini disebabkan karena hubungan antara anak dengan orang tua tidak putus akibat perceraian. Oleh karena itu anak tetap berhak untuk mendapatkan hak dan kesempatan yang terbaik untuk dapat mengembangkan dirinya sesuai dengan minat, bakat, dan juga potensi yang dimilikinya. Namun ada kalanya terjadi sengketa terkait penentuan hak asuh anak pasca perceraian karena kedua orang tua sama-sama menginginkan kuasa asuh atas anak-anaknya tersebut. Begitu pula dalam hal hak asuh anak akibat perceraian dalam perkawinan campuran yang melibatkan dua kewarganegaraan yang berbeda yang tentunya memiliki akibat hukum yang lebih luas. Oleh karena itu keputusan Pengadilan menjadi jalan keluar untuk memutuskan sengketa akan perkara ini. Akan tetapi Undang-Undang Perkawinan Indonesia tidak memberikan pengaturan atau mekanisme khusus terkait pemberian hak asuh anak, sehingga Hakim diberikan amanah untuk memutuskan hal tersebut. Metode penelitian yang Penulis gunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat yuridis-normatif atau penelitian dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan analisis Penulis, tidak adanya pengaturan terkait parameter pemberian hak asuh anak akibat perceraian dalam perkawinan campuran ini dapat menimbulkan permasalahan. Sehingga Penulis menyarankan untuk membuat pengaturan khusus mengenai mekanisme dan parameter yang jelas mengenai pemberian hak asuh anak pasca putusnya perkawinan, dan juga saran kepada Majelis Hakim yang memutus perkara ini untuk wajib memeriksa dan mengadili sengketa hak asuh anak dengan mempertimbangkan kepentingan terbaik bagi sang anak dengan sebaik-baiknya.

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The determination of the granting of child custody due to divorce should be made based on the consideration of the best interest of the child. This is because the relationship between children and their parents is not broken due to divorce. Therefore, children still have the right to get the best rights and opportunities to be able to develop themselves according to their interests, talents, and potential. However, sometimes there are disputes regarding the determination of child custody after divorce because both parents want custody of their children. Likewise in the case of child custody due to divorce in mixed marriages involving two different nationalities which of course have wider legal consequences. Therefore, the Court's decision is a way out to decide the dispute in this case. However, the Indonesian Marriage Law does not provide specific arrangements or mechanisms related to the granting of child custody, so the judge is given the mandate to decide this. The research method that the author uses in writing this thesis is a normative legal research method that is juridical-normative or research with a qualitative approach. Based on the author's analysis, the absence of regulation related to the parameters for granting child custody due to divorce in mixed marriages can cause problems. So the author suggests making special arrangements regarding clear mechanisms and perimeters regarding the granting of child custody after the divorce, and also suggestions to the Panel of Judges who decided this case to be obliged to examine and adjudicate child custody disputes by considering the best interests of the child as well as possible."

"Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 62 Tahun 1958 seorang anak yang lahir akibat perkawinan campuran kedua orang tuanya secara otomatis mengikuti kewarganegaraan ayahnya. Sejak berlakunya Undang?Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006, anak dalam perkawinan campuran memperoleh hak kewarganegaraan ganda terbatas, yaitu kewarganegaraan mengikuti kewarganegaraan kedua orang tuanya hingga berusia 18 tahun. Dalam penulisan ini pokok permasalahan yang diangkat ialah Bagaimanakah Status Kewarganegaraan anak akibat perkawinan campuran beda kewarganegaraan sebelum dan sesudah lahirnya Undang-Undang Kewarganegaraan Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 dan Bagaimana status hukum harta benda dalam perkawinan campuran beda kewarganegaraan terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 598 K/Pdt/2006 antara Surtiati Wu dan Dr. Charlie Wu alias Wu Chia Hsin ditinjau dari Undang-Undang yang berlaku. Untuk menjawab hal tersebut metode yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan sifat penulisan deskriptif analisis yang memberikan gambaran dan memaparkan keseluruhan dari objek yang diteliti dan menganalisisnya dengan mengacu pada asas?asas hukum doktrin?doktrin serta peraturan perundang?undangan. Kasus yang diangkat dalam penulisan ini berawal dimana Penggugat mengajukan gugatan perceraian kepada tergugat yang membawa akibat kepada anak, kewarganegaraan dan harta benda, dimana hak pengasuhan jatuh kepada ayah yang berkewarganegaraan Amerika Serikat, dalam hal ini hakim mengacu kepada Undang-Undang Kewarganegaraan yang lama yang mana kurang memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak wanita warga negara Indonesia dan terhadap harta benda tergantung kepada ada atau tidaknya perjanjian kawin yang dibuat pada saat sebelum dilakukan pernikahan.

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In Act No. 62 of 1958, a child who born from parents? mixed marriages automatically follow his father's nationality. Since the enactment of Act No. 12 of 2006, children in mixed marriages have a limited right to dual nationality which follows the nationality of their parents until the age of 18 years-old. The main issue of this essay is how the citizenship status of the children due to mixed marriage in different nationality before and after the enactment of Citizenship Act No. 12 of 2006 and how the legal status of the property in inter-nationality marriages toward to the Supreme Court Decision No. 598 C / Rev. / 2006 between Surtiati Wu and Dr. Charlie Wu aka Wu Chia Hsin in terms of the applied Act. In order to answer that issue, the method which is been used in this essay is the method of writing with juridical normative character with descriptive analysis which provides an overview and describes the entirety of the object of study and analyzing it based on the reference of the principles of legal doctrines and statutory regulations. The case in this paper begins where the plaintiff sued the defendant to divorce where the result of the divorce impacting the children , citizenship and property, which falls to the father custody of a United States citizen, in this case the judge simply refers to the prior Citizenship Act which provide less protection for women's rights of the Indonesian citizens, and for the property,it depends on the existence or in-existence of the prenuptial agreement which made at the time before the marriage."

"Perkawinan campuran, menurut UU No. 1/1974 , pasa 57 adalah perkawinan antara dua orang yang di Indonesia tunduk pada hukum yan berlainan karena perbedaan kewarganegaraan dan salah satu pihak berkewarganegaraan Indonesia. Suatu perkawinan campuran yang dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang terdapat dalam UU Perkawinan adalah sah secara hukum. Dengan demikian kedudukan anak yang lahir dalam perkawinan campuran yang sah menurut hukum adalah juga sah."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang penyangkalan anak yang dilakukan oleh ayah yang meyakini bahwa anak tersebut merupakan hasil hubungan antara istrinya dengan lelaki lain. Penulis meneliti dalam keadaan apa saja seseorang dapat melakukan penyangkalan anak menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Selain itu diteliti juga akibat hukum apa saja yang terjadi kepada anak tersebut. Skripsi ini menganalisis putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor: 163 K/AG/2011. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah penyangkalan anak dapat terjadi apabila terdapat perzinahan yang dilakukan oleh istri dengan lelaki lain dan apabila penyangkalan anak terjadi maka anak tersebut hanya mempunyai hubungan hukum dengan keluarga ibunya saja.

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This thesis discusses the denial of a child by his father who believed that the child is the result of a relationship between his wife with another man . The author would like to investigate in any circumstances one can do a denial of children according to the Marriage Act and Islamic Law Compilation . Besides it also studied the legal consequences of what happens to the child . Thesis will analyze the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number : 163 K / AG / 2011 . In order to obtain good results , the authors use the normative juridical research method . The result is a denial of children can occur in case of adultery committed by the wife with another man and when denial of children occurs , the child only has a legal relationship with her family alone"

"Anak luar kawin lahir akibat dari suatu hubungan di luar perkawinan yang sah, baik menurut agama maupun negara. Setiap anak, tanpa memandang statusnya, memiliki hak atas identitas yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk akta kelahiran. Perbedaan status antara anakluar kawin dengan anak sah menjadikannya memiliki kedudukan yang berbeda dalam memiliki hubungan perdata dengan orang tuanya. Dalam akta kelahiran anak luar kawin hanya tertulis nama ibu saja, sehingga anak luar kawin hanya memiliki hubungan perdata dengan ibunya. Pada praktiknya, banyak ayah yang merasa tidak memiliki kewajiban untuk menafkahi maupun memenuhi hak-hak anak luar kawin lainnya karena tidak dicantumkan namanya pada akta kelahiran anak luar kawin. Padahal, setiap anak juga berhak untuk dibesarkan oleh kedua orang tuanya. Tidak adanya hubungan perdata antara ayah dengan anak luar kawin menyebabkan hak-hak anak tersebut berkurang ataupun hilang, salah satunya ialah hak waris. Sehingga, apabila ingin memiliki hubungan perdata dengan ayah kandungnya, maka ayah tersebut harus melakukan pengakuan anak luar kawin yang diatur dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 96 Tahun 2018, yakni dengan mengajukan permohonan ke pengadilan dengan menyertakan bukti yang menunjukkan kebenaran adanya hubungan darah yang umumnya dilakukan dengan tes DNA atau deoxyribonucleic acid. Permohonan pengakuan anak luar kawin dapat pula diajukan oleh ibu kandung dari anak maupun anak itu sendiri. Pencantuman nama ayah pada akta kelahiran anak luar kawin merupakan hasil penetapan pengadilan dari permohonan pengakuan anak luar kawin. Permasalahan yang mendasari penelitian ini adalah mengenai akibat hukum yang akan terjadi terhadap anak maupun ayahnya dengan dicantumkannya nama ayah pada akta kelahiran anak luar kawin. Selain itu, dengantimbulnya hubungan perdata dengan anak luar kawinnya akankah menimbulkan dampak bagi keluarga lain dari ayah apabila ayah tersebut memiliki istri maupun anak sah. Penelitian ini akan menjawab permasalahan tersebut dengan menganalisis kasus pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara Penetapan Nomor 726/Pdt.P/2022/PN Jkt.Utr.

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Children out of wedlock are born as a result of a relationship outside of marriage that deemed according to religion and state. Every child, regardless of their status, has the right to identity which manifested in the form of a birth certificate. The difference of status between children out of wedlock and legitimate children makes them have a different position in having civil relations with their parents. In the birth certificate of a child out of wedlock only the mother's name is written, so that a child out of wedlock only has a civil relationship with his mother. In practice, many fathers feel they have no

obligation to support or fulfill the rights of their children out of wedlock since their names are not listed on the birth certificates of children out of wedlock. In fact, every child also has the right to be raised by both parents. The absence of a civil relationship between father and child out of wedlock causes the child's rights to decrease or even disappear, one of which is the inheritance rights. However, if someone wants to have a civil

relationship with their biological father, the father must acknowledge an illegitimate child as stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 96 of 2018, namely by submitting an application to the court and showing evidence of a blood relationship which is generally carried out by blood test DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. An application for acknowledgement of a child out of wedlock can also be submitted by the biological mother of the child or even the child himself. The inclusion of the father's name on the birth certificate of a child out of wedlock is the result of a court determination on an application for the acknowledgement of a child out of wedlock. The problems that underlies this research is regarding the legal consequences that will occur to both the child and the father by including the father's name on the birth certificate of a child out of wedlock. Moreover, the emergence of a civil relationship with illegitimate child will have an impact on other families from the father if the father has a wife or legitimate children. The research will answer these problems by analyzing the case at the North Jakarta District Court Determination Number 726/Pdt.P/2022/PN Jkt.Utr."