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Lubis, Ahmad Sulaiman
"ABSTRAK
Tujuan: Mengetahui batasan nilai PSA untuk memprediksi adanya metastasis tulang pada pasien kanker prostat di RS Sardjito. Metode: Penelitian retrospektif, dengan mengumpulkan rekam medis pasien kanker prostat telah dilakukan bone scintigraphy di RS Sardjito tahun 2006 - 2011.
Hasil: Dari 83 pasien kanker prostat yang telah dilakukan bone scintigraphy, terdapat 55 pasien (66%) mengalami metastasis tulang dan terdapat 28 pasien (34 %) yang tidak mengalami metastasis tulang. Dari 55 pasien yang mengalami metastasis tulang, terdapat 11 pasien (20 %) dengan PSA kurang dari 20 ng/ml dan terdapat 44 pasien (80 %) yang memiliki PSA lebih dari 20 ng/ml. Cut-off point PSA 17.65 ng/ml memiliki sensitivitas terbesar yaitu 85.5% dan spesifisitas 53.6%.
Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan bone scintigraphy dianjurkan pada pasien dengan PSA > 17.65 ng/ml, sedangkan pada pasien dengan PSA < 17.65 dianjurkan pada pasien dengan gejala klinis nyeri tulang.

ABSTRACT
Objective: Prostate cancer shows a strong predilection to spread to the bones, with bone metastases identified at autopsy in up to 90 % of patients dying from prostate cancer. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration has been widely applied as a biomarker to diagnose and monitor prostate cancer. Technetium-99m methylene diphosphate (Tc—99m MDP) whole body bone scintigraphy is currently a well-accepted diagnostic procedure for bone metastasis in malignancy. The aim of this study was to establish a useful serum PSA cut-off value to predict the presence of bone metastasis in men with prostate cancer. Material and Methods: Consecutive male patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were retrospectively analyzed. All of the subjects had received Tc-99m MDP whole body bone scintigraphy and had their serum PSA concentration measured at Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. The proper cut-off value was established based on statistical analysis in order to predict the possibility of bone metastasis among prostate cancer patients.
Results: In total, 83 consecutive male patients with prostate cancer were enrolled, and 55 patients (66 %) were confirmed by scintigraphic findings to have bone metastases. A serum PSA concentration of 17,65 ng/ml gave the best sensitivity (78,33 %) and specificity (65,21 %). The positive predictive value, negative predictive value were 85,45 % and 53,57 %, respectively (p<0,05).
Conclusion: A cut-off value of 17,65 ng/ml appears to be an appropriate benchmark for stratifying metastatic bone disease in prostate cancer patients at Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, such that if a patient with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and without any skeletal symptoms has a serum PSA concentration of less than 17,65 ng/ml,we suggest that they would not need to undergo bone scintigraphy."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hutauruk, Eric Sibastian
"Pendahuluan: Kanker prostat adalah keganasan terbanyak pada pria, penyebab kematian kedua terbesar akibat keganasan. Colok dubur adalah pemeriksaan dasar dan deteksi dini untuk mendiagnosis kanker prostat. Saat ini pemeriksaan Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) dianggap sebagai tumor marker yang paling bermanfaat untuk mendeteksi kanker prostat. The American Cancer Society dan American Urologic Association merekomendasikan penyaringan kanker prostat setiap tahun dengan pemeriksaan colok dubur dan PSA.
Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemeriksaan colok dubur dan nilai PSA pada pasien kanker prostat di RSUP DR Sardjito Yogyakarta periode Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2011.
Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Data dikumpulkan secara retrospektif dari catatan medis RSUP DR Sardjito pada pasien dengan colok dubur yang abnormal atau colok dubur normal dengan nilai PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl selama periode Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2011. Hasil pemeriksaan colok dubur dan nilai PSA didapatkan pada saat kunjungan pertama pasien ke rumah sakit. Analisis data nominal menggunakan Chi Square dengan SPSS 18.
Hasil: Terdapat 87 pasien yang berhasil dikumpulkan selama periode Januari 2011 sampai Desember 2011 yang memiliki hasil pemeriksaan colok dubur abnormal atau colok dubur normal dengan nilai PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl. Pasien memiliki usia rata-rata 70 tahun, nilai median PSA 10,9 ng/dl. Pada pasien ini ditemukan colok dubur abnormal 43 (49,4%), colok dubur normal 44 (50,6%), PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl 69 (79,3%) dan PSA < 10 ng/dl 18 (20,7%). Pemeriksaan colok dubur dan PSA dinilai signifikan secara statistik untuk mendeteksi kanker prostat, hasil secara berurutan 67,2% vs 32,8% (p < 0,001) and 71,9% vs 28,1% (p = 0,002. Semua pasien dengan colok dubur abnormal dan PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl terdiagnosis kanker prostat (p < 0,001).
Simpulan: Pemeriksaan colok dubur dan Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) adalah prediktor terbaik untuk kanker prostat.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most frequent form of cancer in males, being also second cause of death by cancer. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) is the basic examination and early diagnosis for prostate cancer. The Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) assay is currently considered the most useful tumor marker for detecting prostate cancer. Both the American Cancer Society and American Urologic Association recommended annual cancer screening with both Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and PSA.
Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the correlation between DRE and PSA level in prostate cancer at Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta during januari 2011 until december 2011.
Research Method: This is a case control study. The data were retrospectively collected from medical record in sardjito general hospital who had abnormal DRE or normal DRE with PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl during januari 2011 until December 2011. The DRE and PSA value were examined in the first time they came to the hospital. A chi-square was performed to analyzed the nominal data with SPSS 18.
Result: There are 87 patients were collected during januari 2011 until December 2011 who had abnormal DRE or normal DRE with PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl. The median age was 70 years, median PSA level was 10,9 ng/dl. Of these patient, we found abnormal DRE in 43 (49,4%), normal DRE in 44 (50,6%), PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl was 69 (79,3%) and PSA < 10 ng/dl was 18 (20,7%). Digital Rectal Examination and PSA was statistically significant to detected prostate cancer, 67,2% vs 32,8% (p < 0,001) and 71,9% vs 28,1% (p = 0,002), respectively. All patient who had abnormal DRE and PSA ≥ 10 ng/dl were diagnosed with prostate cancer (p < 0,001).
Conclusion: Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) are the best predictor for prostate cancer.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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I Putu Gde Sanjaya
"[Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi korelasi dan insiden metastasis tulang pada pasien kanker prostat dengan Gleason Score (GS) dan Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) yang rendah.
Material dan Metode: Studi deskriptif retrospektif pada pasien kanker prostat di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo periode 2006-2011. Ada 478 pasien dengan kanker prostat. Pasien kanker prostat dengan PSA rendah, telah menjalani pemeriksaan histopatologi, dan bone scan diikutsertakan dalam studi, sehingga didapatkan 358 pasien sebagai subjek penelitian.
Nilai PSA diukur dengan sandwich electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Pemeriksaan histopatologi diklasifikasikan menurut sistem grading Gleason dan dibagi menjadi 3 kategori: diferensiasi baik (GS ≤6), diferensiasi sedang (GS 7), dan diferensiasi buruk (GS 8-10). Bone scan dikerjakan dengan dengan agen radiofarmaka (Tc99m methylenendiphosphonate) dan kemudian gambar ditangkap dengan kamera gamma.
Hasil: Rerata usia 67.52±7.8 tahun, rerata GS 7.7±1.3, dan median PSA adalah 56.9 (rentang: 0,48-17000 ng/mL). Ada 11 orang pasien (3,0%) dengan bone scan positif dengan PSA <20 ng/mL dan GS<8. Lebih lanjut, ada 2 pasien (0,6%) dengan GS≤6 dan PSA<10 ng/mL memperlihatkan metastasis ke tulang.
Kesimpulan: Pada studi ini, ada sebagian kecil pasien mengalami metastasis tulang dengan PSA (PSA<10 mg/mL) dan GS (GS≤6) rendah., Objective This study was aimed to identify correlation and incidence of bone metastases in prostate cancer patient with low Gleason Score GS and Prostate Specific Antigen PSA Materials and Methods A descriptive restrospective study to patients with prostate cancer in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2006 2011 There were 478 patient with prostate cancer Patients with prostate cancer who had PSA value histological examination and bone scan were included in the study resulting in 358 eligible patients for the study PSA value was measured using the sandwich electrochemiluminescent immunoassay Histological examination was graded according to Gleason rsquo s grading system and divided into 3 category well differentiated GS le 6 moderately differentiated GS 7 and poorly differentiated GS 8 10 Bone scan was done using radiopharmaceuticals agent Tc 99m methylenen diphosphonate and then the image was captured using gamma camera Results The mean age was 67 52 7 8 mean GS was 7 7 1 3 and median PSA was 56 9 range 0 48 17000 ng mL There were 11 patients 3 0 with positive bone scan with PSA]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Fatan Abshari
"Kanker prostat adalah penyakit progresif yang menghasilkan moribiditas dan mortalitas yng tinggi. Penelitian ini berutujuan untuk menilai ketepatan dari Indonesian Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator IPCRC dalam memprediksi risiko kanker prostate. Data penelitian didapatkan secara retrospektif selama periode Agustus 2014 hingga Desember 2015 dari rekam medis pasien terduga kanker prostat. Pemeriksaan colok dubur, Prostate specific antigen PSA, dan volume prostat digunakan sebagai parameter prediktif dalam IPCRC. Biopsi prostat digunakan sebagai standar baku. Akurasi IPCRC divalidasi dengan menggunakan analisis ROC. Penelitian ini memiliki 127 subjek penelitian dengan median usia pasien BPH dan pasien kanker prostat adalah 66 52-85 dan 69.5 50-100 tahun. Pemeriksaan colok dubur yang tidak normal ditemukan pada 2 pasien 2. Median dari PSA dari pasien BPH dan kanker prostat dalah 10.2 1.6-203.1 dan 74.06 6.94-1412. Volume prostate pasien BPH memiliki median sebesar 47.9 13.774-108 dibandingkan 50.25 19.2-107 pada pasien kanker prostate. Area tersebesar dibawah kurva probabilitas kanker prostat adalah 0.907 95 CI 0.84-0.97. Jika probabilitas kanker prostate lebih dari 15 pada IPCRC, sensitivitas IPCRC mencapai 88.5 dan spesifitas IPCRC mencapai 81.8, dimana bila ditemukan probabilitas kanker prostate lebih dari 20 dengan menggunakan IPCRC, sensitivitasnya mencapai 80.8 dengan spesifitas sebesar 89.9. Dan bila probabilitas kanker prostate lebih dari 25 dalam IPCRC, sensitivitas sebesar 65.4 dan spesifisitas sebesar 89.9. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan IPCRC merupakn perangkat yang akurat dalam prediksi kanker prosate pada populasi ini. Validasi lebih lanjut masih dibutuhkan pada populasi lain.

Prostate cancer is a progressive disease resulting in morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of Indonesian Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator IPCRC in predicting prostate cancer risk. Data were obtained retrospectively during August 2014 to December 2015 from medical records of suspected prostate cancer patients. Digital rectal examination, Prostate Specific Antigen PSA, and prostate volume PV were used as predictive parameters in IPCRC. Prostate biopsy was used as the diagnostic gold standard. The accuracy of IPCRC was validated using the ROC analysis. Our study included 127 subjects. Median age of BPH patients and prostate cancer patients were 66 52-85 and 69.5 50-100. The digital rectal examination was found abnormal in 2 patients 2. Median of PSA of BPH patients and prostate cancer patients were 10.2 1.6-203.1 and 74.06 6.94-1412 respectively. The prostate volume of BPH patients 47.9 13.74-108 median compared to prostate cancer patients 50.25 19.2-107 median. The largest area under the curve of the probability of prostate cancer using IPCRC is 0.907 95 CI 0.84-0.97. If the probability of prostate cancer more than 15 using IPCRC, the sensitivity is 88.5 and specificity is 81.8, besides, if the probability of prostate cancer more than 20 using IPCRC, the sensitivity is 80.8 and specificity is 89.9 and if the probability of prostate cancer more than 25 using IPCRC, the sensitivity is 65.4 and specificity is 89.9 IPCRC is accurate for predicting prostate cancer in our population. Further validation is needed in other population. "
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2018
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Andika Afriansyah
"Model prediksi kesintasan kanker prostat metastasis tulang sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Namun, model prediksi kesintasan kanker prostat metastasis tulang pra-terapi belum pernah dialukan sebelumnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor klinis yang mempengaruhi ketahanan hidup (survival) pada kanker prostat dengan metastasis tulang serta mengembangkan nomogram prognostik ketahanan hidup pada pasien dengan kondisi tersebut. Terdapat 392 subyek dengan kanker prostat dengan metastasis tulang yang mendapat terapi Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) dalam penelitian ini. Parameter pra-perawatan dianalisis menggunakan model cox-proportional untuk mengidentifikasi prediktor ketahanan hidup secara keseluruhan. Kovariat yang menunjukkan nilai signifikansi secara statistik pada analisis multivariat akan dipakai untuk membentuk nomogram. Model prediktor linier digunakan untuk mengembangkan nomogram. Nilai median ketahanan hidup keseluruhan adalah 40,3 bulan (95% CI: 32.2 - 48.5). Analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa T-stage, Gleason Score, nilai antigen spesifik prostat inisial, dan jumlah lesi metastasis merupakan faktor-faktor prognostik independen terhadap angka ketahanan hidup keseluruhan. Semua prediktor ini tetap menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan secara statistik sebagai faktor prognostik independen pada analisis model multivariat cox-regression. Nomogram yang terbentuk dari faktor-faktor prediktor tersebut menunjukkan diskriminasi yan baik dalam memprediksi ketahanan hidup dalam 5 tahun dengan area under the curve (AUC) sebesar 0.69. Kesepakatan yang diterima dari probabilitas yang diamati dan diprediksi telah dinilai dalam plot kalibrasi. Nilai median ketahanan hidup keseluruhan adalah 40,3 bulan. Prediksi nomogram ini dapat berguna sebagai alat untuk memprediksi angka ketahanan hidup keseluruhan pada sebelum terapi kanker prostat metastasis, secara spesifik pada populasi Indonesia. Penelitian lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk memberikan validasi eksternal untuk mendukung penggunaan nomogram ini.

A survival prognostic model of prostate cancer with bone metastasis had been done before. However, a prognostic model of pre-treatment prostate cancer with bone metastasis had not yet done. This study aims to analyze the clinical factors among bone-metastatic prostate cancer and their relationships with survival as well as to develop a prognostic nomogram for overall survival in patients with this condition. This study included 392 patients with bone metastatic prostate caner treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Pre-treatment parameters were analyzed using cox-proportional hazard model to identify the predictors of overall survival. Covariates, which showed statistical significance on multivariate analysis, were used to develop a nomogram. Linear predictor model was utilized to develop the nomogram. Median overall survival was 40.3 months (95% CI: 32.2 to 48.5). Univariate analysis showed that clinical T-stage, Gleason Score, initial prostate specific antigen value, and number of metastatic lesion were independent prognostic factors for OS. These predictors still remained significant as independent prognostic factors for overall survival following analysis using multivariate cox-regression model. The nomogram constructed from those prognostic factors showed good discriminaton for predicting the 5-year OS with an Area Under the Curve of 0.69. Acceptable agreement of the observed and predicted probabilites was observed in the calibration plot. The median overall survival of patient with bone metastatic prostate cancer was 40.3 months. The prediction nomogram might be a useful tool for predicting overall survival in pre-treatment bone metastatic prostate cancer, specifically among Indonesian patients. Further studies are needed to provide external validation to support the utilization of this nomogram."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
SP-pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Samycha Jusuf
"[ABSTRAK
Tujuan: Insiden kanker prostat secara global terus meningkat. Meskipun dapat dilakukan deteksi dini kanker prostat, perlu dipahami bahwa progresivitas penyakit ? menjadi metastasis ? berbeda untuk setiap pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati aspek-aspek yang mungkin berperan sebagai faktor prediktif metastasis pada kanker prostat tidak terpalpasi.
Material dan Metode: Data dikumpulkan dari Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Pusat Kanker Nasional Dharmais sejak tahun 1995-2013. Pasien dengan kanker prostat tidak terpalpasi kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: dengan metastasis dan tanpa metastasis. Usia, volume prostat, nilai prostate-spesific antigen (PSA), Gleason score sum group, stadium tumor, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), kadar hemoglobin, dan kadar kreatinin serum merupakan faktor yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis bivariat dan uji regresi logistik. Hanya pasien dengan data lengkap yang dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini.
Hasil: Didapatkan 91 pasien dengan data lengkap, 59 pasien (64,83%) tanpa metastasis dan 32 pasien (35,16%) dengan metastasis. Terdapat perbedaan statistik yang signifikan antara kelompok tanpa metastasis dan kelompok dengan metastasis, yakni untuk PSA (13.7ng / mL vs 71.5ng / mL; p = 0,001), kadar hemoglobin (13,60 g / dL vs 12,25 g / dL; p = 0,002), dan KPS (90 vs 90 ; p = 0,004). Perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik juga didapatkan pada kelompok GSS (35 dan 24 pada kelompok tanpa metastasis vs 12 dan 20 pada kelompok dengan metastasis; p = 0,047). Usia, volume prostat, stadium tumor, dan kadar kreatinin antara kedua kelompok tidak memiliki perbedaan signifikan secara statistik (p> 0,05). Nilai pretreatment PSA adalah satu-satunya faktor prediktif untuk metastasis dengan odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1,005-1,022; p = 0,002).
Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar pasien kanker prostat tidak terpalpasi terdeteksi pertama kali tanpa metastasis. Nilai pretreatment PSA yang diperoleh pada kunjungan awal pasien dapat digunakan sebagai faktor prediktif metastasis di masa depan.

ABSTRACT
Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future.;Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future.;Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future.;Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future.;Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future., Objective: Prostate cancer incident is globally increasing. Despite early detection of prostate cancer, the progressivity of the disease itself toward metastatic disease remains different for each patient. The purpose of this study is to observe aspects that may have roles as predictive factors for metastasis in nonpalpable prostate cancer.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from National Hospital Cipto Mangunkusumo and Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital from 1995-2013. Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer then divided into two groups: metastasis-free group and metastasis group. Age, prostate volume, pretreatment Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, Gleason score sum group, tumor stadium, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine level were factors that were analyzed in the study. The data was analyzed using bivariate analysis and logistic regression test. Only patients with complete data are included in the study.
Results: There are 91 patients with complete data, 59 patients (64.83%) were patients without metastasis and 32 patients (35.16%) were with metastasis. There was significant statistical difference between no metastasis group with metastasis group for PSA (13.7ng/mL vs71.5ng/mL; p = 0.001), hemoglobin level (13.60 g/dL vs 12.25 g/dL; p = 0.002), and KPS (90vs90; p = 0.004). There was also significant statistical difference in GSS groups (35 and 24 in metastasis-free group vs 12 and 20 in metastasis group; p = 0.047). Age, prostate volume, tumor stadium, and creatinine level had no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Pretreatment PSA value was the only predictive factor for metastasis with odds ratio 1.014 (95% CI, 1.005 to 1.022; p = 0.002).
Conclusion: Most nonpalpable prostate cancer patients are first detected without metastasis. Pretreatment PSA value that was obtained at their initial visit might be used as predictive factor for metastasis for them in the future.]"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
T58653
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Richard Arie Monoarfa
"Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui bagaimana upaya diagnosis kanker prostat yang dilakukan oleh spesialis urologidi Indonesia.
Metode: Dilakukan pembagian kuesioner yang dirancang sendiri kepada Spesialis Urologi di Indonesia. Kuesioner berisi 11 pertanyaan tentang jenis dan indikasi pemeriksaan yang dilakukan, serta fasilitas yang tersedia di tempat responden dalam penegakan diagnosis kanker prostat.
Hasil: Sebanyak 65 (36%) dari 182 (saat penelitian ini dilakukan) spesialis urologi di Indonesia mengembalikan formulir kuesioner. Dari jenis RS primer tempat bekerja terbanyak berasal dari RS swasta (35%), disusul RS pendidikan utama Fakultas Kedokteran (32%). Seluruh responden menjadikan lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) sebagai indikasi untuk melakukan pemeriksaan colok dubur. Selain itu 83% responden juga menjawab, peningkatan PSA sebagai salah satu indikasi pemeriksaan colok dubur. Pemeriksaan PSA dilakukan oleh 72% responden pada penderita dengan kecurigaan kanker prostat tanpa melihat usia. Sebanyak 66% responden mengerjakan sendiri pemeriksaan transrectal ultrasonografi (TRUS) dan biopsi, 18% merujuk pada sejawat lain di propinsi yang sama dan 15% tidak memiliki fasilitas TRUS dan biopsi di propinsi tempat bekerja. Sebanyak 75% responden memiliki fasilitas bone scan di Rumah Sakit primer, atau tersedia di RS pada propinsi yang sama. Indikasi tersering melakukan biopsi prostat adalah pada PSA lebih dari 10 ng/ml tanpa melihat usia. Sebanyak 86% responden melakukan biopsi pada kecurigaan kanker prostat melalui colok dubur tanpa melihat usia. Sembilan puluh persen responden menggunakan antibiotik profilaksis golongan Kuinolon untuk biopsi prostat. Sebanyak 46% menggunakan analgesia oral atau suppositoria atau kombinasi keduanya sebagai analgesia dalam biopsi prostat.
Kesimpulan: Dalam mendiagnosis kanker prostat, spesialis urologi di Indonesia melakukan pemeriksaan colok dubur, PSA dan TRUS biopsi prostat, namun masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat tentang indikasi dan waktu dilakukannya masing-masing pemeriksaan. Ketersediaan fasilitas diagnostik juga berpengaruh dalam diagnostik kanker prostat di Indonesia. Belum tersedianya guideline Nasional pada saat penelitian ini dilakukandiduga menyebabkan perbedaan pendapat tersebut.

Purpose: To get information on diagnosis of prostate cancer conducted by urologist in Indonesia.
Method: A self-constructed questionnare of 11 questions about the type and indication of the tests, as well as the available facilities at the place of the respondents to diagnose prostate cancer distributed to Indonesian Urologist.
Result: As much as 65 (36%) from 182 (when the survey was conducted) Indonesian Urologist returned the questionnare. Most of them worked in Private Hospital (35%), followed by Medical School Hospital (32%). All respondents performed DRE in patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). Elevated PSA was also indication for conducting DRE in 83% respondents. PSA level was tested by 72% respondents in patients with suspicion of prostate cancer regardless of age. As much as 66% respondents did Trans Rectal Ultrasound (TRUS) and prostate biopsy by themselves, 18% referred to other urologists in the same province and 15% didn?t have TRUS and prostate biopsy facilities in their province. Bone scan was available in the Primary Hospital or another hospital in the province of 75% respondents. Main indication to perform prostate biopsy was elevated PSA level above 10ng/ml regardless of the age. Meanwhile, 86% respondents did prostate biopsy in suspiciousness of prostate cancer by DRE regardless of age. Most respondents (90%) chose Quinolon as prophylaxis antibiotic in prostate biopsy and 46% respondents used oral analgesia or suppository or both in prostate biopsy.
Conclusions: In diagnosing prostate cancer, Indonesian Urologists performed DRE, PSA serum analysis and TRUS biopsy of the prostate. But the Indonesian Urologists still had different opinions about the indications and timing of the procedure. The availability of diagnostic equipment and unavailability of National Guideline of Prostate Cancer when this study was conducted played a role of how the prostate cancer diagnosed in Indonesia.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2011
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Raga Manduaru
"Pendahuluan: Kanker prostat merupakan jenis kanker yang paling sering kedua dan penyebab kematian kelima terbanyak di kalangan pria di seluruh dunia. Meskipun ada kemajuan dalam terapi, masalah kekambuhan dan resistensi terhadap pengobatan masih menjadi perhatian, seperti kanker prostat metastasis resisten kastrasi (MCRPC) yang tidak merespons terapi pengurangan androgen tradisional. Penghambat Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) dianggap sebagai pengobatan yang menjanjikan untuk pasien MCRPC. Oleh karena itu, kombinasi terapi PARP dan antiandrogen perlu dievaluasi.
Bahan & Metode: Review sistematis dilakukan dengan mengikuti panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada lima basis data yang berbeda dan disaring sesuai dengan kriteria PICO yang ditentukan. Pengambilan data dilakukan untuk membandingkan Kelangsungan Hidup Bebas Progresi (PFS), Kelangsungan Hidup Keseluruhan (OS), Kualitas Hidup Terkait Kesehatan (HRQOL), dan efek samping, dilanjutkan dengan analisis kuantitatif.
Hasil & Diskusi: Sebanyak empat RCT yang memenuhi syarat, termasuk dua studi besar, dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis PFS menunjukkan penurunan risiko yang signifikan dengan rasio bahaya (HR) sebesar 0.53 (95% CI 0.43-0.66;p<0.001). Hasil serupa juga ditemukan dengan penurunan risiko kematian dengan OS HR sebesar 0.75 (95% CI 0.58-0.97;p=0.03). Analisis HRQOL pada Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Prostate (FACT-P) melaporkan hasil yang tidak signifikan [HR=0.97 (95% CI 0.80-1.17;p=0.72)], dengan hasil serupa pada skor rasa sakit terburuk BPI-SF [HR=0.66 (95% CI 0.32-1.35;p=0.26). Analisis efek samping cukup menarik dengan penurunan risiko pada efek samping ringan dan risiko lebih besar pada kejadian efek samping yang parah, dengan efek kumulatif perbedaan efek samping yang tidak signifikan antara kedua kelompok [HR=1.13 (95% CI 0.79-1.62;p=0.49).
Kesimpulan: Penambahan penghambat PAPR pada pengobatan pasien mCRPC secara signifikan meningkatkan PFS dan OS tanpa memberikan dampak negatif pada HRQoL dan efek samping. Studi lanjutan harus dilakukan untuk menentukan manfaatnya dalam berbagai pengaturan.

ntroduction: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death among men worldwide. Despite the advancement in therapy, recurrence and resistancy after treatment is still a concerning issue, such as metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC) which is resistant to traditional androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor is hailed as a promising treatment for MCRPC patients. Thus, combination therapy on PARP and antiandrogen should be evaluated.
Material & Methods: Systematic review was conducted by adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The literature search were conducted on five different databases and screened against the predetermined PICO criteria. Data extraction were completed to compare Progression-Free Survival (PFS), Overall Survival (OS), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), and adverse effects, continued by quantitative analysis
Results & Discussion: A total of four eligible RCTs, comprising of two large studies were included. The PFS analysis has reported significant risk reduction with hazard ratio (HR) of 0.53 (95% CI 0.43-0.66;p<0.001). Similar results are also found with reduced risk of death with OS HR of 0.75 (95% CI 0.58-0.97;p=0.03). The HRQOL analysis on Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Prostate (FACT-P) reported insignificant results [HR=0.97 (95% CI 0.80-1.17;p=0.72)], with similar results with the BPI-SF worst pain score [HR=0.66 (95% CI 0.32-1.35;p=0.26). The adverse effects analysis was quite interesting with risk reduction on mild adverse effects and
greater risk in severe adverse events, with a cumulative effect of insignificant adverse events difference among the two group [HR=1.13 (95% CI 0.79-1.62;p=0.49).
Conclusion: The addition of PAPR inhibitor to the treatment of mCRPC patients has significantly improved the rPFS and OS with no negative impact on HRQoL and adverse effects. Further studies should be conducted to determine the benefits in various settings.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Kharisma Prasetya Adhyatma
"Studi-studi sebelumnya menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara rasio neutrofil-limfosit
(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NLR) dan rasio platelet-limfosit (platelet-to-lymphocyte
ratio, PLR) sebagai penanda respons inflamasi sistemik dalam mendiagnosis kanker
prostat. Tujuan studi ini adalah menilai NLR dan PLR prebiopsi prostat untuk
menentukan efektivitasnya dalam memprediksi kanker prostat. Studi ini menggunakan
desain retrospektif. Penelitian ini mengikutsertakan seluruh pasien hiperplasia prostat
benigna (benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH) dan kanker prostat yang menjalani biopsi di
Rumah Sakit Adam Malik antara bulan Agustus 2011 sampai Agustus 2015. Batas PSA
yang digunakan adalah 5 ng/dL sebagai kandidat biopsi. Hubungan antara variabel
prebiopsi yang mempengaruhi persentase prostat dievaluasi termasuk usia, kadar
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), dan estimasi volume prostat (estimated prostate volume,
EPV). Nilai PLR dan NLR dihitung dari rasio hitung platelet dengan neutrofil absolut
terhadap hitung limfosit absolut. Nilainya kemudian dianalisis dan dilihat apakah terdapat
hubungan dengan diagnosis BPH dan kanker prostat. Dari 298 pasien yang diikutsertakan
dalam studi ini, penelitian ini membagi dua grup menjadi 126 (42,3%) pasien BPH dan
172 (57,7%) pasien kanker prostat. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada PSA
(19.28±27.11 ng/dL vs 40.19±49.39 ng/dL), EPV (49.39±23.51 cc vs 58.10±30.54 cc),
PLR (160.27±98.96 vs 169.55±78.07), dan NLR (3.57±3.23 vs 4.22 ± 2.59) pada kedua
grup (p<0,05). Analisis Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) dilakukan untuk PLR
dan NLR dalam menganalisis nilainya dalam memprediksi kanker prostat. Area Under
Curve (AUC) PLR adalah 57,9% dengan sensitivitas 56,4% dan spesifisitas 55,6% pada
batas cut-off 143 (p=0,02). Cut-off NLR 3,08 memberikan AUC 62,8% dengan
sensitivitas 64,5% dan spesifisitas 63,5%. AUC ini komparabel bila dibandingkan dengan
AUC PSA sendiri (68,5%). Penelitian ini lalu menjalani regresi logistik antara PSA, PLR,
dan NLR dengan hasil eksklusi PLR bila dihitung seara konjungtif. DEngan demikian,
NLR memiliki performa menjanjikan dalam memprediksi kanker prostat pada pasien
dengan PSA di atas 4 ng/dL (RO=3,2; 95% CI: 1,96-5,11). Kami menemukan bahwa
sebanyak 80 (63,5%) pasien dengan biopsi jinak memiliki nilai NLR negatif dalam studi
ini. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa NLR memiliki potensi menjanjikan dalam
memprediksi kanker prostat. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk memvalidasinya
sebagai alat diagnostik.

Previous studies demonstrated promising value of platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) and
neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as systemic inflammatory response in prostate
cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate their pre-biopsy values in predicting
prostate cancer. This is a diagnostic study with retrospective design. We included all
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) patients who underwent
prostate biopsy in Adam Malik Hospital between August 2011 and August 2015. We used
PSA value above 4 ng/dL as the threshold for the biopsy candidates. The relationship
between pre-biopsy variables affecting the percentage of prostate cancer risk were
evaluated, including: age, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and estimated prostate
volume (EPV). The PLR and NLR was calculated from the ratio of related platelets or
absolute neutrophil counts with their absolute lymphocyte counts. The values then
analyzed to evaluate their associations with the diagnosis of BPH and PCa. Out of 298
patients included in this study, we defined two groups consist of 126 (42.3%) BPH and
172 PCa (57.7%) patients. Mean age for both groups are 66.36±7.53 and 67.99±7.48 years
old (p=0.64), respectively. There are statistically significant differences noted from PSA
(19.28±27.11 ng/dL vs 40.19±49.39 ng/dL), EPV (49.39±23.51 cc vs 58.10±30.54 cc),
PLR (160.27±98.96 vs 169.55±78.07), and NLR (3.57±3.23 vs 4.22 ± 2.59) features of
both groups (p<0.05). A Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was
performed for PLR and NLR in analyzing their value in predicting prostate cancer. The
Area Under Curve (AUC) of PLR is 57.9% with sensitivity of 56.4% and specificity of
55.6% in the cut-off point of 143 (p=0.02). The NLR cut-off point of 3.08 gives 62.8%
AUC with 64.5% sensitivity and 63.5% specificity. These AUCs were comparable with
the AUC of PSA alone (68.5%). We performed logistic regression between PSA, PLR,
and NLR with result in the exclusion of PLR if calculated conjunctively. Therefore, NLR
has a promising performance in predicting PCa in patients with PSA above 4 ng/dL
(OR=3.2; 95% CI: 1.96-5.11). We found as many as 80 (63.5%) patients with benign
biopsy results with negative NLR value in this study."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2019
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Michael Rulando
"Kanker prostat adalah angka kematian terkait kanker tertinggi kedua pada pria setelah
kanker paru-paru. Neutrophyl to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), salah satu parameter
inflamasi, ditemukan sebagai faktor prognostik pada beberapa jenis tumor padat,
seperti kanker prostat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai ada tidaknya hubungan
antara NLR dengan hasil skor Gleason pasien biopsi adenokarsinoma prostat di RSUD
Haji Adam Malik Medan. Sebanyak 121 pasien menjalani biopsi prostat dari awal
Januari 2013 - Desember 2015 di RS Adam Malik dan 30 tidak dikeluarkan. Data dari
91 pasien kemudian diambil meliputi umur, data hematologi pra biopsi, pemeriksaan
PSA awal, estimasi berat prostat, dan skor gleason dari hasil biopsi. Data diolah dengan
SPSS versi 22. Ditemukan pasien dengan usia rata-rata 68,34 tahun dengan rentang usia
52-85 tahun. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara NLR dan TBP dengan r = 0,077 dan
p = 0,469 serta tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara NLR dan PSA dengan r = 0,072
dan p = 0,496. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara rasio neutrofil / limfosit dengan
hasil pemeriksaan gleason score pada pasien kanker prostat di RSUP Haji Adam Malik.
Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut, apakah rasio neutrofil / limfosit dapat digunakan
untuk memprediksi skor gleason score pada pasien suspek kanker prostat

Prostate cancer is the second highest cancer-related mortality rate in men after lung
cancer. Neutrophyl to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), one of the inflammatory parameters, is
found as a prognostic factor in several types of solid tumors, such as prostate cancer.
This study aims to assess whether there is a correlation between NLR with the results
of Gleason score of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma biopsy at Haji Adam Malik
Hospital Medan. A total of 121 patients underwent a prostate biopsy from early January
2013 - December 2015 at Adam Malik Hospital and 30 were not excluded. Data from
91 patients were then taken, including age, hematologic data pre biopsy, PSA on initial
examination, prostate weight estimation, and gleason score from biopsy results. The
data is processed with SPSS version 22. We found patients with a mean age of 68.34
years with an age ranging from 52 to 85 years. There is no significant correlation
between NLR and TBP with r = 0.077 and p = 0.469 and also there is no significant
correlation between NLR and PSA with r = 0.072 and p = 0.496. There is a significant
correlation between the ratio of neutrophils/lymphocytes with the results of gleason
score examination in prostate cancer patients at Haji Adam Malik Hospital. Further
studies are needed, whether the ratio of neutrophils / lymphocytes can be used to predict
the gleason score score in patients with suspected prostate cancer.
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Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
SP-pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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