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"Reaksi interface antara baja tulangan dan matrik geopolymer selama masa perendaman konkrit dengan dua jenis larutan yang berbeda selama beberapa hari telah dilakukan dalam pengujian ini Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui reaksi interface yang terjadi antara dua komponen konkrit yang diakibatkan oleh penetrasi larutan yang digunakan ke dalam konkrit Analisa mikrostruktural dilakukan dengan menggunakan SEM untuk mengobservasi topografi permukaan dari baja tulangan yang diuji Analisa dengan menggunakan EDS juga telah dilakukan untuk mengungkap elemen elemen kimia yang terdapat pada specimen setelah proses perendaman dilakukan.

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The aim of this research is to study the interface reaction of steel reinforcement in geopolymer concrete using wasted glass ndash gravel aggregate immersed in NaCl solution and distilled water Interface reactions between steel reinforcing bar and geopolymer matrix during immersion of geopolymer concrete in different solution for several days are expected This is about how immersing geopolymer concrete in certain type of solution will trigger some kind of interface reaction within the steel reinforced geopolymer concrete due to the penetrating solution into the material Microstructural analysis observation is done by using SEM detectors such as SE and BSE to observe the surface topography and appearance of the specimen EDS analysis is used to reveal chemical elements present in the specimen and XRD analysis is done to determine the degree of crystallinity and the qualitative phase identification of the sample."

"ABSTRAKBeton konvensional dibuat menggunakan semen yang merupakan salah satu penyumbang terbesar terhadap pencemaran lingkungan dimana pabrik semen memproduksi karbon dioksida dalam skala besar ke lingkungan. Karbon dioksida dikenal sebagai tipe gas yang berkontribusi besar terhadap kerusakan ozon bumi. Beton geopolymer dibuat menggunakan bahan sisa produksi dimana membantu mengurangi limbah yang ada di bumi dan berkontribusi mengurangi dampak pencemaran lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini, agregat kaca digunakan untuk menggantikan agregat batu dan membandingkan laju korosi diantara keduanya untuk mengamati laju korosi substitusi kaca dalam beton geopolymer.Pasta geopolymer memiliki dua material pembentuk nya, yaitu precursor dan activator. Prekursor merupakan bentuk dari mineral aluminosilika seperti lempung atau limbah industri (contoh nya : abu terbang). Dalam penelitian ini, limbah industri dalam bentuk abu terbang digunakan untuk menggantikan semen konvensional. Tidak seperti semen, abu terbang tidak memiliki kemampuan mengikat, oleh karena itu activator diperlukan untuk mengikat abu terbang membentuk pasta geopolymer. Aktivator adalah material yang digunakan untuk membentuk reaksi antara alumina dan silica. Sodium silika digunakan sebagai activator untuk mengikat precursor dalam pasta geopolymer.Sifat karat dari besi tulangan dalam beton geopolymer menggunakan agregat kaca dicelupkan dalam air distilasi untuk mensimulasikan kondisi lingkungan. Potensial dari beton geopolymer dalam media celup diamati dari hari 1 sampai hari 24 menggunakan mesin PGSTAT untuk mengukur potensial. Kondisi dari beton yang menggunakan agregat kaca mengalami proses karat pada hari ke-24 sedangkan beton dengan menggunakan batu sebagai pembanding tetap dalam kondisi baik ketika diamati menggunakan metode fraktografi.Kesimpulannya adalah, beton geopolymer menggunakan batu jika dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan substitusi kaca memiliki ketahanan korosi lebih baik. Interaksi ikatan permukaan agregat kaca dengan beton cenderung menjadi alasan ketahanan korosi beton dengan menggunakan agregat kaca lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan agregat batu jika diamati menggunakan uji fraktografi

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ABSTRACTConventional concrete were made using cement which are one major contributor of contamination of environment as cement plant produce very high carbon dioxide to the environment. Carbon dioxide is well known as type of gas that contributes in deterioration of ozone in earth. Geopolymer concrete were made using waste material which mean help to reduce waste in earth thus contribute to reducing deterioration of environment. In this research, waste glass aggregate were use to substitute gravel aggregate and comparing the corrosion rate between the two aggregate in order to observe the effect of waste glass substitution into geopolymer concrete.Geopolymer paste has two main constituent, which are precursor and precursor and activator. Precursor is Form of aluminosilicate mineral such as clay or industrial waste (fly ash). In this research, industrial wastes in form of fly ash are used to substitute conventional cement. Unlike cement, fly ash does not have any binding ability, thus activator is required to help bind the fly ash into geopolymer paste. Activator is Material that used to make reaction between alumina and silica. Sodium silicate used as activator to bind the precursor in Geopolymer.Corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in geopolymer concrete using waste glass aggregates submerged in distilled water to simulate the condition of environment. The potential of the geopolymer concrete on the immersing media were measured from day 1 to day 24 using PGSTAT machine to measure the potential. The condition of waste glass aggregates corroded on day 24 while gravel aggregates geopolymer concrete that were made for comparison still in a good condition when observed using fractography method.In conclusion, geopolymer using gravel aggregate in geopolymer concrete have better corrosion resistance compared to waste glass substitution. Surface interaction bonding between glass aggregate and the concrete tend to be the reason gravel aggregate have better corrosion resistance compare to waste glass under spectography testing"

"Korosi menjadi penyebab utama rusaknya suatu struktur yang terbuat dari beton dengan tulangan baja. Penggunaan beton geopolimer terbukti dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tulangan baja terhadap serangan korosi, namun perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi baja tulangan dalam beton, dengan tetap memperhatikan aspek lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan substitusi kaca yang berasal dari botol bekas, sebagai agregat kasar dalam beton geopolimer. Pengujian ini dilakukan dengan merendam beton ke dalam larutan NaCl 3,5 % selama 31 hari, perilaku korosi tulangan baja dalam beton geopolimer diamati dengan metode polarisasi tahanan linier dan ekstrapolasi tafel. Hasil pengujian pada saat mencapai hari 31, menunjukan bahwa substitusi agregat kasar menggunakan kaca tidak memperbaiki ketahanan beton geopolimer terhadap korosi. Dimana, tahanan polarisasi baja dalam beton geopolimer dengan agregat kaca adalah 2935 Ω, lebih rendah dibanding nilai tahanan tulangan baja dalam beton geopolimer dengan agregat batu yakni 5235 Ω. Sedangkan laju korosi tulangan baja pada beton geopolimer dengan agregat kaca adalah 5,00 x 10-3 mm/tahun , lebih tinggi dibanding tulangan baja dalam beton dengan agregat batu yaitu 2,35 x 10-3 mm/tahun. Analisa komposisi larutan rendam dilakukan menggunakan metoda Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy. Awalnya, larutan NaCl 3,5% memiliki kadar natrium senilai 13770 μm/ml. Usai masa perendaman beton, larutan rendam milik beton dengan agregat batu memiliki kandungan natrium 2252 μm/ml. Nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kadar natrium larutan rendam beton dengan agregat kaca yaitu 1910 μm/ml. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa beton geopolimer dengan agregat kaca lebih mudah menyerap unsur dari luar lingkungan ke dalam beton.

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Corrosion is major cause damage to structure made of concrete with steel reinforcement. Using geopolymer concrete will increase the resistance of steel reinforcement against corrosion attack, further research needs to be done to improve the corrosion resistance of steel reinforcement, in regard to environmental aspects. In this research, waste glass is used as coarse aggregate in geopolymer concrete. Test was carried out by immersing concrete into 3,5% NaCl solution for 31 days, corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in geopolymer concrete observed by linear polarization resistance and tafel extrapolation method. Test result on 31-day, showed that substitution of coarse aggregate with waste glass doesn?t improve the corrosion resistance of reinforce steel on geopolymer concrete. Which, polarization resistance value of steel reinforcement on geopolymer concrete with glass aggregate is 2935 Ω, less than polarization resistance value of steel reinforcement on geopolymer concrete with stone aggregate is 5235 Ω . On the other hand corrosion rate of steel reinforcement in geopolymer concrete with glass aggregate is 5,00 x 10-3 mm/year, were found to be higher than reinforcement steel on geopolymer concrete with stone aggregate that is 2,35 x 10-3 mm/year . Analysis of immersion solution composition were performed using Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy method. Initially, the NaCl 3,5% solution, have sodium content worth of 13770 μm/ml. After immersion period, immersion solution belongs to concrete with stone aggregate has a sodium content 2252 μm/ml. These value is higher than the natrium content from immersion solution of concrete with glass aggregate which is 1910 μm/ml. This result indicates that geopolymer concrete with glass aggregate more easily absorb elements from the environment into the concrete."

"Semen merupakan material utama yang digunakan pembuatan beton yang digunakan dalam konstruksi. Produksi semen OPC dapat meningkatan emisi CO2 global. Dengan abu terbang berbasis cofiring batubara dan biomassa dari PLTU dapat memberikan konstribusi dalam mendukung Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Abu terbang sebagai material pozzolan dapat menjadi material pengganti sebagian semen Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) dalam komposisi utama pembuatan beton. Dengan adanya unsur utama pozzolan Al2O3 SiO2 dan Fe2O3 dapat mengikat Ca(OH)2 membentuk reaksi sekunder kalsium silikat hidrat sehingga berdampak pada peningkatan kekuatan tekan beton. Pada penelitian ini dibuat beton  berdasarkan mix design dengan memanfaatkan abu terbang (fly ash), pengujian sifat mekanik beton yakni densitas, porositas, sorptivity yang didukung analisa komposisi kimia material beton serta karakteristik partikel abu terbang kemudian dilakukan analisa elektromia menggunakan metode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) dan polarisasi untuk mengukur ketahanan korosi baja tulangan pada beton bertulang, juga uji karbonasi dalam memastikan adanya reaksi karbonasi dalam beton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi spesimen beton mengandung abu terbang pada spesimen beton 10FA90OPC memiliki hasil uji mutu beton paling optimal dan ketahanan korosi paling baik dibandingkan dengan variasi campuran abu terbang lainnya 20FA80OPC. 30FA70OPC dengan densitas 2225,81 kg/m3, porositas 25,91 %, sorptivity 0,323 mm/s0.5 yang memiliki kekuatan tekan 32,9 MPa dengan laju korosi 0,25509 mm/year. Hasil uji EIS menunjukkan nilai ketahanan korosi pada baja tulangan dengan nilai impedansi tinggi untuk setiap variasi beton, hal ini dikonfirmasi dengan uji karbonasi pada semua variasi spesimen beton berwarna pink yang diartikan belum terjadi karbonasi. Dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui nilai yang paling optimal pada spesimen beton abu terbang pada variasi 10FA90OPC dibandingkan dengan variasi abu terbang lainnya jika dibandingkan dengan spesimen beton 100PPC sehingga akan menjadi alternatif dalam pemanfaatan abu terbang berbasis cofiring batubara dan biomassa sebagai material pengganti sebagian semen OPC pada pembuatan beton yang memiliki nilai mutu beton dan ketahan korosi relatif sama

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Cement is the main material used to make concrete used in construction. OPC cement production can increase global CO2 emissions. With fly ash-based cofiring of coal and biomass from the power plant, it can contribute to supporting the SDGs. Fly ash as a pozzolanic material can be a partial replacement material Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in the main composition of concrete. In the presence of the main pozzolanic elements Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3 can bind Ca(OH)2 to form a secondary reaction of calcium silicate hydrate so that it has an impact on increasing the compressive strength. In this study, we will make concrete based on the mix design by utilizing fly ash, testing the mechanical properties of concrete, namely density, porosity, sorptivity which is supported by analysis of the chemical composition of the concrete material and the characteristics of fly ash particles. Then, electrochemical analysis is carried out using EIS and polarization to analyze the corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel with proven by the carbonation test in confirming the presence of a carbonation reaction in the concrete. Based on the research results, the concrete specimen 10FA90OPC has an optimum values and highest corrosion resistance in comparing others variation 20FA80OPC, 30FA70OPC. It has a density of 2225,81 kg/m3, porosity 25,91%, sorptivity 0,323 mm/s0.5 and with a corrosion rate of 0,25509 mm/year. The results of the EIS test show corrosion resistance of reinforce steel with higher impedance for each variation of the concrete specimen, this is confirmed by the carbonation test on all variations of the pink concrete specimen which means that no carbonation has occurred. From this study, it can be seen that the most optimal value for fly ash concrete specimens in the 10FA90OPC variation compared to other variations of fly ash when compared to 100PPC concrete specimens so that it will be an alternative in the use of coal and biomass cofiring-based fly ash as a partial replacement material for OPC cement in the manufacture of concrete that has the same value of concrete quality and corrosion resistance."

"Pengaruh penambahan silica fume (SF) pada korosi tulangan dan permeabilitas beton geopolimer berbahan dasar fly ash di lingkungan air danau dipelajari pada penelitian ini. Pembuatan beton geopolimer menggunakan aktivator NaOH dan waterglass untuk mengaktifkan prekursor dengan mendisolusikan aktivator ke dalam monomer alumina dan silika. Pengujian korosi menggunakan sampel berbentuk silinder 10 x 20 cm dengan curing selama 72 jam pada suhu 80 0C kemudian dilakukan perendaman pada air danau selama 1 bulan untuk dibandingkan laju korosi beton geopolimer dengan 10% SF dan tanpa SF. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan beton dengan SF memiliki laju korosi yang lebih rendah 0,232 mm/year dibandingkan dengan tanpa SF 0,298 mm/year. Sementara itu pengujian permeabilitas menggunakan sampel kubus 20 x 20 x 12 cm dengan curing selama 168 jam pada suhu 80 0C kemudian dilakukan tes permeabilitas dengan menggunakan mesin merek infratest testing pada tekanan 5,09 bar selama 72 jam untuk dibandingkan penetrasi masuknya air pada beton geopolimer dengan SF dan tanpa SF. Beton dengan 10% SF memiliki rata ? rata penetrasi sebesar 0 cm sedangkan beton tanpa 10% SF 2,99 cm.

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The effect of silica fume (SF) addition on corrosion of steel reinforcement and permeability of geopolymer concrete made from fly ash in lake water has studied in this research. NaOH and waterglass activator was used in the preparation of geopolymer concrete to activate the precursor by dissolution of the activator to the alumina and silica monomer. Corrosion test using 10 x 20 cm cylindrical sample by curing treatment for 72 hours at 80 0C followed by submersion lake water for 1 month to compare corrosion rate of the concrete sample with SF 10% and without SF 10%. The result shows that the concrete with SF 10% has lower corrosion rate by 0,232 mm/year compared with other sample without SF addition by 0,298 mm/year. At the same time, permeability test using 20 x 20 x 12 cm cubical sample with curing treatment 168 hours at 80 0C followed by permeability test on infratest testing machine on 5,09 bar pressure for 72 hours to compare penetration water on geopolymer concrete with SF 10% and without SF 10%. The result shows, the geopolymer concrete with SF 10% has penetration of water by 0 cm and without SF 10% has penetration by 2,99 cm."

"[ ABSTRAK Kaca merupakan sumber silika amorphous yang baik serta memiliki komposisi kimia dan reaktivitas yang tepat untuk melakukan reaksi Pozzolan. Sehingga muncul lah ide untuk menggunakan kaca sebagai agregat kasar pada beton. Pada penelitian ini, sampel yang dibuat adalah dua jenis beton, yaitu Portland dan Geopolimer dengan variasi substitusi kaca sebanyak 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah uji tekan dan pengamatan foto makro. Komposisi beton, sejarah perlakuan, dan suhu curing memberi pengaruh signifikan pada nilai kuat tekan yang dihasilkan. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah beton Portland dan beton geopolimer dengan substitusi kaca sebesar 50% memiliki kuat tekan tertinggi, dan pasta geopolimer dapat melekat pada kaca namun pasta semen tidak.

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ABSTRACT

Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not.;Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not.;Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not.;Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not.;Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not., Glass are good source of amorphous silica and it also has good chemistry composition and precise reactivity to make Pozzolan reaction. So there was an idea to use glass as coarse aggregate in concrete. In this research, two types of concrete will be made, which are Portland concrete and geopolymer concrete with variation of waste glass substitution as much as 0%, 25%, 50%, 100%. The conducted tests are pressure test and macro photos observations. Concrete composition, treatment history, and curing temperature gave significant influence on their compressive strength. The conclusions are both portland and geopolymer concrete with 50% waste glass substitution has the highest compressive strength, and geopolymer paste could adhered to glass but cement paste could not.]"