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"Triglyceride hydrolysis using lipase has been proposed as a novel method to produce raw materials in food and cosmetic industries such as diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acid. In order to design a reactor for utilizing this reaction on industrial scale, constructing a kinetic model is important. Since the substrates are oil and water, the hydrolysis takes place at oil-water interface. Furthermore, the triglyceride has three ester bonds, so that the hydrolysis stepwise proceeds. Thus, the reaction mechanism is very complicated. The difference between the interfacial and bulk concentrations of the enzyme, substrates and products, and the interfacial enzymatic reaction mechanism should be considered in the model."

"Model kinetika untuk sintesis biodiesel menggunakan biokatalis telah banyak disusun. Namun model yang telah ada hingga kini belum mampu mendeskripsikan dengan tepat perilaku setiap komponen dalam reaksi interestefikasi trigliserida untuk memproduksi biodiesel. Penelitian dilakukan dengan penyusunan satu model matematis menyeluruh berbasis Ping-Pong Bi Bi dengan kombinasi mekanisme adsorpsi dari sintesis biodiesel menggunakan Candida rugosa lipase sebagai biokatalis. Validitas model diuji dengan melakukan fitting terhadap data eksperimen interesterfikasi metil asetat dengan trigliserida menggunakan Candida rugosa lipase sebagai biokatalis. Parameter kinetika yang didapat, diestimasi secara numerik menggunakan perangkat lunak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika berbasis mekanisme Ping- Pong Bi Bi dengan kombinasi mekanisme adsorpsi mampu mendeskripsikan dengan baik perilaku kinetika reaksi setiap elemen dari reaksi interesterfikasi trigliserida dengan Candida rugosa lipase tersuspensi.

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Kinetic model for biodiesel synthesis using biocatalyst has ever been constructed. Nevertheless, that all models cannot well describe behavior of all component involve interesterfication of triglyceride to produce biodiesel. This research done by construct a mathematical model based on Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism with combination of adsorption mechanism for biodiesel synthesis using Candida rugosa lipase as biocatalyst. Several parameters have been found, are estimated by softwere. Experimental result showed that kinetic model based on Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism with combination of adsorption mechanism well describe behavior of all component involve interesterfication of triglyceride using Candida rugosa lipase."

"Saat ini sedang terjadi konflik perebutan sumberdaya di kawasan hutan Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Konflik berawal dari kebijakan pemerintah pusat mengeluarkan alokasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya mineral berupa Kontrak Karya (KK) Generasi II tahun 1971 kepada PT. Tropic Endeavour Indonesia (TEI). Kemudian di perbaharui Kontrak Karya Generasi VII tahun 1998 kepada PT Gorontalo Mineral. Pada saat itu kawasan hutan masih berstatus Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone (TNBNW). Mengingat fungsi hutan Taman Nasional adalah kawasan yang menjadi penyangga ekosistem hutan seperti flora dan fauna yang endemik serta sebagai penyerap karbon. Seharusnya KK atau ijin eksplorasi tidak dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah pusat.Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh konflik terhadap kondisi bio-fisik lingkungan, kehidupan sosial, dan kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat sekitar, peran oknum atau lembaga yang berperan dalam konflik tersebut, rumusan penyelesaian konflik antara masyarakat lokal dengan PT. Gorontalo Mineral pada kasus pemanfaatan ruang kawasan hutan produksi terbatas, resolusi yang baik sehingga dapat diterima oleh pemerintah, masyarakat dan perusahaan, pemanfaatan ruang dan strategi pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal yang sebaiknya dilakukan di kawasan hutan produksi terbatas untuk mengurangi atau meredam konflik.Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif-kualitatif pendekatan studi kasus melalui pengamatan lapangan, penelaahan dokumen, wawancara, dan diskusi kelompok. Analisis sesuai tujuan untuk memahami sikap, prilaku, pandangan masyarakat secara perorangan maupun kelompok terhadap kondisi lingkungan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sejarah masuknya perusahaan tambang pada tahun 1971, lubang hasil eksplorasi digunakan masyarakat sebagai tambang liar sehingga menyebabkan konflik perebutan kawasan aktivitas sosial meningkat, tingkat kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat meningkat, kondisi biofisik hutan produksi terbatas terjadi kerusakan walaupun belum berpengaruh signifikan terhadap lingkungan sekitar.terbukti dengan tingginya laju erosi dan sedimentasi, pencemaran air di badan sungai. Untuk meminimalisir konflik ditawarkan beberapa solusi untuk mengakomodir semua kepentingan, dengan merubah kawasan hutan dan tampa merubah status kawasan hutan. Pemberdayaan masyarakat menggunakan model dari L. Sukardi tetapi belum memberikan hasil terhadap pengelolaan kawasan hutan yang berkelanjutan sebab masyarakat masih lebih mengedepankan pendapatan ekonomi dibandingkan rehabilitasi kerusakan lingkungan.

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To date, there has been a conflict in the forest resources of Bone Bolango. Conflict begins with central government issuing policies about the allocation of utilization of mineral resources in the form of Contract of Work (CoW) Generation II Year 1971 towards PT. Tropic Endeavour Indonesia (TEI). An updated Generation VII Contract of Work Year 1998 was subsequently issued for PT. Gorontalo Minerals. At the time, the forest was still considered as conservation area, also known as Taman NasionalBoganiNaniWartabone (TNBNW). Given the function of the National Park forest is a buffer area of forest ecosystems, such as the endemic flora and fauna as well as a carbon sink, KK or exploration permits should not be issued by the central government. The existing conflict continued until 2010, causing changes in some parts of the TNBNW.The problem studied in this research aims to explain the history of the entry of the company, the causes and consequences of conflict between the locals with PT. Gorontalo Minerals in case of utilization of limited production forest area, the effect of conflict on the condition of the bio-physical environment, social, and economic needs of the local communities, the role of individual or institution in the conflict, the formulation of conflict resolution between the local communities with PT. Gorontalo Minerals in the case of utilizing the limited production forest area, a good resolution that is acceptable to the government, the community and the company, space utilization and local community empowerment strategies that should be done in a limited production forest areas to reduce or mitigate conflicts.The method employed in this study is descriptive qualitative through case study approach, which includes field observations, document analysis, interviews, and group discussions. Analysis of the purpose to understand the attitudes, behavior, public opinion (individually or in groups) on environmental conditions is also carried out.The findings of this study reveal that the history of the entry of mining companies in 1971 hastriggered a number of issues. These are the escalation of conflict in the social activity areas,the increasing level of economic necessity of the locals, and the destruction of the biophysical condition of the forest (though the impact on the surroundings is still insignificant) as evidenced by the high rate of erosion and sedimentation, water pollution in the river banks. To minimize the conflict,thereare some solutions which can accommodate all interests, by changing the forest area without necessarily changing its status. Community empowerment is motivated by model of L. Sukardi, but it has not provided significant impact to the sustainable forest management because the locals still tends to emphasize economic returns compared to rehabilitation of environmental damage."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas konflik antar serikat pekerja SPSI dan FSPMI yang berada di PT. Bakrie Tosanjaya dan PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries dalam konflik industri. Pendekatan yang dilakukan menggunakan kualitatif dengan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada konflik tersebut terjadi dominasi oleh satu serikat pekerja kepada serikat pekerja lainnya. Dahrendorf menyatakan proses perpecahan serikat pekerja dikarenakan adanya kondisi teknis organisasi, kondisi politis organisasi, dan kondisi sosial organisasi. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut muncul konflik industri yang sering terjadi di BT dan BPI yaitu Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tetap dan Insentif atau upah. Sedangkan konflik yang terjadi antara SP di masing-masing perusahaan lebih sering dengan perebutan anggota, akan tetapi tindakan union busting juga ditemui dengan adanya status anggota yang ganda pada dua SP. Perbandingan antara SP yang bearada di perusahaan menunjukkan bahwa SPSI cenderung lambat karena mengutamakan musyawarah, sedangkan FSPMI lebih militan meskipun aspirasi buruh dapat diperjuangkan dengan menimbulkan korban. Resolusi yang dilakukan selama ini hanya mengikuti berdasarkan undang-undang, dan belum ada model yang tepat apabila terjadi konflik antar SP didalam satu perusahaan. Maka perlu adanya model yang baru secara intern agar konflik yang terjadi baik konflik antar SP dan konflik industri dapat diselesaikan dengan bipartit.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the conflict between trade unions and FSPMI SPSI residing in PT.Bakrie Tosanjaya and PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries in industrial conflict. Conducted using aqualitative approach with case studies. The results showed that the conflict occurreddomination by one union to the other unions. Dahrendorf states split the union because ofthe technical condition of the organization, organizational political conditions, and socialconditions of the organization. Under these conditions arise industrial conflict that oftenoccurs in BT and BPI namely Employment Agreement Fixed Time and Incentives orwages. While the conflict between the SP in each company more often with the seizure ofmembers, but the act of union busting also met with members of the dual status of the twounions. Comparison between SP bearada in the company indicate that the SPSI tend to beslow due to prioritize the deliberations, while the more militant FSPMI despite theaspirations of workers can be fought with casualties. The resolution is only performedduring follow by law, and there is no exact model in case of conflicts between unionswithin one company. Hence the need for a new model internally so that conflicts bothconflicts between unions and industrial conflict can be resolved with a bipartite.;This thesis discusses the conflict between trade unions and FSPMI SPSI residing in PT.Bakrie Tosanjaya and PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries in industrial conflict. Conducted using aqualitative approach with case studies. The results showed that the conflict occurreddomination by one union to the other unions. Dahrendorf states split the union because ofthe technical condition of the organization, organizational political conditions, and socialconditions of the organization. Under these conditions arise industrial conflict that oftenoccurs in BT and BPI namely Employment Agreement Fixed Time and Incentives orwages. While the conflict between the SP in each company more often with the seizure ofmembers, but the act of union busting also met with members of the dual status of the twounions. Comparison between SP bearada in the company indicate that the SPSI tend to beslow due to prioritize the deliberations, while the more militant FSPMI despite theaspirations of workers can be fought with casualties. The resolution is only performedduring follow by law, and there is no exact model in case of conflicts between unionswithin one company. Hence the need for a new model internally so that conflicts bothconflicts between unions and industrial conflict can be resolved with a bipartite.;This thesis discusses the conflict between trade unions and FSPMI SPSI residing in PT.Bakrie Tosanjaya and PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries in industrial conflict. Conducted using aqualitative approach with case studies. The results showed that the conflict occurreddomination by one union to the other unions. Dahrendorf states split the union because ofthe technical condition of the organization, organizational political conditions, and socialconditions of the organization. Under these conditions arise industrial conflict that oftenoccurs in BT and BPI namely Employment Agreement Fixed Time and Incentives orwages. While the conflict between the SP in each company more often with the seizure ofmembers, but the act of union busting also met with members of the dual status of the twounions. Comparison between SP bearada in the company indicate that the SPSI tend to beslow due to prioritize the deliberations, while the more militant FSPMI despite theaspirations of workers can be fought with casualties. The resolution is only performedduring follow by law, and there is no exact model in case of conflicts between unionswithin one company. Hence the need for a new model internally so that conflicts bothconflicts between unions and industrial conflict can be resolved with a bipartite., This thesis discusses the conflict between trade unions and FSPMI SPSI residing in PT.Bakrie Tosanjaya and PT. Bakrie Pipe Industries in industrial conflict. Conducted using aqualitative approach with case studies. The results showed that the conflict occurreddomination by one union to the other unions. Dahrendorf states split the union because ofthe technical condition of the organization, organizational political conditions, and socialconditions of the organization. Under these conditions arise industrial conflict that oftenoccurs in BT and BPI namely Employment Agreement Fixed Time and Incentives orwages. While the conflict between the SP in each company more often with the seizure ofmembers, but the act of union busting also met with members of the dual status of the twounions. Comparison between SP bearada in the company indicate that the SPSI tend to beslow due to prioritize the deliberations, while the more militant FSPMI despite theaspirations of workers can be fought with casualties. The resolution is only performedduring follow by law, and there is no exact model in case of conflicts between unionswithin one company. Hence the need for a new model internally so that conflicts bothconflicts between unions and industrial conflict can be resolved with a bipartite.]"