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"Ca2+ - ATP ase enzyme is transmembrane protein which found in membrane cell. This protein works as a pump in many cases such as thalassemia which causes leakage of the cell as there is oxidation of sulphidril chain from amino acid in membrane. The calcium-ion intake must be pumped out to get red blood cell homeostatic condition. The aim of this paper is to determine the activity of Ca2+ - ATPase enzyme as a pump of Ca ion in membrane cell."

"Magnetisasi air sadah yang bertujuan menurunkan kesadahan air merupakan proses fisik guna mencegah terbentuknya kerak (CaCO3) pada sistem perpipaan. Campuran larutan Na2CO3 dan CaCl2 digunakan sebagai model air sadah sintetik guna mengamati pengaruh medan magnet terhadap pembentukan partikel CaCO3 dalam air sadah. Variabel proses meliputi waktu magnetisasi, kuat medan, dan konsentrasi larutan, sementara parameter yang akan diamati adalah jumlah deposit CaCO3, jumlah presipitasi total CaCO3, dan morfologi deposit CaCO3. Perbandingan parameter pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampel yang dimagnetisasi dan sampel non-magnetisasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan laju pembentukan deposit dan presipitasi total CaCO3 pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi dibanding sampel non-magnetisasi. Peningkatan konsentrasi sampel larutan juga meningkatkan persentase kenaikan deposit yang terbentuk dengan adanya pengaruh medan magnet. Hasil foto mikroskop menunjukkan jumlah partikel CaCO3 yang terbentuk pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi lebih banyak dan ukuran partikelnya lebih kecil dan disertai adanya pembentukan agregat. Hasil uji XRD menunjukkan hanya kristal kalsit yang dominan. Namun demikian, terlihat adanya penurunan intensitas puncak kalsit yang cukup signifikan pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi yang menunjukkan adanya penurunan jumlah kristal kalsit dan peningkatan jumlah amorf pada deposit CaCO3 yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses magnetisasi air sadah mendorong terjadinya penurunan ion Ca2+ dalam larutan akibat adanya peningkatan proses presipitasi total CaCO3.

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Magnetic Field Effects on CaCO3 Precipitation Process in Hard Water. Magnetic treatment is applied as physical water treatment for scale prevention especially CaCO3, from hard water in piping equipment by reducing its hardness. Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution sample was used in to investigate the magnetic fields influence on the formation of particle of CaCO3. By changing the strength of magnetic fields, exposure time and concentration of samples solution, this study presents quantitative results of total scale deposit, total precipitated CaCO3 and morphology of the deposit. This research was run by comparing magnetically and non-magnetically treated samples. The results showed an increase of deposits formation rate and total number of precipitated CaCO3 of magnetically treated samples. The increase of concentration solution sample will also raised the deposit under magnetic field. Microscope images showed a greater number but smaller size of CaCO3 deposits form in magnetically treated samples, and aggregation during the processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that magnetically samples were dominated by calcite. But, there was a significant decrease of calcite?s peak intensities from magnetized samples that indicated the decrease of the amount of calcite and an increase of total amorphous of deposits. This result showed that magnetization of hard water leaded to the decreasing of ion Ca2+ due to the increasing of total CaCO3 precipitation process."

"Disertasi ini membahas perilaku presipitasi CaCO3 dalam air sadah di bawah pengaruh medan magnet beserta aplikasinya dalam pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan kerak. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen bersifat analitik kuantitatif dan disain konsep bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa magnetisasi air sadah mempengaruhi interaksi hidrat ion dan interaksi ion serta presipitasi CaCO3 baik pada sistem fluida statik maupun dinamik. Magnetisasi larutan CaCO3 dengan sistem fluida dinamik meningkatkan presipitasi CaCO3 dengan sifat deposit yang lebih mudah lepas dari dinding. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan sistem pengolahan air sadah dengan proses magnetisasi yang efektif dalam menurunkan kesadahan dan pencegahan kerak pada air sadah.

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CaCO3 precipitation mechanism in hard water under magnetic field and anti-scale magnetic water treatment were comprehensively disccused in this disertation. These are carried out quantitatively by experiment and descriptive conceptual-design research. Results showed that hard water magnetization influences hydrate-ion and inter-ionic interactions as well as CaCO3 precipitation occuring both in static and dynamic fluid systems. Magnetization of CaCO3 solution increases CaCO3 precipitation whose deposit formed is easily removed from wall. The results are expected to become scientific basis for the development of an effective anti-scale magnetic water treatment to reduce the hardness and prevent the scale formation in hard water."

"Disertasi ini membahas perilaku presipitasi CaCO3 dalam air sadah di bawah pengaruh medan magnet beserta aplikasinya dalam pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan kerak. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen bersifat analitik kuantitatif dan disain konsep bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa magnetisasi air sadah mempengaruhi interaksi hidrat ion dan interaksi ion serta presipitasi CaCO3 baik pada sistem fluida statik maupun dinamik. Magnetisasi larutan CaCO3 dengan sistem fluida dinamik meningkatkan presipitasi CaCO3 dengan sifat deposit yang lebih mudah lepas dari dinding. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan sistem pengolahan air sadah dengan proses magnetisasi yang efektif dalam menurunkan kesadahan dan pencegahan kerak pada air sadah.CaCO3 precipitation mechanism in hard water under magnetic field and anti-scale magnetic water treatment were comprehensively disccused in this disertation. These are carried out quantitatively by experiment and descriptive conceptual-design research. Results showed that hard water magnetization influences hydrate-ion and inter-ionic interactions as well as CaCO3 precipitation occuring both in static and dynamic fluid systems. Magnetization of CaCO3 solution increases CaCO3 precipitation whose deposit formed is easily removed from wall. The results are expected to become scientific basis for the development of an effective anti-scale magnetic water treatment to reduce the hardness and prevent the scale formation in hard water."

"Detergent with composition originated from renewable material are being widely developed to replace detergent that contains LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate), which is originated from oil and hard to decompose. This undergaduate thesis proposed a detergent based on natural ingredients TiO2 and Palm PAS (Palm Oil- Based Primary Alkyl Sulfate). Palm PAS are able to remove dirt, TiO2 are able to degrade dirt and leftover surfactant. After finding the stable and optimum composition of TiO2 and Palm PAS in deionized water, sodium carbonate was added because in the previous research the formulated detergent has only been tested in deionized water. It is hypothesized that water hardness will decrease the performance of detergent. Hard water used in this research was CaCl2 because it was found widely in the water used for washing. The initial characterization of the solution was done using PSA while most of the absorbance determination was done using Uv-vis spectrometer."

"Anti scale magnetic treatment is a hard water treatment method using magnetic field to prevent (CaCO3) scale formation. This method has along and controversial history due to its unclear result of its mechanism and effectiveness. The results of researches, hypothesis, or explanations given by researchers were still partial and didn't satistfy yet in answering the magnetic phenomenon. There were three mechanisms which were suggested: ion mechanism. particle mechanism and Lorentz force eject. Hard water contain Ca2+ cations , CO3 anions, and CaCO3, particles. Magnetic field eject on CO3 (ion mechanism) modified hydration of ions which suppressed CaC03 precipitation, whereas magnetization CaCO; particle (particle mechanism) supported particles to attract to each other and increased nucleation rate. Both ion and particle mechanism are clearly showed by using static magnetization system, system where water were static to magnetic field Lorentz force caused ion shift in solution and known as by the magnetohydroidinamic phenomenon that forced nucleation of CaCO3. Lorentz force acts on every ions in hard water when it 's moving through applied magnetic field therefore dynamic magnetization system was needed to investigate this phenomenon. Particle mechanism and Lorentz force effect could increase CaCO, particle formation so that reduced concentration of Ca" ions in bulk solution, in the other hand ion mechanisms with its memory effect on CO3 could suppress CaCO, formation. Magnetization followed by deposition and filtration could increase effectiveness of AMT process."

"ABSTRAKPembentukan deposit kerak CaCO3 oleh air sadah pada sistem perpipaan di industri maupun rumah tangga menimbulkan banyak permasalahan teknis dan ekonomis. Pengolahan air sadah dan pencegahan pembentukan kerak umumnya dilakukan secara kimiawi seperti resin penukar ion dan penambahan inhibitor kerak. Namun, metode ini tidak cukup aman karena dapat mengubah sifat kimia larutan serta investasinya yang besar. Agitasi mekanik merupakan metode alternatif secara fisik untuk mengatasi pembentukan kerak (CaCO3). Campuran larutan NaHCO3 dan CaCl2 digunakan untuk menghitung kandungan ion Ca2+ sebagai indikator terbentunya kerak melalui metode titrasi kompleksometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa agitasi mekanik dapat meningkatkan laju presipitasi CaCO3.

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ABSTRACTCaCO3 deposit formation crust by hard water in piping systems in industrial and household raises many technical and economical problems. Treatment and prevention of hard water scale formation is generally carried out chemically, such as ion exchange resins and the addition of scale inhibitors. However, this method is less secure because it can alter the chemical properties of the solution as well as a great investment. Mechanical agitation is an alternative method to cope physically scaling (CaCO3). Mixture solution between NaHCO3 and CaCl2 are used to calculate the content of Ca2+ ions as an indicator of CaCO3 deposit formation through complexometric titration. The results showed that the mechanical agitation can increase the rate of precipitation of CaCO3."