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"This book aimed to bring the reader up to date on contemporary issues associated with exposure to methylmercury, from its effects on stem cells and neurons to population studies."

"In Quantitative Modeling in Toxicology leading experts outline the current state of knowledge on the modeling of dose, tissue interactions and tissue responses. Each chapter describes the mathematical foundation, parameter estimation, challenges and perspectives for development, along with the presentation of a modeling template. Additionally, tools and approaches for conducting uncertainty, sensitivity and variability analyses in these models are described."

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Rute pulmonal merupakan rute penghantaran zat aktif yang menjanjikan untuk pengobatan lokal dan sistemik, karena memungkinkan untuk mengadministrasikan obat dengan dosis minimum dan konsentrasi tinggi langsung pada situs terapi, non-invasif, dan tidak melalui metabolisme lintas pertama. Pemilihan eksipien yang tepat dapat menghasilkan sediaan inhalasi dengan karakteristik yang sesuai untuk penghantaran zat aktif sesuai dengan tujuan penggunaannya. Bahan alam Indonesia yang berasal dari laut (seperti kitosan, alginat, gelatin ikan) dan bahan nabati (modifikasi pati, gum alam dan xyloglucan) telah dikembangkan sebagai eksipien pada sejumlah sediaan farmasi. Namun bahan alam tersebut belum banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai eksipien sediaan inhalasi. Oleh karena itu, penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik bahan alam Indonesia yang prospektif untuk dikembangkan sebagai eksipien untuk sediaan inhalasi, serta menganalisa tantangan dalam proses pengembangannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan pencarian artikel penelitian di sciencedirect, PubMed dan google scholar dengan kata kunci natural, excipient dan inhalation. Bahan alam Indonesia yang berasal dari laut (seperti kitosan, alginat, gelatin ikan) dan bahan nabati (modifikasi pati, gum alam dan xyloglucan) menunjukkan karakteristik yang prospektif untuk penghantaran zat aktif ke paru-paru. Pengembangan bahan alam untuk sediaan inhalasi perlu dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan sifat fungsional eksipien yang sesuai untuk tujuan pengobatan yang diinginkan dan proses produksi yang efisien, serta kompatibilitas dan keamanan eksipien tersebut terhadap sel dan jaringan paru-paru.

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Pulmonary route is a prospective delivery route for active substances for local and systemic therapy due to its possibility to administer drugs with minimum doses and high concentrations directly at the therapeutic site, non-invasive method, and avoid the first-pass metabolism. Selecting suitable excipients can produce inhalation dosage forms with appropriate characteristic to deliver API according to their intended use. Natural excipients from Indonesia which are derived from the sea (such as chitosan, alginate, fish gelatin) and from plants (modified starch, natural gum and xyloglucan) have been developed as excipients in several pharmaceutical dosage forms. However, this natural material has not been widely used as excipient in inhalation dosage form. Therefore, this article aimed to identify characteristics of natural resources which are prospective to be developed as excipients for inhalation dosage form, as well as analyze the challenges in its development. The literature review has been performed to explore research articles in sciencedirect, PubMed and google scholar with key words of natural, excipient dan inhalation. Natural excipients from Indonesia which are derived from the sea (such as chitosan, alginate, fish gelatin) and from plants (modified starch, natural gum and xyloglucan) exhibit prospective characteristics for delivering API to the lungs. Furthermore, several considerations should be performed in developing these natural materials for inhalation dosages form, including the functional properties of the excipient required for targeted therapy and efficient production processes, as well as the compatibility and safety of the excipient toward cells and lung tissue.

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"Tujuan: menilai prevalensi katarak terinduksi radiasi, serta menghubungkannyadengan dosis paparan radiasi dan penggunaan perlengkapan proteksi radiasi.Metode: Studi potong lintang dan studi kasus-kontrol. Seratus delapan puluh subyekberpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Prevalensi katarak terinduksi radiasi dinilaimenggunakan analisis Scheimpflug pada alat Pentacam®-Oculus. Dosis paparanradiasi kumulatif dan penggunaan perlengkapan proteksi radiasi pada subyekdiidentifikasi melalui kuesioner dan personal dosimeter.Hasil: Prevalensi katarak terinduksi radiasi sebanyak 16.7%. Median dosis radiasikumulatif berdasarkan kuesioner menunjukkan median 0,8 (0.1- 35.6) Gy. Hubungankorelasi positif didapatkan antara dosis radiasi kumulatif dengan densitas lensa (RSpearman= 0.64). Sebanyak 83.9% subyek menggunakan tabir pada 71-100% masakerjanya, tetapi mayoritas subyek penelitian (40.6%), tidak menggunakan kacamatapelindung. Peningkatan risiko katarak terinduksi radiasi meningkat secara bermaknaseiring dengan kepatuhan penggunaan proteksi radiasi yang kurang. Subyek denganproteksi tabir radiasi 31-50% dari masa kerjanya meningkatkan risiko katarak 10.80kali lipat (IK 95% 1.05-111.49, p=0.044). Sementara itu, kelompok proteksi tabirradiasi 51-70% meningkatkan risiko katarak 8.64 kali lipat (p=0.001). Subyek yangtidak memakai kacamata pelindung memiliki OR 164.3 (IK 95% 19.81-1363)dibandingkan dengan kelompok pengguna kacamata pelindung.Kesimpulan: Katarak terinduksi radiasi pada pekerja radiasi bidang kardiologiintervensi tergantung pada dosis paparan radiasi dan penggunaan proteksi radiasi.Oleh karena itu, kepatuhan pekerja radiasi perlu ditingkatkan sesuai ketentuanproteksi radiasi.

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Objectives: to determine the prevalence of radiation-induced cataract and correlatewith radiation exposure dose and radiation protection use among radiation workers ofinterventional cardiology.Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective case-control study. One hundred andeighty subjects were included. Prevalence of radiation-induced cataract was assessedusing Scheimpflug analysis on the Pentacam®-Oculus. Individual cumulativeradiation exposure dose and radiation protection use of subjects were identified fromquestionnaire and personal dosimeter.Results: The prevalence of radiation-induced cataract was 16.7%. Median cumulativeradiation dose was 0.8 (0.1-35.6) Gy. A positive correlation was found betweencumulative radiation dose and lens density (RSpearman=0.64). This study showed that83.9% of subjects used ceiling-suspended shield in 71-100% of their working period,however the majority of subjects (40.6%) did not wear protective eyewear.Statistically significant increasing risk of cataract was found along with unresponsiveuse of radiation protection. The subjects using ceiling-suspended shield in 31-50% oftheir working period were increasing their cataract risk by 10.80 times (95% CI 1.05-111.49, p=0.044). Meanwhile, the subjects using protective eyewear in 51-70% oftheir working period were increasing their cataract risk by 8.64 times (p=0.001).Subjects who did not wear protective eyewear had an OR 164.3 (95% CI 19.81-1363)compared to those who wore protective eyewear.Conclusion: Radiation-induced cataract among radiation workers of interventionalcardiology was depend on radiation exposure dose and radiation protection.Therefore, the compliance of radiation safety recommendation should be improved."

"Endocrine disruption represents one of the most controversial environmental issues of our time. Mounting evidence stemming from more than 10 years of experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies has transformed the once generally discounted subject of endocrine disruptors into an issue of tremendous concern not only within the scientific community but among society as a whole. Following initial evidence from basic research, endocrine disruption in humans has now emerged as a major medical challenge. In this respect, puberty, a crucial developmental stage, has been definitively identified as a key window of vulnerability with regard to endocrine disruptors. Written by leading authorities in the field, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty offers an engaging and comprehensive overview of this fascinating and rapidly growing problem. An indispensable resource for all clinicians and scientists interested in this challenging endocrinologic topic, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty is a timely contribution that will help navigate a path toward understanding the problem and developing solutions. "

"To analyze the relationship between exposure to xylene as organic solvents and neurotoxic symptoms as affect of xylene exposure between paint manufacture workers. Fourty-five male workers completed a symptom questionnaire 18 Germany version. Fourteen workers underwent the positive neurotoxic symptoms from the questionnaire results. In chi-square tests, confounding variables for working period, smoking habits, exercise habits, duration of xylene exposure, usage of respiratory protection, and historical disease were found a not significant relation with the symptoms of neurotoxic with affect of xylene exposure. The relation between level of exposure and age factor, in both correlation and linier regression analysis were poor relation with the symptoms of neurotoxic with affect of xylene exposure.The results suggest that a symptom and some behavioral changes shows the neurotoxic effects to low levels of xylene exposure. However, no consistent pattern was observed in regard to the effects of xylene exposure on neurobehavioral dysfunction, in regards with the confounding factors that studied.

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Untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pajanan xylene sebagai pelarut organik dan gejala neurotoksik yang diakibatkan pajanan xylene pada pekerja pembuatan cat di PT. X tahun 2012. Empat puluh lima pekerja laki-laki menyelesaikan kuesioner Q18 versi Jerman. Empat belas pekerja mengalami gejala neurotoksik positif dari hasil kuesioner. Dalam uji chi-square, variabel confounding untuk masa kerja, kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan olahraga, lama pajanan per minggu, penggunaan perlindungan pernapasan, dan riwayat penyakit ditemukan tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan xylene. Hubungan antara tingkat pajanan xylene dan faktor usia, baik lewat uji korelasi dan analisis regresi linier menunjukkan hubungan yang lemah dengan gejala neurotoksik akibat pajanan xylene.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gejala neurotoksik dan beberapa perubahan perilaku terjadi pada pajanan xylene tingkat rendah. Namun, tidak ada gambaran yang menunjukkan pola yang linier yang diamati sehubungan dengan efek pajanan xylene pada gangguan neurobehavioral, berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor pengganggu yang dipelajari."

"One of the environmental changes which caused by the environmental activities is contaminated river and sea by mercury. In the water mercury is changed into methylmercury and through a food chain accumulated in the fish body. Therefore, there will be a methylmercury exposure to human being through the consumption of the fish.This research aims to obtain information on the amount of methyl mercury which go into the human's body through the consumption of the contaminated fresh sea fish. On the other hand, it is important to know the type of fresh sea fish, the consumption of the fish in average, individual characteristic which influences the consumption and the clinical symptoms that cause the symptoms of the mercury chronicle poisoning.The design of the research is cross sectional with the population of adult men of Muara Angke, Jakarta, age between 17 to 60 years. The involving samples in the research are 160 respondents, taken with multi stage random sampling. The data is drawn by interview and neurological test. The collected data are run by computer, followed by data analyst of univariat, bivariat and multivariat with SPSS for Windows.It is found that the concumption of all types of fresh sea fish in average is 211,77 gram/person/day. The types that mostly consumed are Kembung, Tongkol, and Bandeng Fish. The amount of the exposure of methlmercury from the consumption of 13 types of fresh sea fish which checked by Rachmadhi et all (1997) is 12,12 ug/person/day. Some respondent positively certain about the clinical sign and symptoms of cronicle mercury poisoning which are: 56 clinical symptoms (35%) respondents, 49 ataxia (30,6%) respondents and 66 tremor (41,3%) respondents.In the bivariat analysis it is found that there is a meaningful correlation between the fresh sea fish which has mercury concentration and the intake total amount of methylmercury. The individual characteristic in general does not associate meaningfully with the consumption of the fresh sea fish, or with the methylmercury intake. In the t-test, it is found that there is a meaningful association between clinical symptoms with age and consumption of all types of fress sea fish, and tremor with the length of stay and consumption all types of fresh sea fish. In the multivariat analysis, it is found that the length of stay associates meaningful with clinical symptoms; the length of stay and age associates meaningful with ataxia; and the length of stay and age associates meaningful with tremor.Although, means the methylmercury exposure on adult men of Muara Angke population is based on few assumptions which used under the secured limit regulated by WHO (1979). Nevertheless, it is found that some respondents which mercury intake over limit, the secured limit and some respondents whose clinical symptoms would cause the clinical symptoms of mercury cronicle poisoning. It is advisable to follow those respondents up to able to have a necessary action. Furthermore, in order to detect that there may be an effect of the mercury cronicle poisoning, it is important to have the similar research with analytical design.

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Salah satu perubahan lingkungan yang diakibatkan pembangunan adalah pencemaran sungai dan laut oleh merkuri. Merkuri di air sebagian besar diubah menjadi metil merkuri dan melalui rantai makanan dapat terakumulasi di dalam tubuh ikan. Selanjutnya akan terjadi pemajanan metil merkuri terhadap manusia melalui konsumsi ikan tersebut.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang jumlah metil merkuri yang masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui konsumsi ikan laut segar tercemar metil merkuri. Disamping itu ingin pula diketahui jenis ikan laut segar yang dikonsumsi, rata-rata konsumsi ikan tersebut, karakteristik individu yang mempengaruhi konsumsi ikan but segar serta ada tidaknya gejala/tanda klinis yang dapat merupakan gejala/tanda klinis keracunan kronis merkuri.Rancangan penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan populasi penelitiannya laki-laki dewasa penduduk Muara Angke Jakarta, yang berusia 17-60 tahun. Sampel yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini 160 responden, yang diambil dengan metoda multi stage random sampling. Data diambil dengan wawancara dan uji neurologis. Data-data yang terkumpul diolah dengan bantuan komputer, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat, menggunakan SPSS for Windows.Ditemukan rata-rata konsumsi semua jenis ikan laut segar adalah 211,77 gram/orang.hari. Jenis ikan yang paling sering dikonsumsi adalah Kembung, Tongkol dan Bandeng. Besar pajanan metil merkuri dari konsumsi 13 jenis ikan laut segar yang diperiksa kadar merkurinya oleh Rachmadhi dkk (1997) adalah 12,12 ug/orang/hari. Sejumlah responden positip mengalami gejala/tanda klinis keracunan kromis merkuri, yaitu: gejala klinis 56 (35%) responden, ataxia 49 (30,6%) responden dan tremor 66 (41,3%) responden.Pada analisis bivariat diketemukan adanya korelasi yang bermakna antara ikan laut segar yang diperiksa kadar merkurinya dengan total asupan metil merkusi. Karakteristik individual pada umumnya tidak berasosiasi secara bermakna dengan konsumsi ikan laut segar, maupun dengan asupan metil merkuri. Pada uji-t ditemukan asosiasi yang bermakna antara gejala klinis dengan umur dan konsumsi semua jenis ikan laut segar, serta tremor dengan lama menetap dan konsumsi semua jenis ikan laut segar. Pada analisis multivariat ditemukan lama menetap berasosiasi secara bermakna dengan gejala klinis, lama menetap dan umur berasosiasi secara bermakna dengan ataxia, serta lama menetap dan umur berasosiasi secara bermakna dengan tremor.Walaupun rata-rata pajanan metil merkuri pada laki-laki dewasa penduduk Muara Angke berdasarkan beberapa asumsi yang dipergunakan masih di bawah batas aman yang ditetapkan oleh WHO (1979). Namun ditemukan sejumlah responden yang asupan merkurinya melebihi batas aman tersebut dan sejumlah responden memiliki gejala/tanda klinis yang dapat merupakan gejala/tanda klinis keracunan kronis merkuri. Disarankan untuk menindak lanjuti responden-responden tersbeut agar dapat diambil tindakan yang memadai. Selanjutnya untuk memastikan adanya efek keracunan kronis merkuri perlu dilakukan peneltian sejenis dengan desain analitik."

"Latar Belakang. Lebih dari 750 bahan kimia dan beberapa kelompok senyawa kimia termasuk pelarut organik diduga bersifat neurotoksik. Namun pada umumnya bahan kimia tersebut belum pernah dilakukan tes untuk menilai efek neurotoksik yang ditimbulkan. Pelarut organik seperti MEK digunakan secara luas pada industri alas kaki yang pada umumnya bersifat padat karya, sehingga jumlah pekerja yang terpajan juga sangat besar. Pelarut organik dapat mengakibatkan ensefaloti toksik kronik pada pekerja yang terpajan berlebihan. Oleh karena keluhan subyektif mungkin mengindikasikan suatu ensefalopati maka deteksi dini sangatlah penting. Kuesioner Swedish Q16 adalah kuesioner deteksi dini yang paling sering digunakan untuk skrining pekerja yang terpajan pelarut organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik akibat terpajan pelarut organik metil etil keton, serta pengaruh faktor umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan , masa kerja, status gizi, pemakaian APD, kebiasaan minum alkohol, minum kopi, merokok, kadar pajanan tempat kerja, serta hasil pemantauan biologis terhadap timbutnya gejala dini neurotoksik.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian cross-sectional dengan jumlah subyek penelitian 123 orang pekerja pada sebuah kelompok perusahaan sepatu. Pengukuran pajanan dilakukan dengan personal sampling dan pemantauan biologis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2003 sampai Januari 2004. Hasilnya diolah menggunakan program statistik SPSS 11,5.Hasil dan Kesimpulan. Prevalensi gejala dini neurotoksik pada pekerja yang terpapar pelarut organik metil etil keton sebesar 52%, jika prevalensi didasarkan alas kadar pajanan MEK lingkungan kerja, maka pekerja yang terpajan tinggi prevalensinya sebesar 72,1%, sedangkan yang terpajan rendah 41,3%. Secara statistik yang menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan timbulnya gejala dini neurotoksik adalah kadar MEK lingkungan kerja (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), basil pemantauan biologik pads urine (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) dan faktor umur (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30).

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The Correlation Between Metil Etil Keton Exposure And Early Symptoms Of Neurotoxicity Among Footwear Factory Workers (Based On Swedish Q16 Questionnaire)Back Ground. More than 750 chemicals and several classes of chemical compound including organic solvent are suspected to be neurotoxic, but majority of chemicals are never been tested for neurotoxic properties. Organic solvent such as MEK are widely use in footwear industry. Footwear manufacturing is a labour intensive industry, as a result large group of workers are exposed. Organic solvent can cause a chronic toxic encephalopathy in overexposed workers. Because subjective complaint may indicate an encephalopathy, early recognition is important. Swedish Q16 questionnaire is the most commonly used for screening workers who are exposed to organic solvent . The aim of the study was to examine the effect of exposure to MEK on the prevalence of complaints. Further objective were to analyse the influences of sex, education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, caffeinated beverage, nutriotional status, PPE, length of service, MEK concentration, and Bio-monitoring result.

Method. In a cross sectional study, 123 workers with occupational exposure to MEK were interviewed by means of Swedish Q16 questionnaire. Exposure estimation was made by personal sampling and biological monitoring. Data collecting was conducted from December 2003 to January 2004. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11,5 statistical software.

Result and conclusions. Prevalence of workers with early symptoms of neurotoxicity was 52%. Age (OR 4,07; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,78 - 9,30), Exposure level of MEK (OR 3,68; p 0,001; 95% CI 1,65 - 8,20), and result of biomonitoring (OR 4,17; p 0,000; 95% CI 1,87 - 9,29) showed statistical significant influence on the early symptoms of neurotoxicity."

"This book describes how systems biology, pharmacogenomic and behavioral approaches, as applied to neurodevelopmental toxicology, provide a structure to arrange information in a biological model. Authors review and discuss approaches that can be used as effective tools to dissect mechanisms underlying pharmacological and toxicological phenomena associated with the exposure to drugs or environmental toxicants during development. This book presents cross-cutting research tools and animal models, along with applications to the studies associated with potential anesthetic-induced developmental neurotoxicity; the developmental basis of adolescent or adult onset of disease; risk assessment of methyl mercury and its effects on neurodevelopment; challenges in the field to identify environmental factors of relevance to autism; and the strategy and progress of epilepsy research."

"Upaya pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan akibat timbulan air limbah di kawasan padat penduduk diperlukan suatu sistem pengelolaan air limbah domestik (SPALD). Instalasi pengelolaan air limbah domestik (IPALD) komunal dilakukan untuk menangani limbah domestik pada wilayah yang tidak dilayani oleh sistem terpusat ataupun secara individual."