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"This volume highlights the mechanisms leading to immune privilege in tissues and organs, the deviation of immune responses and the modification of the behavior of the immune cells that manage to cross the blood barriers of tissues, in the context of infection."

"Innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in immunosurveillance and tumor destruction. This book discusses recent progress in innate immunity and Treg cells, and the regulation of innate immunity through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling."

"This book will discuss several cellular pathways involved in controlling immune response in the context of infectious diseases, their biological consequences and potential "hijack" of these pathways for the benefit of pathogen leading towards pathogen persistence as opposed to clearance."

"This special issue on Notch regulation of the immune system summarizes recent advances and covers multiple aspects of Notch signaling within the hematopoietic and the immune system. This issue covers subjects including Notch function in embryonic and adult hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocyte development and function as well as in T cell leukemia."

"A patient is said to be immuno-compromised (1C) if one or more of his or her natural and adaptive defense mechanisms are unable to function normally. Thus, immuno-compromised patients are easily susceptible to infection. Aim of study; to determine the immune response in immuno-compromised patients that makes them easily susceptible to infection. Method: the study was designed as a cross-sectional analytic observational study using multi-variant statistical tests. The samples were classified into the 1C and Non-iC groups, consisting of 14 people, 10 men, and 4 women, who were examined far the following immunologi-cal variables: IL-10, IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-I& IgG, C3, and C4. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune response of subjects from the 1C and NIC groups (p<0.05), with a significantly higher TNF-Ct, IL-10 and IgG levels, and a lower C3 level in the 1C group. Conclusion: during 1C conditions, there is a disorder in the natural as well as adaptive C3 natural immune system, making patients more susceptible to infection."

"Inflamasi derajat rendah diduga terlibat dalam patogenesis penyakit kronis yangterjadi secara global. Salah satu penanda inflamasi yang kerap digunakan adalahhigh sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Asupan serat pangan yang lebih rendahdiduga berperan terhadap kadar hsCRP serum, akan tetapi hasil penelitiansebelumnya masih bervariasi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antaraasupan serat pangan dengan kadar hsCRP serum pada pekerja sedentari usia 19-49tahun di Jakarta Timur, Indonesia. Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang pada58 pekerja sedentari yang dilaksanakan pada Bulan Agustus hingga Oktober 2020.Data dasar dikumpulkan memakai kuesioner. Asupan makanan dicatat dengan 3-day food record dan dilakukan pengukuran antropometri untuk mengetahui indeksmassa tubuh (IMT) dan ukuran lingkar pinggang. Pemeriksaan hsCRP serummemakai metode imunoturbidimetri. Analisis untuk menilai korelasi antara asupanserat pangan dan kadar hsCRP serum dilakukan menggunakan uji Spearman jikanilai p<0,05 dianggap bermakna. Mayoritas subjek adalah perempuan, tidakmerokok, dengan aktivitas fisik kurang dan memiliki status gizi normal serta tidakobesitas abdominal. Berdasarkan data asupan makanan didapatkan asupan energi,karbohidrat total, dan serat pangan total berada dibawah rekomendasi AKG. Hanyaasupan lemak total yang sesuai dengan rekomendasi AKG. Asupan serat pangantotal didapatkan sebesar 7,45 g/hari. Nilai hsCRP serum masih dalam batasannormal, yaitu sebesar 0,4 mg/L. Pada analisis bivariat tidak didapatkan korelasiantara asupan serat pangan dengan kadar hsCRP serum (r=0,003, p=0,981). Hasilpenelitian ini tidak mendapatkan adanya korelasi antara asupan serat pangandengan kadar hsCRP serum, namun diketahui asupan serat pangan masih sangatrendah sehingga perlu dilakukan promosi kesehatan untuk meningkatkan asupanserat pangan pada pekerja sedentari.

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Low grade inflammation has previously been linked to the global development of

chronic disease. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is commonly used to

detect inflammation. Low dietary fiber intake was hypothesized to have an effect

on serum hsCRP concentration. To this day, studies on the relationship between

dietary fiber and serum hsCRP have shown inconclusive result. In this study, we

aimed to find a correlation between dietary fiber intake and serum hsCRP on

sedentary worker age 19-49 years old at East Jakarta, Indonesia. This was a cross

sectional study on 58 sedentary workers. This study was conducted in August-

October 2020. Subject’s characteristics was obtained using a questionnaire. Dietary

assessment was conducted using 3-day food record. Anthropometic measurements

included body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Serum hsCRP

concentrations were measured using immune turbidimetry. Spearman test was used

to determine correlation between dietary fiber intake and serum hsCRP, with

p<0,05 being significant. Subjects were mostly female, non-smoker, with

inadequate physical activity. A majority of subjects had normal BMI and waist

circumference. Dietary assessment showed subject has inadequate intake of energy,

carbohydrate, and dietary fiber. Only fat intake was adequate in the present study.

Total dietary fiber intake was 7,45 g/day. Median value of serum hsCRP was 0,4

mg/L. There was no correlation between dietary fiber intake and serum hsCRP

(r=0,003, p=0,981). However, this study found that dietary fiber intake was very

low. Thus, education on increasing dietary fiber intake is necessary for sedentary

workers."

"Latar belakang: masyrakat Indonesia sangat terpajan oleh radiasi UV. Efek toksik radiasi UV yang terdapat di sinar matahari merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius yang dapat berupa inflamasi (eritema), tanning, dan imunosupresi lokal ataupun sistemik. Kunyit merupakan salah satu tanaman rempah yang terkenal di Indonesia. Kurkumin merupakan suatu zat yang terdapat pada kunyit. Penelitian secara in vitro dan in vivo menunjukkan bahwa kurkumin mempunyai efek antiinflamasi yang kuat. Sediaan kurkumin yang saat ini dipasarkan di Indonesia hanya dalam bentuk sediaan oral.Tujuan: Untuk membuktikan bahwa kurkumin dalam vehikulum salep dan krim mampu memberikan efek antiinflamasi pada kulit mencit yang telah diberi sinar UV. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental untuk mengetahui manfaat pemberian kurkumin secara topikal terhadap kulit mencit yang telah disinari UV. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengelompokkan perlakuan pada mencit menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu mencit yang diberi salep kurkumin 1%, kri kurkumin 1%, dan yang tidak diberi perlakuan. Hasil pengamatan dinilai secara histopatologi berdasarkan lima parameter, yaitu adanya blister, jumlah neutrofil, jumlah limfosit, jumlah fibroblast, dan morfologi kapiler.Hasil: Dengan menggunakan uji nonparametrik Kruskal-Wallis, diperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,047 (p=0,047) dilanjutkan dengan uji analisis Post Hoc dan didapatkan: kontrol dibandingkan dengan salep kurkumin 1% diperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,046 (p=0,046); kontrol dibandingkan dengan krim kurkumin 1% diperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,046 (p=0,046); krimkurkumin % dibandingkan dengan salep kurkumin 1% diperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,2 (p=0,2)Kesimpulan: terdapat perbedaan efek antiinflamasi antara salep kurkumin 1%, krim kurkumin 1%, dan yang tidak diberi perlakuan pada kulit mencit yang telah disinari sinar UV selama 5 jam; perbedaan vehikulum tidak mempengaruhi efekantiinflamasi yang diberikan oleh kurkumin.

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Introduction: Indonesians are very exposed to UV irradiation. Toxic effect from the sun is a major health problem which include inflamation (erythema), tanning, and local or systemic immunosuppression. Curcuma is one of spices that is famous in Indonesia. Curcumin is the most important constituent in this plant. In vitro and in vivo researches had approved that curcumin has an antiinflammatory properties. Nowadays, curcumin that sold in Indonesia was an oral medicine.

Aim: To prove that curcumin in vehicle such as ointment and vanishing cream has an antiinflammatory propesties in mice?s skin that was radiated with UV lamp. Methods: This research was an experiment in order to know the benefits of applying topical curcumin on mice?s skin that was radiated from UV lamp. In this research, the researcher devide the mice into three subgroups, which are mice given curcumin ointment 1%, vanishing 1%, and without intervention. All results were assessed by histopathology examination based on five parameters which are blisters, neutrofils, lymphocytes, morfology of dermis capiler, and fibroblast.

Results: By using Kruskal-Wallis non parametric test, the probability value was 0,047. Continued with Mann_whitney test, the obtained probability values were: control compare with curcumin ointment 1% 0,046 (p=0,046), control compare curcumin vanishing cream 1% 0,046 (p=0,046), curcumin vanishing cream 1% and curcumin ointment 1% 0,2 (p=0,2)

Conclusion: Curcumin ointment 1% and curcumin vanishing cream 1% exerted an antiinflammatory properties on mice?s skin that was radiated for five hours. Vehicles were not influenced the antiinflammatory properties of curcumin."