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"Structural realism has rapidly gained in popularity in recent years, but it has splintered into many distinct denominations, often underpinned by diverse motivations. There is, no monolithic position known as ?structural realism,? but there is a general convergence on the idea that a central role is to be played by relational aspects over object-based aspects of ontology. What becomes of causality in a world without fundamental objects? In this book, the foremost authorities on structural realism attempt to answer this and related questions, ?what is structure?? and ?what is an object?? Also featured are the most recent advances in structural realism, including the intersection of mathematical structuralism and structural realism, and the latest treatments of laws and modality in the context of structural realism. "

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ABSTRACTOriginally published in 1938, this book presents a detailed examination of synthetic embryology. Intended neither as an introductory guide nor a systematic treatise, the text presents the most significant material regarding the ontogenetic problem as matters stood at the time of publication. Illustrative figures and a bibliographical index are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the development of embryology and the history of science. "

"Written by one of the preeminent researchers in the field, this book provides a comprehensive exposition of modern analysis of causation. It shows how causality has grown from a nebulous concept into a mathematical theory with significant applications in the fields of statistics, artificial intelligence, economics, philosophy, cognitive science, and the health and social sciences. Judea Pearl presents and unifies the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual, and structural approaches to causation and devises simple mathematical tools for studying the relationships between causal connections and statistical associations. Cited in more than 2,100 scientific publications, it continues to liberate scientists from the traditional molds of statistical thinking. In this revised edition, Judea Pearl elucidates thorny issues, answers readers' questions, and offers a panoramic view of recent advances in this field of research. Causality will be of interest to students and professionals in a wide variety of fields. Dr Judea Pearl has received the 2011 Rumelhart Prize for his leading research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and systems from The Cognitive Science Society."

"Friedrich Waismann (1896 1959) was one of the most gifted students and collaborators of Moritz Schlick. Accepted as a discussion partner by Wittgenstein from 1927 on, he functioned as spokesman for the latter 's ideas in the Schlick Circle, until Wittgenstein 's contact with this most faithful interpreter was broken off in 1935 and not renewed when exile took Waismann to Cambridge. Nonetheless, at Oxford, where he went in 1939, and eventually became Reader in Philosophy of Mathematics (changing later to Philosophy of Science), Waismann made important and independent contributions to analytic p.ContentsTable of Contents; Editorial; Waismann: the Wandering Scholar; Tributes to and Impressions of Friedrich Waismann; Waismann's Big Book; The Exile and His Family; A Waismann Memoir; Oxford Memories of Friedrich Waismann; Waismann's Lectures on Causality: An Introduction; Bibliography; The Decline and Fall of Causality; Causality; (1) Hume's Analysis of Causal Connection.; (2) The Problem of Induction.; (3) What is the Principle of Induction?; (4) J. S. Mill's Account; (5) The Scientific Scheme of Causality; (6) Comments on a New Conception.; (7) The Principle of Causality.(8) Difficulties of Determinism(9) Causality as Understood Connection; (10) Insight; (11) Motive; (12) Criticism of Russell's View; The Logical Force of Expressions; 1. Ramsey; 2. Two Sorts of Inference; 3. V-Inferences; 4. Body of Meanings; 5. 'All men are mortal'; A Philosopher Looks at Kafka; Waismann Versus Ewing on Causality; 1. Introduction; 2. Intrinsic Connectedness; 3. Explanation; 4. Production; 5. Necessity; 6. Causal powers; 7. Conclusion; References; Waismann as Spokesman for Wittgenstein; Waismann's Testimony of Wittgenstein's Fresh Starts in 1931-35.Otto Neurath's 'Encyclopedia of the World War': A ContextualisationOtto Neurath and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF); Struggles For Social Transformation-links Between Yella Hertzka And Otto Neurath; Otto Neurath On War And Peace; Otto Neurath-Utopias, Encyclopedias, Museum Work; Encyclopedia of the World War; Enzyklopädie des Weltkrieges.; One Hundred Years of Philosophy of Science: The View from Munich; Bibliography; John T. Blackmore: Two Recent Trilogies on Ernst Mach; References; Logical Syntax and the Application of Mathematics; Reviews; Obituary.Activities of the Institute Vienna CircleActivities 2010; Activities 2011; Index of Names."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan kausalitas antara konsumsi energi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah Granger Causality dengan model regresi Vector Autoregressive (VAR). Penelitian menggunakan data deret waktu dengan rentang antara 1976-2018. Data yang digunakan meliputi data PDB riil sebagai proxy dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, konsumsi energi, konsumsi energi kelistrikan, dan konsumsi energi non kelistrikan yang semuanya merupakan data agregat. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kausalitas yang terbentuk antara konsumsi energi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi bersifat independen dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti tingkat pendapatan negara, kebijakan terkait energi dan dependensi negara terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan energinya.

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This study explains the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Indonesia. Granger Causality with Vector Autoregressive regression model is used on time series data from 1976 to 2018. Several aggregated data are used: real GDP as a proxy for economic growth, energy consumption, electricity consumption, and non-electricity consumption. This study shows the causality between energy consumption and economic growth is independent in short term and long term. This is caused by several factors such as: national income levels, energy policy and national dependency to its energy fulfillment."

"Causality berperan penting dalam menjelaskan hubungan causal pada kehidupan seharihari. Causality terbagi menjadi dua gagasan, yakni general causality untuk hubungan sebab-akibat dan actual causality untuk accountability suatu kejadian. Terdapat beberapa upaya untuk memodelkan actual causality secara formal, salah satunya adalah pemodelan menggunakan causal calculus yang diperkenalkan oleh Bochman, walaupun tidak dijelaskan bagiamana pemodelan ini diimplementasikan secara konkret. Dalam tugas akhir ini, dirancang sebuah pemodelan actual causality dalam pemrograman logika menggunakan suatu pengembangan dari abduction, yaitu contextual abduction. Abduction adalah sebuah penalaran yang mana seseorang mengambil penjelasan terbaik dari semua kemungkinan penjelasan sehingga masuk akal dalam menjelaskan suatu observasi. Contextual abduction adalah pengembangan dari abduction yang mana dapat menerima konteks masukan untuk mencari penjelasan yang sesuai dengan konteks. Pemodelan actual causality dengan contextual abduction ini diimplementasikan menggunakan TABDUAL oleh Saptawijaya dan Pereira menjadi suatu prototipe, yang dapat melakukan pencarian actual cause. Prototipe ini diuji terhadap berbagai contoh yang menggambarkan kasus permasalahan actual causality yang mengkonfirmasi hasil pemodelan dengan causal calculus oleh Bochman.

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Causality has a big role in explaining causal relationships in a daily life. Causality is split into two notions, general causality, which describes relationships between cause and effect, and actual causality, which describes accountability of a certain event. There are a few attempts to formally represent actual causality, one of which uses causal calculus, introduced by Bochman, although it is not explained how to concretely implement this representation. In this final project, a formal representation of actual causality is formulated in logic programming using an extension of abduction, viz., contextual abduction. Abduction is a type of reasoning in which one picks the best explanation from all possible explanations such that it explains a given observation. Contextual abduction is an extension of abduction that takes into account an input context and find an explanation that is suitable to the context. This representation of actual causality with contextual abduction is implemented with TABDUAL of Saptawijaya and Pereira into a prototype that is able to search for actual causes. This prototype is tested against various examples that illustrate actual causality problems, confirming Bochman’s formal representation through causal calculus."