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"This highly detailed study maps four decades of evolution of the concept of what constitutes effective school leadership. It analyses the theoretical background to these developments and advocates the utility of thinking of a ?lean? form of school leadership that is comparable to the concept of ?meta-control?. A wide-ranging survey of the empirical research literature on leadership effects includes the presentation of results from earlier meta-analyses as well as a new meta-analysis on some 25 studies carried out between 2005 and 2010. "

"The subject of the book is advanced statistical analyses for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis), and selected practical issues relating to research synthesis. Specifically the book describes multivariate analyses for several indices commonly used in meta-analysis (e.g., correlations, effect sizes, proportions and/or odds ratios), will outline how to do power analysis for meta-analysis (again for each of the different kinds of study outcome indices), and examines issues around research quality and research design and their roles in synthesis. For each of the statistical topics we will examine the different possible statistical models (i.e., fixed, random, and mixed models) that could be adopted by a researcher. "

"Modern meta-analyses do more than combine the effect sizes of a series of similar studies. Meta-analyses are currently increasingly applied for any analysis beyond the primary analysis of studies, and for the analysis of big data. This 26-chapter book was written for nonmathematical professionals of medical and health care, in the first place, but, in addition, for anyone involved in any field involving scientific research. The authors have published over twenty innovative meta-analyses from the turn of the century till now. This edition will review the current state of the art, and will use for that purpose the methodological aspects of the authors' own publications, in addition to other relevant methodological issues from the literature.Are there alternative works in the field? Yes, there are, particularly in the field of psychology. Psychologists have invented meta-analyses in 1970, and have continuously updated methodologies. Although very interesting, their work, just like the whole discipline of psychology, is rather explorative in nature, and so is their focus to meta-analysis. Then, there is the field of epidemiologists. Many of them are from the school of angry young men, who publish shocking news all the time, and JAMA and other publishers are happy to publish it. The reality is, of course, that things are usually not as bad as they seem. Finally, some textbooks, written by professional statisticians, tend to use software programs with miserable menu programs and requiring lots of syntax to be learnt. This is prohibitive to clinical and other health professionals."

"Latar Belakang: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) dan Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) adalah dua masalah urologi yang sering ditemukan bersatu pada pria yang lebih tua. Meskipun teori telah menyarankan bahwa BPH mungkin merupakan faktor risiko untuk CKD, luas asosiasi tetap tidak diketahui. Ulasan ini ingin membangun analisis sistematis, menyelidiki hubungan antara BPH dan CKD dari studi observasi yang diterbitkan.Metode: Pencarian literatur pada studi observasional dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi operator Boolean dalam tiga database medis: MEDLINE, EMBASE, dan SCOPUS; menggunakan kriteria inklusi dan kriteria eksklusi yang ditentukan sebelumnya. Literatur yang dipilih dinilai untuk kualitasnya menggunakan indeks kualitas Downs dan Black yang dimodifikasi. Data yang diekstrak dikumpulkan untuk analisis menggunakan model efek acak DerSimmonian dan Laird, karena desain studi yang berbeda. Heterogenitas diukur menggunakan statistik I2, analisis subgroup dilakukan untuk pengukuran hasil yang berbeda dan cut-off.Hasil: Lima studi observasi dipilih, terdiri dari dua kohort dan tiga studi cross-sectional, dan melibatkan total 38460 peserta. Hasil penilaian kualitas pada studi tersebut mencapai skor rata-rata 80,6%. Analisis gabungan menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara dua pengukuran BPH (Qmax <15 mL/s dan IPSS >7) dan CKD, dengan OR 2.05 (95%CI 1.30-3.23, I2=31%) dan OR 2.12 ( 95%CI 1.12-4.02, I2 = 72%) masing-masing. Pengukuran prostat, yaitu volume prostat dan tingkat PSA, tidak terkait secara signifikan dengan CKD. (Nilai P dari 0,89 dan 0,60 masing-masing).Kesimpulan: BPH bertindak sebagai faktor risiko dan faktor memperburuk perkembangan CKD. Screening dan pengobatan segera untuk koeksistensi BPH dan CKD harus diterapkan dalam praktek klinis sehari-hari dan harus dimasukkan ke dalam pedoman masa depan.

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Background: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are two urological problems commonly found coexisting in older men. Though theories have suggested that BPH might be a risk factor for CKD, the extend of the association remains unknown. This review would like to construct a systematic analysis, investigating the association between BPH and CKD from published observational studies.

Methods: Literature search on observational studies was done using combinations of Boolean operators in three medical databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS; using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Selected literatures were assessed for their quality using modified Downs and Black quality index. Extracted data was pooled for analysis using DerSimmonian and Laird random-effect model, due to varying study designs. Heterogeneity were quantified using I2 statistic, subgroup-analysis were conducted for different outcome measures and cut-offs.

Result: Five observational studies were selected, consisting of two cohorts and three cross-sectional studies, and involving a total number of 38460 participants. Results of quality assessment on the studies was in average score of 80.6 %. Pooled analysis showed significant association between two BPH measures (Qmax <15 mL/s and IPSS >7) and CKD, with OR 2.05 (95%CI 1.30-3.23, I2=31%) and OR 2.12 (95%CI 1.12-4.02, I2=72%) respectively. Prostatic measures, namely prostate volume and PSA level, were not significantly associated with CKD (P value of 0.89 and 0.60 respectively).

Conclusion: BPH act as both risk factor and aggravating factor for progression of CKD. Screening and prompt treatment for coexistence of BPH and CKD should be applied in daily clinical practice and should be included in future guidelines."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis secara empiris pengaruh batting average (mBAT) terhadap nilai perusahaan atau firm value pada perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada tahun 2009. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian yang menguji secara empiris pengaruh dari batting average terhadap nilai perusahaan. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah Batting Average yang diperoleh dari perhitungan hit dari pertumbuhan profitabilitas dan growth yang positif dalam tahun yang sama secara bersamaan berdasarkan konsep the three tension yang diperkenalkan oleh Dodd dan Favaro (2007). Variabel terikat adalah firm value yang diukur melalui Price to Book Value. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan Return on Equity, Devidend Payout Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio, Leverage, Growth, dan Size sebagai variabel kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan ordinary least square karena pengujiannya yang hanya satu tahun, akan tetapi basis perhitungan batting average nya menggunakan siklus per lima tahun.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa batting average berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap firm value. Semakin tinggi batting average maka semakin tinggi nilai perusahaan. Lebih lanjut, return on equity, dividend payout ratio dan size sebagai variabel kontrol berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Variabel kontrol lain yaitu leverage dalam penelitian ini berpengaruh positif terhadap nilai perusahaan namun tidak signifikan. Variabel kontrol lainnya yaitu debt to equity ratio dan growth dalam penelitian ini memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap nilai perusahaan namun tidak signifikan.

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This research is conducted to empirically examine the effect of batting average (mBAT) on the value of firms listed in IDX for the year of 2009. This research is conducted because currently there are no researches available that examine the effect of batting average empirically. The independent variable in this research, which is batting average, is measured by the percentage of hit between positive profitability and growth achieved in the same year divided by the number of year observed, based on the three tension concept introduced by Dodd and Favaro (2007). Firm value, as the dependent variable, is measured by price to book value ratio.

The research also uses return on equity, dividend payout ratio, debt to equity ratio leverage, growth, and size as controlling variables. This research uses ordinary least square regression model as an analytical tool, while batting average calculation is based on 5 years cycle.

The research result shows that batting average has a significant and positive effect on firm value. The higher the batting average, the higher the value of the firm. Furthermore, return on equity, dividend payout ratio and size has a significant and positive effect on firm value. Leverage has positive effects on firm value but not significant. Other control variables in this research have negative effects on firm value but neither has significant effect on firm value."