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"Studi diagnostik tes garam cepat dan titrasi garam terhadap kadar yodium dalam urin sebagai upaya monitonng program penanggulangan GAKY di Indonesia merupakan ana/isis lanjut Riskesdas 2007 sebagai baseline data kesehatan d1 Indonesia. Sampel dipilih secara purposive yakni rumah tangga dari 30 kabupatenlkota yang tercakup dalam suNey sebelumnya (SGY 2003). Hasil ana/isis menunjukkan ada hubungan antara titrasi garam dengan urin intake excretion (UIE) dengan kuat hubungan 7.3% dan hubungan tersebut dapat dije/askan sebesar 0,5%. Uji Chi-square menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan kadar UIE menu rut tes garam cepat (p=O, 000), dengan peningkatan faktor resiko temadap kandungan yodium dalam urin (OR= 1, 762). Demikian juga untuk kadar UIE menurut titrasi garam yang juga menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,001 ; OR=1, 740). Tes Anova menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan kadar UtE menu rut titrasi garam (p=0,019). Mean UtE dengan titrasi cukup yodium = 274,73 meg dan kurang yodium=248,38 meg; sebaliknya tes garam cepat menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan. Penggunaan tes garam cepat maupun titrasi garam memberikan hasil signifikan temadap UtE. Tes garam cepat memiliki nilai yang /ebih sensitif daripada titrasi garam, tetapi titrasi garam memiliki angka yang lebih spesifik. Namun demikian, penggunaan tes garam cepat secara ekonomis jauh lebih murah dan mudah dibandingkan titrasi garam. Sebagai rekomendasi, tes garam cepat bemubungan dengan U/E sehingga dapat digunakan untuk prediksi kadar UIE yang lebih murah dan mudah dilakukan. Penggunaan tes garam cepat untuk penilaian kadungan yodium garam di masyarakat cukup signifikan, sensitif serta efisien dibandingkan dengan uji titrasi, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai metode yang cukup ap/ikabel dimasa yang akan datang."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight villages of Paninggahan Puskesmas catchment area in Solok district, West Sumatra province during March 1996. Its main objective was to investigate the relationship between iodine supplementation and IDD status among school age children in endemic goiter area.

A total of 238 children aged between 8 - 10 years from 8 public elementary schools were recruited into the study. Methods of assessment were palpation of thyroid gland, measurement of UIE level, determination of iodine level in salt and drinking water, weight and height, and interviews to determine the actual iodized oil capsule coverage. In addition, samples of environmental water was collected to assess its iodine content.

The survey area was categorized as mild 1DD area based on goiter rate, i.e. 19% (all were in grade 1). Median UIE level indicated that the subjects had been in iodine-replete condition (13.1 pg/dl). Iodine in salt was 14.4 t 9 ppm and iodine in drinking water was 11.7 t 8.2 pg/L. Mean of iodine level in the environmental water (river, well, and lake) was relatively high (12.2 t 4.7 pgfL). Iodized oil capsule coverage was 61%, and 55% of those children received their latest capsule less than one year at the time of the study. The surveyed children had low nutritional status based on anthropometric measurement, which was shown by the -high prevalence of stunting (36%), underweight (31%), and wasting (5%). There was no association between anthropometric indices and goiter.

The three types of iodine supplementation, i.e.: iodized oil capsule, iodized salt, and iodinated water were not associated with goiter rate, while iodine level in salt - although below the recommended level - was significantly associated-with -UiE level, suggesting that efforts to -attain the universal-salt iodization should be encouraged. The relatively high iodine level in environmental water implied sufficient iodine sources in the area, therefore factors other than iodine deficiency might play an important role in the 1DD status of the surveyed population."

"ABSTRACTA study on Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and intellectual performance of the school-children has been done in Malang District, East Java, in December 1994. This study covered 11 villages within 5 sub districts, three of which have volcanic soil and two have limestone soil. Totally 544 school-children aged 8- 10 years old, from 22 public primary schools were measured. Villages selection was done with the aim to describe the overall extent and severity of IDD among school-children by using different methods of assessment. Methods of assessment were palpation, ultrasonography, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) points. The Total Goiter Rate (TGR) for the whole survey area as indicated both by palpation and ultrasound measurement were revealed 35.7 % and 54.8 % respectively. According to WHO criteria, the survey area categorized as "Severe" (TGR >=30%) as indicated by either palpation or ultrasound measurement. In contrast, the survey area categorized as "Mild" based on both UIE and TSH level (Median UIE = 5.50 ag/dl, TSH >5 mU/l = 3.4 %) Goiter, either determined by palpation or USG, was significantly associated with IQ points of the subjects ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). The association between median of UIE and IQ points of the subjects were also significant (p < 0.001). TSH level was not necessarily associated with either IQ points of the subjects or another IDD indicators. It is concluded that two of the IDD indicators (goiter and UIE) were significantly associated with the level of intelligence of the school-children, which reflected the quality of life of the people. Therefore, the intervention is urgently needed. "

"ABSTRAKGAKY merupakan salah sam masalah kexeharan masyarakat di Indonesm. Gammbwyodium ada/ah Salah sam cara untuk mcnanggulangf gangguan alcibat kekuranganyodium yang dapa! mengakibatkan berbagai masalah gangguan akiba! kekuranganyodium (GAKY). Penggunaan garam beryadium adalah cara penanggulangan _vangpraklis dan ;murah. Rumah langga yang menggunakan garam beryodium di K ecamalanBojongmangu sebesar 51 %. Scdangkan target USI adalah 90 % rumah ranggamenggunakan garam beryodium. Dengan melihal adanyua kesenjangan zensebul, jzkror-_/Zzkror apa yang berhubungan dengan kandungan yodium daiam garam.Tn/uan penelitian ini adalah unruk mengetahuifaktorfaktor yang berhubzmgan dengankandungan yodium dalam garam yang digunakan oleh rumah Iangga di KecamaranBojongfnangu tahun 3007. _ __Penelilian ini mengguna/ran design cross sccrfonal. Jumlah sampe1 216 di 3 desa. Wapdesa 3 RM tiap RW 2 RT dan Hap RT 12 rcsponden. Sebagai rcsponden adalah iburumah rangga. Cara pengambilan .vampel menggunakan random. Variabel dependenadalah kandungan yodium dalam garam yang dlgunakan oleh rumah langga. Variabelindependen yang dfteiitih adalah pendidlkan. pekerjaan, pendaparan, pengelahuan ibntenrang garam bcryodium, rempat membeli, persepsi harga, lama simpan, jenis garam,wadah penyimpan, cam menyimpan dan Ierak menyimpan garam. .Pengumpulan datamengzmakan Iodine Tast, timbangan, dan kuesioner.Hasil penelirian ada/ah 16.2 % rumah tangga yang menggunakan garam beryodiumde/:gan kandungan yodium cukup berdasarkan pengetesan menggunakan Iodina Test,38,9 % kurang mengandung yodium dan 44,9 % tidak mengandung yodium. Terbanyakadalah bemuk garam bafa (85.2 %). Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan chi squarednneroleh p value < 0,05 pada variabel promosi tentang penggunaan garam be1;vodium_pengerahuan ibu tanrang garam beryodium, tempat membeli garam, jenis / bentukgaram, cara menyimpan, dan letak menyimpan garam. Kesimpulannya bahwa bentuk garam yang paling banyak digunakan di masyarakatadalah benluk garam bam. Kemungkinan Ierjadi bahwa garam bata bcvgyalc yang tidakberyodium. Masih jauh untuk mencapai target USI 90 % rumah rangga menggunakangaram beryodium. Banyalc program kegiaran yang harus dilaksanakan untuknzeningkatlcan penggunaan garam beryodium di Kecamatan Bojongmangu.

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ABSTRACTIodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of public health problems in Indonesia. IodineDeficiency Disorder can cause many health problems. One of endeavors to address thisThis effort is considered practical and in expensive. Thereare 51 % households that use iodizes salt in Bojongmangu sub district, meanwhile, it istargeted Universal Salt Iodization (USI) that 90 % of the household use iodizes salt.Based on this data therefore, it is essential to know factors that related with the saltiodine level at the household.The aims of the study are to find out the factors that relate with salt iodine level that hasbeen consumed at the liouseholds.This study used cross-sectional design. There are 2 l6 respondents in 3 villages. In eachvillage, 3 RW have been choosen. In each RW, 2 RT have been choosen and then ineach RT, 12 respondents have become the samples ofthe study. The housewives are thesamples of the study and they have been chosen randomly. The dependent variable is theiodine level at the households. The independent variables consist of education,occupation, income, knowledge about the iodize salt, place of purchase,cost perception,duration of storage, the variety of the salt, container for storage, storage technique andthe location of storage. The data collection has been done using Iodine Test, weightscale and questioner. `The results of the study reveal that 16,2 % household use iodize salt with the sufficientlevel based on iodine test, 38,9 % of them use insufficiently and 44,9 % do not useiodize salt. Most of the households (85,2 %) use brick salt. T he data analysis use chi-square, there are some variables that have p Value < 0,05, they are iodize salt promotion,knowledge of the housewives, place of purchase, the kind of salt, thc storage techniqueand place oh storage.In conclusion, the type of salt that most of the households use brick salt. Most of salt donot have iodine especially the brick salt. This facts show that in population level, thereare many households that do not use iodine salt. The target ot`USI (90%) has not beenreached, thus, the effort to promote the use of iodize salt should be encouraged inBojongmangu sub district.

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"Salt, is a potential vehicle and has extensively been used for delivery of iodine to the population, as an iodized salt. Many methods for assessing intake of salt have been applied in several studies in Indonesia, but all those methods were suspected to be relatively inaccurate. More precise method needed to define the amount of discretionary salt intake, which is salt added during cooking and at the table.Lithjum.marker technique is a relatively new method, has been established as a suitable, safe and biological reference for tracking the actual intake of individual salt. This method has been treated as a ?gold standard? method for assessing the discretionary salt intake. This result report deals with three methods: lithium-labeled salt technique, 24-hour salt recall and salt weighing, for assessing discretionary salt intake among children and mothers in an iodine deficient area of East Java-Indonesia.The research report has been organized under three major parts. The first part, the introduction, consists ofbackground, problem statement and rationale ofthe study, literature review, conceptual framework of research, objectives and variable and indicator matrix. Part two, the manuscript for publication to International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. This part provides the abstract, introduction, subjects and methods, result, discussion, conclusion, and references. Part three is the last part of this report, the appendices, consists of questionnaires, detailed of the methodologies, detailed of the results, ethic application and ethical clearance, grand approval, references and curriculum vitae."

"ABSTRAKA cross sectional study to determine the salt consumption at household level was carried out in Sukabumi District. Two hundred households with children 1-5 years were selected randomly. This study consisted of interviews of the mothers, observation of iodized salt usage and analysis of the iodine content in iodized salt. The results showed that all households in the study area have used iodized salt but they were not aware that. they used iodized salt. The average salt consumption at household level was 4.8 gr per day per capita with majority iodine intake (71 %) less than 100 pg. Using lodometry test, 47 % of households had iodine content in iodized salt was less than 30 ppm. In general, all cooked food used salt except for rice as staple food, but not all of food prepared with salt were consumed by children 1-5 years. According to mothers' perception, the mother with better knowledge had higher percentages on using iodized salt and also had better educational level. These findings showed that the recommended iodine intake by WHO of 100-300 pg per day per capita was not fulfilled, mainly because of the low quality of iodized salt, as well as improper ways of salt storage and food preparations. Lack of knowledge due to low educational level of mother was worsening this condition."

"Iodisasi pada garam merupakan salah satu upaya penanggulangan Gangguan Akibat Kurang Iodium (GAKI). Namun, penggunaan garam beriodium di Indonesia belum optimal sementara GAKI masih menjadi salah satu dari lima permasalahan utama gizi di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku penggunaan garam beriodium. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif di 15 Kabupaten/Kota Indonesia dengan disain cross sectional yang merupakan analisis data sekunder yang bersumber dari hasil penelitian kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007. Dalam penelitian ini, karena keterbatasan informasi maka perilaku penggunaan garam beriodium didefinisikan sebagai penggunaan garam yang berbentuk halus.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 1062 sampel terdapat 479 (45,1%) rumah tangga yang menggunakan garam berbentuk halus sedangkan sisanya berbentuk bata dan krasak/kristal. Secara umum, garam yang mengandung iodium ≥ 30 ppm masih rendah karena persentase garam dengan kandungan iodium < 30 ppm atau yang tidak SNI cukup tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 67 % - 81,3 %. Uji statistik menunjukkan pendidikan terakhir orangtua yang tinggi, ibu yang tidak bekerja, bapak dengan pekerjaan tetap, tingkat pengeluaran yang tinggi, daerah perkotaan serta akses yang dekat ke rumah sakit, Puskesmas, Pustu, Dokter Praktek dan Bidan Praktek berpengaruh terhadap perilaku penggunaan garam beriodium.Sedangkan, hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan masyarakat perdesaan memiliki resiko 2,4 x lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan daerah perkotaan dalam penggunaan garam beriodium. Direkomendasikan dilakukan penelitian lain yang bersifat kualitatif, agar dapat diketahui faktor-faktor yang lebih menggambarkan kondisi sebenarnya terjadi di masyarakat serta terdapat program pemantauan dan promosi KIE yang menarik dan efektif mengenai penggunaan garam beriodium.

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Iodization of salt is one of Iodine Deficiency Disorder?s (IDD) intervention. But, iodized salt consumption isn?t optimal while IDD still to be one of big nutrituon problem in Indonesia.Therefore, this study intend to know factors that affect behavior of using iodized salt. This is quantitaive study in 15 districts/city in Indonesia with cross sectional design that analyzing secondary data of ?Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas)? in 2007. In this study, because of limited data so behavior of using iodized salt is indicated by using fine-shapped salt.

The result of this study show that from 1062 of sample, there are 479 (45,1%) of households that using fine-shaped salt and the others are brick-shapped aand coarse/crystal-shapped salt. Generally, salt with iodine ≥ 30 ppm still has low percent because salt with iodine < 30 ppm is about 67 % - 81,3 %. This study also show that parent?s with high education; unemployee mother; father with well occupation; high households expenditure; urban area and accsess that near from hospitals, Puskesmas, Pustu, doctors and midwife affect behavior of using iodized salt.

Multivariate result show household in rural area has a lower-risk about 2,4 times than in urban area. In another study is expected to be qualitative, in order to know the factors that best describe of the actual conditions in society and also there are monitoring programs and the promotion of KIE that attractive and effective on the use of iodized salt."

"Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY), merupakan masalah yang serius di Indonesia. Pada saat ini di Indonesia diperkirakan ada sekitar 10 juta orang menderita gondok, 750.000-900.000 menderita kretin endemik dan 3,5 juta menderita GAKY Iainnya. Dampak negatif dari GAKY berpengaruh langsung terhadap kualitas sumber daya manusia, anak-anak yang menderita kekurangan yodium mempunyai rata-rata IQ 13,5 point lebih rendah dibandingkan mereka yang cukup mendapat yodium.Pemerintah menempuh 2 macam upaya penanggulangan GAKY di Indonesia, yaitu melalui upaya pemberian kapsul minyak beryodium yang diprioritaskan pada wanita usia subur 15-49 tahun termasuk ibu hamil dan ibu nifas dan penggalakkan penggunaan garam beryodium di masyarakat. Untuk meningkatkan demand masyarakat terhadap penggunaan garam beryodium, Pusat Promosi Kesehatan telah melakukan kampanye penggunaan garam beryodium melalui media TV dan Radio pada tahun 1998/1999. Namun data yang telah dikumpulkan baru dianalisis secara univariat, sehingga dirasa perlu untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut melalui penulisan ini.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemakaian garam beryodium rumah tangga di 10 propinsi daerah endemik Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY) di Indonesia tahun 1999.Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder hasil evaluasi kampanye garam beryodium melalui media TV dan Radio yang dilakukan Pusat Promosi Kesehatan pada tahun 1999 terhadap 600 responden wanita usia subur di 10 propinsi GAKY di Indonesia. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan bantuan program komputer.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 462 responden (77%) menggunakan garam beryodium, sedangkan sisanya menggunakan garam lain. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan garam beryodium antara lain: Pengetahuan, Pendidikan, Niat, Ketersediaan garam beryodium, dan Keterpaparan terhadap media. Dari ke-lima faktor tersebut, ketersediaan garam beryodium merupakan faktor yang mempunyai hubungan paling dominan dengan penggunaan garam beryodium dengan nilai Odds Ratio (OR)=l,36I (95% CI 1,30 - 1,43). Artinya responden dengan ketersediaan garam beryodium di sekitar tempat tinggalnya, kemungkinan akan menggunakan garam beryodium 1,361 kali dibandingkan dengan responden yang disekitar tempat tinggalnya tidak tersedia garam beryodium.Atas dasar hasil penelitian tersebut, kepada pengelola program GAKY disarankan untuk melakukan advokasi secara intensif kepada lintas sektor, terutama sektor yang berkaitan dengan distribusi garam beryodium untuk menjamin ketersediaan garam beryodium di seluruh Indonesia. Disamping itu, kampanye penggunaan garam beryodium perlu dijaga kesinambungannya, karena dari hasil penelitian juga terbukti bahwa keterpaparan media berhubungan dengan penggunaan garam beryodium.

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Factor Related to Iodized Salt Usage in Ten Province Subjected to Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) in Indonesia Year of 1999There are many people in Indonesia still suffer from goiter. 10 million from 42 million people which living in area with deficiency of iodine are suffering this disease. IDD has negative impact directly to quality of human resources, especially concerned to intelligence and productivity.

In this study we looking for some factor related to iodized salt usage in ten IDD province in Indonesia. Independent factors in this study are predisposition factors (knowledge, willingness, and education), enabling factor (salt availability), and enforcing factor (media). We were looking for some relation of these three variables with iodized salt usage as dependent variable.

This study using cross sectional design to secondary data of 600 respondents (women in fertile age) in ten IDD province (GAKY) in 1999, which collected by Health Promotion Center of Health Department of Republic of Indonesia. From 600 respondents which being studied, 462 respondents (77%) using iodized salt. Factor that related to iodized salt usage is availability of iodized salt, media exposure, knowledge, and level of education. The most dominant factor is iodized salt availability (OR 1,361; 95%CI 1,30-1,43), which means respondents which easy to find iodized salt have 1,361; possibility to use iodized salt compared to those who difficult to find iodized salt.

We recommend to Department of Trade and Industry to ensure the availability of iodized salt in public, and to IDD program's management to improve campaign of benefits of iodized salt usage to public."