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"This work aims to analyse substantive and conflict of laws rules regarding intermediated securities in a comparative way. For this purpose, it examines major jurisdictions’ rules for intermediated securities and the intermediated securities holding systems, such as the rules of the German, US, Korean, Japanese and Swiss systems, as well as the relevant EU regimes and initiatives. Above all, it analyses the two international instruments related to intermediated securities, i.e. the Geneva Securities Convention and the Hague Securities Convention. Through a functional comparative approach based upon legal traditions of the various jurisdictions, this book gives readers theoretical and practical information on intermediated securities and their national and international aspects."

"[For almost three decades, the European Union (EU) has adopted measures to regulate consumer transactions within the internal market created by the EU Treaties. Existing legislation is largely based on directives harmonizing aspects of national consumer laws. This Brief argues that a more appropriate approach for EU consumer law would be legislation in the form of a regulation which is applicable to cross-border transactions only. The author considers the constitutional constraints of the EU Treaties, before examining the case for a cross-border-only measure. He argues that the cross-border approach is preferable, because it would provide clearer benefits for consumers seeking to buy goods and services across borders, while not upsetting domestic law unnecessarily, in particular in the context of e-commerce, with implications for industry, policymaking, and regional development. The Brief concludes by suggesting that a successful EU measure on cross-border consumer transactions could create a template for global initiatives for transnational consumer law., For almost three decades, the European Union (EU) has adopted measures to regulate consumer transactions within the internal market created by the EU Treaties. Existing legislation is largely based on directives harmonizing aspects of national consumer laws. This Brief argues that a more appropriate approach for EU consumer law would be legislation in the form of a regulation which is applicable to cross-border transactions only. The author considers the constitutional constraints of the EU Treaties, before examining the case for a cross-border-only measure. He argues that the cross-border approach is preferable, because it would provide clearer benefits for consumers seeking to buy goods and services across borders, while not upsetting domestic law unnecessarily, in particular in the context of e-commerce, with implications for industry, policymaking, and regional development. The Brief concludes by suggesting that a successful EU measure on cross-border consumer transactions could create a template for global initiatives for transnational consumer law.]"

"ABSTRAKAnggota direksi dalam melaksanakan tugasnya memiliki resiko bertanggung jawab secara pribadi. Saat ini terdapat kecenderungan anggota direksi melakukan perjanjian pisah harta untuk membatasi tanggung jawab pribadinya. Tesis ini mengkaji tentang keberadaan perjanjian pisah harta untuk membatasi pertanggung jawaban anggota direksi dalam hal perseroan terbatas merugi akibat kelalaian anggota direksi tersebut dan perlindungan hukum terhadap kreditur apabila anggota direksi tersebut memiliki perjanjian pisah harta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian pisah harta yang dilakukan anggota direksi yang bersalah atau lalai yang menyebabkan perseroan terbatas rugi dapat membatasi tanggung jawab anggota direksi tersebut apabila perjanjian pisah harta dibuat sebelum perkawinan dilakukan dan dalam bentuk akta notaries. Kreditur memang tidak mendapatkan perlindungan hukum yang memadai dalam hal anggota direksi memiliki perjanjian pisah harta. Namun demikian kreditur tetap dapat melakukan upaya hukum lainnya agar kepentingannya terlindungi dengan meminta dibuatnya asuransi jabatan direksi atau melakukan gugatan Actio Pauliana. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dengan bahan hukum sekunder sebagai bahan utama

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ABSTRACTBoard of directors in carrying out their duties have personal responsibility risk. Currently, there is a tendency of the directors entered into a separation of property agreement to limit personal liability. This thesis examines the existence of separate property agreement to limit liability of the directors in terms of a limited liability company lost due to the negligence of the directors and the legal protection of creditors if the board member has a separate property agreement. The results showed that the separation of property agreement of the members of the board of directors at fault or negligence which causes loss of limited liability may limit the liability of directors when the separation of property agreement made ​​before marriage done and in a notary deed. The lender did not obtain adequate legal protection in the event a director has an agreement separate property. However, lenders can still make other remedies that protected its interests by requiring insurers made ​​the position of directors or making claims Actio Pauliana. The research was conducted by using normative juridical, with secondary materials as the main materials"

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai karakteristik penghasilan yang timbul atas transaksi melalui pipa gas bawah laut yang melintasi batas teritorial antar negara dan bagaimana analisis perpajakannya. Globalisasi secara tidak langsung mengakibatkan terjadinya pemajakan berganda secara yurisdis, dalam hal ini adalah dispute mengenai karakterisasi penghasilan yang muncul (royalti atau business profit) atas transaksi pipa gas antara negara sumber dan negara domisili.Hal ini menjadi isu yang krusial, mengingat karakterisasi tersebut menentukan negara mana yang berhak untuk memajaki penghasilan tersebut. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah royalti maupun business profit dapat digunakan untuk menjustifikasi jenis penghasilan yang muncul, tergantung nature dan transaksi dan treaty antara kedua negara yang bertransaksi. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan perlunya kriteria dan metode alokasi penghasilan dan atau biaya untuk mengurangi pengenaan pajak berganda dalam transaksi pipa gas lintas negara.

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This thesis discusses the characteristics of revenue arising on a transaction through gas pipelines across the territorial boundaries between countries and how is the tax analysis. Globalization indirectly lead to the occurrence of juridical double taxation, in which case is a dispute about the characterization of income that arises (royalties or business profit) over gas pipelines deals between the source and domicile country.This has become a crucial issue, given the characterization of determining which country has the right to tax the earnings. In the end, royalty and business profit can be used to justify the kind of earnings that appear; depending on the nature of the transactions and the treaty between the two countries engaged. This research suggests there should be criteria and method of allocation on income or cost to reduce double taxation on transaction of crossborder pipelines."

"ABSTRAKASEAN Economic Community AEC atau Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN MEA merupakan bentuk dari integrasi ekonomi yang mengintegrasikan ASEAN ke dalam satu pasar tunggal ASEAN. Hal ini akan meningkatkan aktivitas perdagangan internasional di Asia Tenggara sehingga persaingan akan semakin ketat. Namun kecenderungan para pelaku usaha melakukan monopoli dan persekongkolan sudah menjadi karakter pengusaha yang tidak ingin adanya pesaing, salah satunya dilakukan dalam bentuk kartel lintas batas. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, penulis mengacu pada aturan hukum yang ada untuk menjawab masalah dalam penulisan ini. Kebijakan Perdagangan internasional akan menyulitkan terciptanya pengoperasian kartel yang efektif dikarenakan banyak hambatan yang terkikis dengan kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilakukan dalam rangka pengintegrasian pasar tunggal ASEAN ini. Sebagai upaya memerangi kartel lintas batas, kerja sama antara otoritas persaingan di berbagai yurisdiksi di ASEAN sangat dibutuhkan untuk keberhasilan penegakan hukum persaingan di pasar domestik, regional maupun internasional.

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ABSTRACTThe ASEAN Economic Community AEC is a form of economic integration that integrates ASEAN into one ASEAN single market. This will increase the activity of international trade in Southeast Asia so that the competition will be tighter. However, the tendency of business actors to monopolize and conspiracy has become the character of entrepreneurs who do not want a competitor, one of which is done in the form of cross border cartel. By using normative legal research methods, the authors refer to the existing legal rules to answer the problem in this writing. International trade policy will make it difficult to create effective cartel operations due to the many obstacles eroded by the policies adopted in order to integrate this ASEAN single market. In an effort to combat the cross border cartel, cooperation between the competition authorities in various jurisdictions in ASEAN is urgently needed for the success of competition law enforcement in the domestic, regional and international markets."