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"Since the end of the Cold War there has been an explosion of international courts and tribunals that sit apart from domestic legal systems, yet they are often woefully inadequate for their stated purposes. This book explores common problems across these courts, and applies a constructivist theory of international relations to explain their operation. Often established by states as signals of their commitment to moral values and political ideology, once created these courts find themselves trapped between the interests of the Great Powers. Some endure irrelevance, their judgements ignored. Yet more are unusably slow. Still others exhibit demonstrable political bias. Their common failings suggest that international law is not nearly as robust as it claims. The author skilfully shows that international courts are a species of international organisation, and share the same challenges of bureaucracy and unaccountability as have plagued the United Nations. Mirages of International Justice will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners interested in critiques of the European Court of Human Rights, the World Trade Organisation, investment treaty arbitration, the EU courts, the international criminal courts, the International Court of Justice and public international law in general. Students of international relations and advocates for reform of international organisations will also learn much from this insightful study"

"Penegakana hukum internasional melalui pembentukan berbagai pengadilan internasional yang bertujuan untuk mengadili para pelaku kejahatan internasioal. Pengadilan internasional memiliki lingkup kejahatan internasional, walaupun saat ini berkembang pula variasi pengadilan internasional yaitu pengadilan campuran yang mempunyai kewenangan kejahatan nasional dan internasional. Namun, dengan adanya Pengadilan Khusus untuk Lebanon Special Tribunal for Lebanon/ STL, persepsi bahwa pengadilan internasional selalu bertujuan untuk mengadili kejahatan internasional berubah karena STL merupakan pengadilan pertama yang bertujuan sepenuhnya untuk kejahatan nasional tanpa ada unsur kejahatan internasional sama sekali. Kejahatan nasional di sini adalah mengadili pelaku terorisme dalam kasus pembunuhan perdana menteri Lebanon, Rafik Hariri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap hukum positif tertulis, termasuk meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tujuan pembentukan STL yang dirasa janggal karena menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah kejahatan nasional STL mempunyai alasan yang kuat bagi DK PBB untuk menggunakan kewenangannya berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB mengenai perdamaian dan keamanan dunia. Penelitian ini juga membahas karakteristik-karakteristik khusus STL yang membedakan dengan pengadilan-pengadilan internasional sebelumnya. Pada hasilnya, disamping adanya beberapa unsur politik, STL dibentuk karena adanya keinginan pemerintah Lebanon untuk mengadili pelaku pembunuhan perdana menteri Rafik Hariri melalui pengadilan yang berkarakter internasional dan independen.

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The purpose of enforcement of international law through the establishment of international courts is to try the criminals of international crimes. The international courts have the jurisdiction of international crimes, despite today rsquo s development of various international tribunals such as the hybrid courts that have the jurisdiction both international and national crimes.

However, the existence of Special Tribunal for Lebanon gives the perception that international courts have always aimed to try the international crimes criminals has changed because STL is the first international court that aims fully to try the national crimes without any international crimes element. The national crimes under STLs jurisdiction is to prosecute and investigate the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri.

This paper uses juridical normative method which uses written applicable laws and literatures, with the aim to get to know the aim of STL establishment as to be assumed peculiar as it incurs the question whether the national crimes under STL jurisdiction have the strong reasons for the UN Security Council to use its authority under Part VII of UN Charter regarding international peace and security.

This paper also explains the STL rsquo s special characteristics that distinguish with the previous international courts. The results shows that despite the political instruments, STL was established as the request of the Lebanese government to prosecute the criminals of the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri by establishing a tribunal that has impartial and international characters."

"Summary:Presents a study of the principal negotiating processes and law-making tools by which international law is developed. This book looks at the UN, other international organisations, diplomatic conferences, codification bodies, NGOs, and courts in identifying the processes, participants and instruments employed in the making of international law"

"Introduction to International Environmental Law provides a concise overview of international environmental law and the relations and agreements among nations to facilitate environmental protection. Beginning by exploring the history nature and sources of international environmental law, Professor Koivurova moves on to consider the key principles as well as examining the implementation and effectiveness of international environmental law in practice. It considers how international environmental law has developed away from other branches of international law which are heavily based on state sovereignty, in order to more effectively facilitate environmental protection and concludes by posing questions about the future of the field.Taking a concise, accessible approach throughout and employing case studies drawn from a global range of examples, this book is the ideal first point of entry to the context, principles and issues of this important subject"