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"This book contains a high-level collection of papers by some of today's leading distributional analysts. The chapters are well-chosen and are written by respected authors with international profiles. The book will be highly valued as a reference work, by research economists and practitioners, as well as by postgraduate students and professors at universities where distributional measurement theory and application is dealt with at the PhD level.' - Peter Lambert, University of Oregon, "

"Research in Labor Economics volume 44 contains new and innovative research on the causes and consequences of inequality and well-being of the workforce."

"Data Badan Pusat Statistik menunjukan angka rasio gini Indonesia selama periode 2011-2015 berada diangka rata-rata sebesar 0.41, walaupun masih mengindikasikan tingkat kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dalam kategori menengah, namun rasio ini cenderung menunjukan tren peningkatan dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam upaya menurunkan angka kesenjangan pendapatan adalah dengan memberikan bantuan subsidi kepemilikan rumah kepada masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah MBR yakni melalui subsidi Fasilitas Likuiditas Pembiayaan Perumahan FLPP . Saat ini FLPP adalah subsidi kepemilikan rumah terbesar yang digunakan pemerintah untuk mengurangi backlog perumahan sekaligus kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dimasyarakat. Total penyaluran subsidi yang ditujukan untuk masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah ini, selama periode tahun 2011-2015 mencapai hingga 429.637 unit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara subsidi FLPP dengan peningkatan rasio kepemilikan rumah dan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan. Dengan menggunakan model data panel selama periode 2011-2015 terhadap 32 provinsi di Indonesia, ditemukan bahwa ternyata penyaluran subsidi FLPP tidak signifikan dalam meningkatkan rasio kepemilikan rumah, sehingga pada akhirnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Beberapa hal yang menjadi penyebabnya adalah kelemahan dalam pemetaan alokasi distribusi dan permasalahan kelembagaan yang menyebabkan tingginya potensi kesalahan penyaluran.

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Data from The Central Statistics Agency indicated that the Indonesia rsquo s gini ratio within 2011 2016 is at average 0.41, although it is still in the moderate category but this ratio shows an upward trend compared to the previous period. In the effort to reduce the income inequality in Indonesia, the government provides a policy assistance through homeownership subsidy for low income earners, which is called as The Housing Financing Liquidity Facility FLPP . FLPP is the largest homeownership subsidy system that has been used by the government in order to reduce the high number of housing backlog in Indonesia and to reduce income inequality. This low income earners facility has disbursed 429.637 house units during 2011 2015. This research aims to identify relationship between FLPP and homeownership ratio as well as income inequality in Indonesia. By using the regression panel data model of 32 provincial data in Indonesia during 2011 2015, this research shows that the distribution of FLPP subsidies did not significantly increase homeownership ratio, nor did it reduce gini ratio. Several factors resulting in this are the inaccurate distribution of allocation and institutional issues which increase the potential problems of inaccurate distribution. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkatkan atau menurunkan ketidakmerataan pendapatan dan seberapa besar pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri dari PDRB perkapita, indeks Gini dan angka kemiskinan yang mencakup seluruh kabupaten/kota di seluruh Jawa Timur, periode 2006-2010. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi dengan fixed effect model?cross section weighted. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap ketidakmerataan pendapatan masyarakat dengan nilai elastisitas sebesar 0,16. Pengaruh Pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan hanya signifikan mengurangi head count indeks dan poverty gap indeks dengan elastisitas masing-masing sebesar 1,54 dan 0,88.Pengaruh Pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan dengan menambahkan variabel kontrol rata-rata lamanya sekolah, angka harapan hidup, prasarana jalan dan fasilitas air bersih, ternyata pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya signifikan mengurangi head count index (P0) dan poverty gap index (P1) dengan elastisitas masing-masing sebesar 1,54 dan 0,88. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa kesehatan yang diwakili oleh indikator angka harapan hidup mempunyai pengaruh paling besar dalam mengurangi kemiskinan (P0; P1 dan P2) dibanding pertumbuhan ekonomi dan variabel bebas lain yang ada dalam model dengan elastisitas sebesar 2,25 untuk P0; 6,43 untuk P1 dan 10,03 untuk P2.

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This study aimed to determine whether economic growth increasing or decreasing inequality in income, and how much influence the economic growth on poverty. The data used are secondary data consisting of per capita GDP, Gini index, and poverty that cover all districts in East Java in 2006-2010. The method used is the fixed effect regression analysis model-weighted cross section. The results showed that, the positive effect of economic growth on income inequality elasticity is 0,16.

Effect of economic growth on poverty by adding a control variable length of school average, life expectancy, infrastructure, roads and water facilities, economic growth turned out to be only significantly reduces head count index (P0) and poverty gap index (P1) with the elasticity of each amounted to 1,54 and 0,88. The results also showed that health represented by indicators of life expectancy have the most impact in reducing poverty (P0, P1 and P2) compared to economic growth and other variables in the model with elasticity of 2.25 for P0; 6,43 for P1 and P2 to 10,03."

"Perkebunan kelapa sawit menjadi komuditas utama pertanian di Indonesia selama tiga dekade terakhir. Indonesia sebagai negara yang berada di garis katulistiwa dengan 147 juta hektar area hutan mempunyai potensi besar dalam pembangunan perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai senjata dalam meningkatkan pendapatan per kapita terutama di daerah pedesaan. Namun demikian tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit memberi dampak negatif, terutama terhadap isu lingkungan dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati. Studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk memahami pengaruh dari perkebunan kelapa sawit dan produktivitasnya terhadap pendapatan perkapita di tingkat daerah dan tingkat nasional di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan data panel pada tingkat propinsi yang terdiri dari 23 propinsi di Indonesia menggunakan data tahunan dalam rentang waktu 9 tahun dari tahun 2003 sampai dengan 2011. Tingkat wilayah dibagi menjadi 5 berdasar atas kesamaan lokasi propinsi-propinsi pada pulau yang sama di Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak secara nyata mempengaruhi pendapatan perkapita di Indonesia. Di tingkat wilayah, perkebunan kelapa sawit memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pendapatan perkapita dengan hubungan yang bertolak belakang dan pengaruh ini terlihat di semua wilayah. Produktivitas kelapa sawit memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pendapatan per kapita di tingkat nasional dengan hubungan yang positif. Namun demikian, produktivitas kelapa sawit tidak menunjukkan memberi pengaruh yang nyata di masing-masing wilayah di Indonesia. Berdasar pada hasil tersebut, studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan pendapatan perkapita. Peningkatan produktivitas kelapa sawit menjadi cara yang lebih memungkinkan dalam meningkatkan pendapatan per kapita di Indonesia.

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Oil palm plantation was becoming the mainstay of agricultural commodities in Indonesia since last three decades. Indonesia as an equatorial country with 147 million hectares of forest area has a great potential in the development of oil palm plantations as a weapon in increasing per capita income especially in rural areas. However, it cannot be denied that expansions of oil palm plantations bring negative effects, especially in relation with environmental issues and conservation of biodiversity.

This study conducted in order to understand the effects of oil palm plantation and oil palm productivity on per capita income in the region and national level in Indonesia. This study uses panel data at provincial level which consists of 23 provinces in Indonesia in the vulnerable period of 9 years from 2003 to 2011 in annually data. The region level is divided in 5 based on the similarity of provincial location in same island in Indonesia.

The results showed that oil palm plantation did not significant in effect the per capita income in Indonesia. In region level, oil palm plantations gave significant effect on per capita income in the opposite relationship and this effect was represented by all across regions. Oil palm productivity is significant in effected on per capita income at national level with positive relationship. However, oil palm productivity did not give significant effect in representation across regions in Indonesia. According to these results, this study concludes that expansion of oil palm plantations do not significant in increasing per capita income. Increasing of oil palm productivity becomes more reasonable way in increasing per capita income in Indonesia."

"This volume presents ten chapters that discuss the economics of poverty, inequality and welfare. They address how we measure poverty, inequality and welfare and how we use such measurements to devise policies to deliver social mobility. They consider both theoretical and empirical topics with special reference to developing countries. "

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara penerimaan pajak dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fixed-effect, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa total penerimaan pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Artinya, sistem dan struktur perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia saat ini, baik secara nasional maupun regional belum mampu berkontribusi terhadap upaya pemerataan pendapatan. Sementara itu, jika dilihat secara komposisi, baik penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, rasio Pajak Daerah terhadap PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menandakan karakteristik dari mayoritas jenis pajak konsumsi pembentuk komponen Pajak Daerah yang cenderung regresif dan menambah ketimpangan.

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This study examines the relationship between tax revenues and income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. Applying a fixed-effect approach, this study finds that total tax revenue has no significant effect on income inequality. This result implies that Indonesia's current tax system and structure, both national and regional, have been unable to contribute to efforts toward income distribution. Likely due to their composition, both income tax and value-added tax revenues have an insignificant effect. However, the ratio of local taxes to GRDP has a considerable positive effect on income inequality, indicating that the majority of consumption taxes in the local tax component are regressive and increase inequality."

"[The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage., The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage.]"

"Penelitian ini melengkapi literatur mengenai hubungan antara ukuran kota tempat bekerja dan pendapatan di Indonesia dengan penekanan pada perempuan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pola pendapatan berdasarkan ukuran kota dan jenis kelamin, di mana pendapatan rata-rata cenderung lebih tinggi di kota-kota besar dan untuk laki-laki. Analisis multivariat juga mengungkapkan adanya fenomena urban wage premium di Indonesia, di mana terdapat hubungan signifikan antara ukuran kota dan pendapatan. Lebih menariknya lagi, ketika perempuan dan laki-laki dianalisis secara terpisah, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa urban wage premium perempuan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa infrastruktur dan pelayanan publik yang lebih baik serta fasilitas pendidikan yang lebih baik di perkotaan dapat menjadi faktor penentu dalam perbedaan urban wage premium antara perempuan dan laki-laki.

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This research complements the literature on the relationship between city size of employment and income in Indonesia, with a focus on females. The findings of this study indicate differences in income patterns based on city size and gender, where average income tends to be higher in larger cities and for men. The multivariate analysis also reveals the existence of an urban wage premium phenomenon in Indonesia, with a significant relationship between city size and income. Interestingly, when female and men are analyzed separately, this research finds that the urban wage premium for female is higher compared to men. The study concludes that better infrastructure, public services, and educational facilities in urban areas can be determining factors in the difference in urban wage premium between female and men."