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"Research has shown that, when Japanese companies go abroad, they continue to apply their distinctive Japanese-style management ? with perhaps some adaptation to local economic and socio-cultural contexts. What has not been researched so far is how inclusive or exclusive Japanese-style management is for those working within the organisation. Based on case studies carried out in eight Japanese companies in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, this paper investigates how Japanese and local managers and employees are either included or excluded by the values, management styles and ways of decision-making prevailing in their company. The evidence not only shows differences in perceptions but also reveals some questionable aspects of Japanese-style management. It seems to be much more exclusive than suggested by either most stereotypical research on or popular understanding of Japanese management."

"ABSTRAKPakistan is an underdeveloped country, full of socio-economic problems where a few opperss and exploit many. One of the most significant reasons, in this context, is the high illiteracy rate in the country. However, can high literacy rates guarranty peace, prosperity, and juctice in any society? Cleary not. There are several countries where the literacy rate is high yet it remains relatively under developed. However, it also a fact that the countries where the literacy rate is high have been able to emerge as economic power. In the regard, Freire's concept of literacy education is very helpful in that it is essentially hopful in nature and it is this optimism which gives it the potential to transform oppressive situations. "