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"This paper analyzes health outcomes and inequality in Indonesia, and the links to intermediate factors and inputs. Between 1997-2015, the country's health performance indicators had improved and became more equal. This achievement could potentially be correlated with improvement in health care access, which might be a result of the Indonesian government's policy to expand health insurance coverage, mainly to the most impoverished population. By 2020, the Indonesian government operates national social health insurance, the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), which covers about 83% of the country's population, including the poor and vulnerable. This paper uses the Control Knob Framework and focuses on the health insurance expansion as the financing knob adjustment conducted by the government. The analysis starts with the improvement of health status indicators and tracks back its association with health care access and health insurance coverage expansion. This paper finds that health status improvement in Indonesia between 1997-2015 was correlated with health care access increase. The decline in the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) between 1997-2015 were associated with an increase in health care utilization, including the use of trained birth attendants and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization. This paper then observes a strong correlation between the expansion of health care access and health insurance coverage. In terms of equality, the article sees a weaker, but evident, correlation between health insurance equalization across different population groups with more equitable health care access and health outcomes. The findings of this paper justify the effectiveness of the financing knob (expanding and equalizing health insurance coverage) in increasing access to care (outpatient and inpatient care, trained birth attendants, immunization) and improving health status (IMR and U5MR). This study is among the firsts to utilize Control Knob Framework as an analytical tool for health insurance assessment. The study recommends the government to combine health insurance expansion with other progressive policy, such as financial support to poor patients to cover the non-medical expenses of attending health care, to optimize the effectiveness of the interventions."

"Health care access issues present significant challenges for rural populations and health providers. Psychology can support improved access and quality of rural health services through the development of integrated behavior health program within primary case settings."

"Latar belakang: Peningkatan perilaku terhadap Flu burung dapat menurunkan risiko infeksi Flu burung. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi perilaku pencegahan penyebaran penyakit Flu burung pada masyarakat.Metode: Desain studi potong lintang dilakukan dalam bulan Juli 2008 untuk mengetahui perilaku yang diukur dengan menghitung skor pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di suatu kecamatan di Depok, Jawa Barat, yang merupakan wilayah berisiko terjadinya penyebaran kasus Flu burung. Dalam menentukan unit sampel, untuk memilih kepala rumah tangga digunakan metode multi stage sampling.Hasil: Dari 387 responden 29,5% responden berperilaku baik terhadap penyakit Flu burung. Perilaku subjek yang baik dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin dan akses terhadap informasi kesehatan. Perempuan dibandingkan lelaki 67% lebih tinggi berperilaku baik terhadap penyakit Flu burung [risiko relatif (RRa) = 1,67; 95% interval kepercayaa (CI) = 0,92-3,04; P = 0,092]. Sedangkan, subjek yang mempunyai dibandingkan yang tidak yang mempunyai akses terhadap informasi kesehatan 3,4 lipat berperilaku baik terhadap penyakit fl u burung (RRa = 3,40; 95% CI = 0,84-13,76; P = 0,087).Kesimpulan: Akses terhadap informasi mengenai fl u burung terutama efektif di antara perempuan untuk meningkatkan perilaku penyakit fl u burung.

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AbstractBackground: Improving human behavior toward Avian infl uenza may lessen the chance to be infected by Avian infl uenza. This study aimed to identify several factors infl uencing behavior in the community.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2008. Behavior regarding Avian infl uenza was measured by scoring the variables of knowledge, attitude, and practice. Subjects were obtained from the sub district of Limo, in Depok, West Java, which was considered a high risk area for Avian infl uenza. The heads of household as the sample unit were chosen by multi-stage sampling.Results: Among 387 subjects, 29.5% of them was had good behavior toward Avian infl uenza. The fi nal model revealed that gender and access to health information were two dominant factors for good behavior in preventing Avian influenza. Compared with men, women had 67% higher risk to have good behavior [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.67; 95% confi dence interval (CI) = 0.92-3.04; P = 0.092]. Compared to those with no access to health information, subjects with access to health information had 3.4 fold increase to good behavior (RRa = 3.40; 95% CI = 0.84-13.76; P = 0.087).Conclusion: Acces to health information concerning Avian infl uenza was more effective among women in promoting good behavior toward preventing Avian influenza."

"Tingginya angka kematian ibu menunjukan masih rendahnya kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Angka kematian ibu yang tinggi, sebenarnya dapat dicegah melalui salah satu cara atau kegiatan efektif seperti pemeriksaan kehamilan yang baik dan sesuai dengan standart yang disebut Antenatal care (ANC) secara rutin, sehingga mendapatkan hasil yang bermutu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rendahnya cakupan kunjungan ulang pemeriksaan kehamilan (K4) di Puskesmas Leuwi Gajah Kota Cimahi tahun 2013, diantaranya adalah pengetahuan, sikap, dukungan keluarga, akses informasi dan akses pelayanan kesehatan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain cross sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen penelitian berupa kuesioner. Pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan uji statistik dan selanjutnya disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan narasi. Populasi adalah seluruh ibu yang mempunyai bayi yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah Puskesmas Leuwigajah Kota Cimahi. Hasil penelitian diperoleh proporsi kunjungan K4 sebesar 38%. Hasil analisis statistik terbukti yang mempunyai asosiasi adalah pengetahuan (OR= 2,8; 95% CI= 1,2-6,6), sikap (OR= 3,6; 95% CI= 1,5-8,1), dukungan keluarga (OR= 3,6; 95% CI= 1,5-8,4), akses informasi (OR= 7; 95% CI= 2,2-22), akses pelayanan kesehatan (OR= 2,3; 95% CI= 1,0-5,4). Variable yang tidak mempunyai asosiasi secara statistik adalah akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan. Kegiatan penyuluhan di Posyandu, pembentukan Kelas Ibu, meningkarkan kerjasama dengan Bidan Praktek swasta, kerjasama dengan lintas sektoral, untuk lebih meningkatkan cakupan kunjungan K4 untuk Puskesmas.

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The high maternal mortality rate showed that the quality of health care. High maternal mortality rate, could be prevented through one way or effective activities such as good prenatal care and in accordance with the standards called Antenatal care (ANC) on a regular basis so as to get quality results. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect the low reset antenatal visit coverage (K4) in Community Health Center Leuwi Gajah Cimahi 2013, such as knowledge, attitude, family support, access to information and access to health services.

The study design used was a cross-sectional design. The data was collected using a questionnaire research instruments. Processing and data analysis using statistical test and then presented in tabular form and narrative. The population is all mothers with babies who reside in the region Community Health Center Leuwi Gajah Cimahi 2013. The results obtained K4 proportion of visits by 38%.

Results of statistical analysis have proved the association is knowledge (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.2 to 6.6), attitude (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.5 to 8.1), family support (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.5 to 8.4), access to information (OR = 7, 95% CI = 2.2 to 22), access to health services (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.0 to 5.4). Variable that does not have a statistically significant association is access to health care. effort to improve the coverage of K4 is to increase the return on extension activities maternal & child health center, the establishment of classes in all of Mrs. Community Unit Leuwigajah in the clinic, increasing the utilization of KIA books, increase collaboration with the private practice of midwives, with crosssectoral cooperation, further increase coverage for health center visits K4 for Community Health Center."