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"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa dampak jumlah kunjungan wisatawan mancanegara terhadap emisi CO2 di tujuh negara Asia Tenggara (Indonesia, Kamboja, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand dan Vietnam) pada periode 1995-2011 menggunakan metode panel data model fixed efect. Variabel-variabel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini antara lain emisi CO2 sebagai variabel terikat, sedangkan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan mancanegara, PDB per kapita, populasi, energi baru terbarukan serta efisiensi energi sebagai variabel bebasnya.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kunjungan wisatawan mancanegara tidak memberikan dampak signifikan pada peningkatan emisi CO2, sedangkan PDB per kapita dan populasi memberikan dampak yang signifikan dalam meningkatkan emisi CO2. Sementara itu efisiensi energi memberikan dampak signifikan dalam menurunkan emisi CO2, sedangkan variabel energi baru terbarukan tidak memberikan dampak signifikan dalam jumlah total tetapi memberikan dampak signifikan untuk menurunkan emisi CO2 dalam proporsi terhadap total energi yang dikonsumsi.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of the number of tourist arrivals to the emission of CO2 in seven Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) during 1995-2011 using data panel fixed-effect models. The variables in this study are CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, while the number of tourist arrivals, GDP per capita, population, renewable energy and energy efficiency as the independent variable.

The results showed that the number of tourist arrivals had no impact on the increasing of CO2 emissions, while GDP per capita and population had significant impact on the increasing of CO2 emissions. Meanwhile energy efficiency had a significant impact on reducing CO2 emissions while renewable energy showed insignificant impact as the total amount of renewable energy but had significant impact on decreasing CO2 emissions in renewable energy proportion of the total energy consumed."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengevaluasi kinerja absorpsi gas CO2 dari campurannya denganCH4 melalui membran kontaktor superhidrofobik. Kinerja kontaktor membransuperhidrofobik ini ditinjau dari empat parameter utama dengan variasi laju alirpelarut DEA (100, 300 dam 500 mL/menit) dan jumlah serat membran kontaktor(2000 dan 8000). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan laju alir pelarutDEA meningkatkan kinerja kontaktor membran superhidrofobik, dalam halkoefisien perpindahan massa, fluks dan efisiensi penyerapan CO2. Sedangkankenaikan jumlah serat membran akan menurunkan koefisien perpindahan massadan fluks CO2. Namun, meningkatkan efisiensi penyerapan CO2 dan acid loading.Koefisien perpindahan massa dan fluks CO2 tertinggi yang didapatkan padapenelitian ini berturut-turut adalah 2,31 x 10-4 cm/s dan 7,15 x 10-6 mmol/cm2s padalaju alir DEA 500 mL/menit dan jumlah serat membran 2000. Sedangkan efisiensipenyerapan CO2 tertinggi adalah 72% pada laju alir DEA 500 mL/menit dan jumlahserat membran 8000.ABSTRACTThis study evaluates performance of CO2 absorption from its mixture with CH4through membran contactor superhydrophobic. Superhidrophobic membranecontactor performance is observed using four main parameters by varying the flowrate of solvent DEA (100, 300 dam 500 mL/min) and the number of fiber membranecontactors (2000 and 8000). The results showed that increasing DEA solvent flowrate increase superhidrophobic membrane contactor performance, in terms of masstransfer coefficient, flux and efficiency removal of CO2. While increasing thenumber of fiber membrane will reduce the mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux.However, it will increase the efficiency removal of CO2 and acid loading. Thehighest mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux obtained in this study arerespectively 2,31 x 10-4 cm/s and 7,15 x 10-6 mmol/cm2s on DEA flow rate of 500mL/min and the number of fiber membranes 2000. The highest CO2 absorptionefficiency is 72% at DEA flow rate of 500 mL/min and the number of fibermembranes 8000.;This study evaluates performance of CO2 absorption from its mixture with CH4through membran contactor superhydrophobic. Superhidrophobic membranecontactor performance is observed using four main parameters by varying the flowrate of solvent DEA (100, 300 dam 500 mL/min) and the number of fiber membranecontactors (2000 and 8000). The results showed that increasing DEA solvent flowrate increase superhidrophobic membrane contactor performance, in terms of masstransfer coefficient, flux and efficiency removal of CO2. While increasing thenumber of fiber membrane will reduce the mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux.However, it will increase the efficiency removal of CO2 and acid loading. Thehighest mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux obtained in this study arerespectively 2,31 x 10-4 cm/s and 7,15 x 10-6 mmol/cm2s on DEA flow rate of 500mL/min and the number of fiber membranes 2000. The highest CO2 absorptionefficiency is 72% at DEA flow rate of 500 mL/min and the number of fibermembranes 8000.;This study evaluates performance of CO2 absorption from its mixture with CH4through membran contactor superhydrophobic. Superhidrophobic membranecontactor performance is observed using four main parameters by varying the flowrate of solvent DEA (100, 300 dam 500 mL/min) and the number of fiber membranecontactors (2000 and 8000). The results showed that increasing DEA solvent flowrate increase superhidrophobic membrane contactor performance, in terms of masstransfer coefficient, flux and efficiency removal of CO2. While increasing thenumber of fiber membrane will reduce the mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux.However, it will increase the efficiency removal of CO2 and acid loading. Thehighest mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux obtained in this study arerespectively 2,31 x 10-4 cm/s and 7,15 x 10-6 mmol/cm2s on DEA flow rate of 500mL/min and the number of fiber membranes 2000. The highest CO2 absorptionefficiency is 72% at DEA flow rate of 500 mL/min and the number of fibermembranes 8000., This study evaluates performance of CO2 absorption from its mixture with CH4through membran contactor superhydrophobic. Superhidrophobic membranecontactor performance is observed using four main parameters by varying the flowrate of solvent DEA (100, 300 dam 500 mL/min) and the number of fiber membranecontactors (2000 and 8000). The results showed that increasing DEA solvent flowrate increase superhidrophobic membrane contactor performance, in terms of masstransfer coefficient, flux and efficiency removal of CO2. While increasing thenumber of fiber membrane will reduce the mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux.However, it will increase the efficiency removal of CO2 and acid loading. Thehighest mass transfer coefficient and CO2 flux obtained in this study arerespectively 2,31 x 10-4 cm/s and 7,15 x 10-6 mmol/cm2s on DEA flow rate of 500mL/min and the number of fiber membranes 2000. The highest CO2 absorptionefficiency is 72% at DEA flow rate of 500 mL/min and the number of fibermembranes 8000.]"

"Sistem pemonitor konsentrasi relatif karbon dioksida dalam ruangan berbasis sensor gas TGS4161 telah berhasil dibuat. Sistem ini dikendalikan dengan menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega128. Mikrokontroler digunakan untuk mengatur keseluruhan sistem. Salah satu fungsi mikrokontroler adalah untuk mengolah GGL yang dihasilkan sensor menjadi satuan ppm. Pada sistem ini, konsentrasi CO² dihitung dengan cara menghitung perubahan relatif output sensor pada pengukuran saat ini dengan output sensor pada udara bersih (dianggap 400 ppm CO²). Proses konversi ke dalam satuan ppm dilakukan dengan menggunakan hubungan linear antara ∆GGL dengan konsentrasi CO² pada skala logaritmik. Dengan demikian perhitungan konsentrasi absolut karbon dioksida tidak dapat dilakukan. Sistem ini mampu menghitung konsentrasi relatif karbon dioksida dari 400 ppm sampai 10.000 ppm. Hasil perhitungan kemudian ditampilkan dengan menggunakan LCD 2x16. Sistem yang dibuat ini dilengkapi dengan data logger untuk menyimpan data-data yang dibaca oleh mikrokontroler. Data-data ini disimpan ke dalam microSD card sehingga dapat diolah lebih lanjut menggunakan PC. Sistem ini juga berfungsi sebagai kontrol ventilasi udara secara otomatis.

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An indoor carbon dioxide monitoring system has been successfully constructed using a TGS4161 gas sensor. This system is controlled using ATmega128 microcontroller. Microcontroller used to control the whole system. One of the task is for converting EMF which is produced by a sensor into ppm unit. In this system, the CO² concentration is calculated by measuring the relative change of sensor output at the measuring point from sensor output in clean air (assumed to be 400ppm of CO²). Conversion into ppm unit is done by using relationship between ∆EMF and CO² gas concentration on a logarithmic scale. Thus, absolute concentration measurement can not be done. This system is able to calculate the relative concentration of carbon dioxide from 400 ppm to 10,000 ppm. Calculation results are then displayed using 2x16 LCD. This system is equipped with data logger to store the data read by microcontroller. The data can be stored in microSD card for further processing using PC. This system also can be used as automatic ventilation control."

"Proses ekstraksi zat padat dapat dilakukan menggunakan fluida karbon dioksida dalam keadaan superkritis yang juga disebut sebagai supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE). SCFE membutuhkan properti tertentu dari zat padat yang hanya dapat didapat melalui penelitian laboratorium, sehingga memakan waktu dan biaya. Sebelumnya sudah dibuat sebuah model yang dapat menggambarkan perilaku zat padat dalam proses SCFE. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memperbaharui model tersebut menggunakan data yang lebih baru, serta membandingkan akurasi model yang lama dengan yang studi ini hasilkan. Dari evaluasi simulais, didapat korelasi baru dengan average absolute deviation (AALD) sebesar 25, nilai yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan korelasi dari studi sebelumnya, sehingga korelasi dengan data yang sudah diperbaharui tidak seakurat yang sebelumnya dalam memprediksi kelarutan zat padat dalam karbon dioksida superkritikal.

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Extraction of solid compounds can be done using supercritical carbon dioxide, which is also known as Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE). SCFE requires certain properties to be known that can only be obtained from laboratory experiments, thus requiring time and expense. Previously a model has been created that can illustrate the behavior of solids in an SCFE process. This study aims to update the model by using more recent data, and compare the accuracy of the old model and the one produced by this study. The result is a new correlation with an AALD of 25, much bigger than the correlation produced by the previous study, therefore making it much more inaccurate at predicting solid solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide."

"Peningkatan konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer memberikan dampak kenaikan suhu dan perubahan iklim. Adsorpsi dengan adsorben merupakan pemisahan CO2 yang memiliki konsumsi energi dan biaya yang rendah. Karbon aktif dipilih sebagai adsorben karena memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi CO2 yang lebih baik pada tekanan atmosfer dan suhu yang tinggi. Ranting tanaman teh dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan karbon yang tinggi yaitu 53%. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pengaruh pembuatan karbon aktif dari ranting teh melalui karbonisasi 400°C selama 1 jam menggunakan gas N2, dan aktivasi fisika pada suhu aktivasi yang divariasikan, yaitu 600, 700, dan 800°C selama 4 menit dengan pemanfaatan alat APS (arc plasma sintering), terhadap pembentukan pori, luas permukaan, pembentukan gugus fungsi, serta struktur dan ukuran kristal. Karakterisasi karbon aktif didapatkan melalui SEM, BET, FTIR, dan XRD. Kemudian, melalui alat TPD-CO2, jumlah kapasitas adsorpsi CO2 pada karbon aktif dari ranting teh dapat terukur. Melalui proses karbonisasi dan aktivasi fisika, didapatkan karbon aktif dengan luas permukaan 86,668 m2/g dan kapasitas adsorpsi 2,057 mmol/g yang optimal pada suhu aktivasi fisika 800°C.

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Increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have an impact on rising temperatures and climate change. Adsorption with adsorbents is a CO2 separation that has low energy consumption and costs. Activated carbon was chosen as an adsorbent because it has better CO2 adsorption capacity at atmospheric pressure and high temperature. Tea plant twigs can be used as raw material for making active carbon because they have a high carbon content, namely 53%. This research was conducted to obtain the effect of making activated carbon from tea twigs through carbonization at 400°C for 1 hour using N2 gas, and physical activation at varied activation temperatures, namely 600, 700, and 800°C for 4 minutes using the APS (arc plasma sintering), on pore formation, surface area, formation of functional groups, as well as crystal structure and size. Characterization of activated carbon was obtained through SEM, BET, FTIR, and XRD. Then, using the TPD-CO2, the amount of CO2 adsorption capacity on activated carbon from tea twigs can be measured. Through the carbonization and physical activation process, activated carbon was obtained with a surface area of 86,668 m2/g and an adsorption capacity of 2,057 mmol/g which was optimal at a physical activation temperature of 800°C."

"Carbon Capture and Storage, Second Edition, provides a thorough, non-specialist introduction to technologies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels during power generation and other energy-intensive industrial processes, such as steelmaking. Extensively revised and updated, this second edition provides detailed coverage of key carbon dioxide capture methods along with an examination of the most promising techniques for carbon storage. The book opens with an introductory section that provides background regarding the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, an overview of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, and a primer in the fundamentals of power generation. The next chapters focus on key carbon capture technologies, including absorption, adsorption, and membrane-based systems, addressing their applications in both the power and non-power sectors. New for the second edition, a dedicated section on geological storage of carbon dioxide follows, with chapters addressing the relevant features, events, and processes (FEP) associated with this scenario. Non-geological storage methods such as ocean storage and storage in terrestrial ecosystems are the subject of the final group of chapters. A chapter on carbon dioxide transportation is also included. This extensively revised and expanded second edition will be a valuable resource for power plant engineers, chemical engineers, geological engineers, environmental engineers, and industrial engineers seeking a concise, yet authoritative one-volume overview of this field. Researchers, consultants, and policy makers entering this discipline also will benefit from this reference"

"Penyerapan gas karbon dioksida dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kontaktor membran super hidrofobik berbahan polipropilen (PP). Penggunaan membran superhidrofobik dapat memberikan luas kontak yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan kolom absorpsi konvensional untuk meningkatkan penyerapan karbon diosida. Kelebihan lainnya menggunakan kontaktor membran adalah dapat mengeliminasi berbagai kekurangan yang terjadi pada absorpsi konvensional. Akan tetapi kontaktor membran juga memiliki kelemahan, yaitu adanya tahanan perpindahan massa dari membran. Kelemahan ini dapat diatasi jika kontaktor membran yang digunakan bersifat super hidrofobik, sehingga tahanan perpindahan massanya dapat diminimalkan sekecil mungkin. Absorben yang digunakan adalah larutan dietanolamina (DEA) berkonsentrasi 5%. Dilakukan variasi terhadap laju alir gas karbon dioksida untuk mendapatkan performa optimum absorpsi gas karbon dioksida melalui membran. Absorben mengalir di bagian sisi tube dan gas karbon dioksida mengalir di bagian sisi shell membran. Teknologi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengembangkan teknologi konvensional sebelumnya yang boros energi dan kurang efektif. Analisis efektivitas dari performa absorpsi dilakukan dengan studi perpindahan massa. Parameter absorpsi yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah koefisien perpindahan massa 8,15 x 10-4 cm/s, fluks perpindahan massa 1,17 x 10-5 mmol/cm2.s, persentase penyerapan 59,69%, dan acid loading 4,91 x 10-2.

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Absorption of carbon dioxide gas is conducted through superhydrophobic membrane contactors made of plypropylene (PP). The usage of superhydrophobic membrane provides greater contact area, compared to conventional absorber columns, to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide gas. The advantages of membrane contactors can eliminate disadvantages of conventional absorbers. But, there is a disadvantage of using membrane, that is additional membrane resistance. It can be overcome if the membrane contactor is superhydrophobic, so that the resistance can be minimized. The absorbent is diethanolamine solution with 5% concentration. The variation of carbon dioxide flow rate is conducted to know the optimum condition of carbon dioxide absorption through membrane. The absorbent flows in tube side and carbon dioxide gas flows in shell side of membrane. The technology used in this study is conducted to develop previous conventional technologies which are wasteful of energy and ineffective. Effectivity analysis of absorption performance is conducted by study of mass transfer. Absorption parameters of this study show overall mass transfer is 8,15 x 10-4 cm/s, flux mass transfer is 1,17 x 10-5 mmol/cm2.s, percentage of absorption is 59,69%, and acid loading is 4,91 x 10-2."