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"Transnational crime and justice will characterize the 21st century in same way that traditional street crimes dominated the 20th century. This book brings together top scholars from around the world to offer perspectives on the laws, crimes, and criminal justice responses to transnational crime. This handbook is organized logically around four major themes: the problem of transnational crime; analysis of specific"

"International crime and justice is an emerging field that covers crime and justice from a global perspective. This book introduces the nature of international and transnational crimes, theoretical foundations to understanding the relationship between social change and the waxing and waning of the crime opportunity structure, globalization, migration, culture conflicts, and the emerging legal frameworks for their prevention and control. It presents the challenges involved in delivering justice and international cooperative efforts to deter, detect, and respond to international and transnational crimes; and the need for international research and data resources to go beyond anecdote and impressionistic accounts to testing and developing theories to build the discipline that bring tangible improvements to the peace, security and well-being of the globalizing world. A timely analysis of a complex subject of international crime and justice for students, scholars, policymakers and advocates who strive for the pursuit of justice for millions of victims."

"ABSTRAKPraktik illegal fishing di dunia semakin masif dan berkembang melibatkan teknik-teknik yang digunakan untuk mengeksploitasi kelemahan dalam regulasi perikanan dunia. Berbagai kejahatan serius dan bersifat lintas batas negara atau transnational organized crime dilakukan demi melancarkan operasinya. Sejumlah laporan kasus menemukan adanya hubungan erat antara transnational organized crime dengan illegal fishing memunculkan gagasan perubahan paradigma illegal fishing dari permasalahan pengelolaan dan konservasi perikanan atau administratif menjadi kejahatan dan diatur dalam United Nations Convention Againts Transnational Organized Crime UNTOC sebagai transnational organized crime. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif yang akan menganalisis berbagai kasus illegal fishing skala besar yang disertai praktik transnational organized crime berdasarkan kriteria transnational organized crime dalam UNTOC. Berdasarkan analisis kasus menggunakan sumber data dari kepustakaan dan wawancara, dapat disimpulkan bahwa illegal fishing dalam skala besar sudah memenuhi kriteria sebagai transnational organized crime. Oleh karena itu illegal fishing tidak dapat dianggap hanya sebagai sekadar isu administratif, namun sebagai kejahatan serius. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsepsi fisheries crime dapat menjembatani illegal fishing untuk dapat dikategorikan sebagai transnational organized fisheries crime. Namun, konsepsi ini masih prematur mengingat luasnya cakupan dari fisheries crime dan belum adanya dokumen hukum yang secara eksplisit mengatur definisi jelas dari illegal fishing selain dari IPOA-IUU dibawah naungan FAO. Diperlukan pendekatan multi-door approach untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, sebab, illegal fishing merupakan kejahatan yang dapat memiliki berbagai modus dan bentuk, sehingga pendekatan multidisipliner dapat membantu untuk dapat mengatasi permasalahan ini bagaimanapun bentuknya.

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ABSTRACTThe practice of illegal fishing in the world is massively increasing and growing in which it involves different techniques used to exploit the weaknesses in the world 39 s existing fisheries regulations. A variety of serious crimes that coincidingly crosses between state borders, or what is commonly referred to as a transnational organized crime, takes place in order to ease this operation. A number of case reports indicate a very close link between transnational organized crime and illegal fishing and therefore it brings about the idea for a change in the paradigm of illegal fishing from a fish management and conservation or administrative issue into a crime paradigm to be regarded as a transnational organized crime and to be regulated within the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime UNTOC itself. This thesis makes use of a juridical normative research method that will analyze various cases of large scale illegal fishing associated with transnational organized crime practices based on the criteria of a transnational organized crime as stipulated in the UNTOC. Based on a case analysis utilizing several data sources from literatures and interviews, it can be concluded that illegal fishing on a large scale evidently meets the criteria of a transnational organized crime. Therefore, illegal fishing cannot be regarded as merely an administrative issue, but has to also be viewed as a serious crime. The results of this study indicate that the concept of fisheries crime can become a bridge for illegal fishing to be categorized as a transnational organized fisheries crime. However, this conception is premature given the broad scope of fisheries crime itself and the absence of legal documents explicitly regulating a clear definition of illegal fishing aside from the IPOA IUU under the authority of the FAO. A multi door approach is needed to address this problem, because illegal fishing is a crime that can arise from multiple methods and forms, hence a multidisciplinary approach can help to overcome this problem no matter what form it comes in."

"Tulisan ini membahas empat kasus perdagangan heroin di Kota New York, Amerika Serikat sebagai bentuk transnational organized crime. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah analisis data sekunder yang bersumber dari data lembaga dan berita online tentang perdagangan heroin transnasional di Kota New York. Analisis dalam tulisan ini menggunakan teori social embeddedness untuk menjelaskan hubungan sosial dan lingkungan sosial aktor dan kerangka konsep transnational organized crime untuk menjelaskan pola kejahatan. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa aktor merupakan individu rasional yang melakukan perdagangan heroin karena menguntungkan secara materi hingga miliaran rupiah. Namun hal ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perdagangan heroin merupakan aktivitas ilegal yang menyebabkan aktivitas ini penuh dengan resiko dan ketidakpastian. Kesamaan latar belakang sosial, seperti kewarganegaraan, jenis kelamin, dan umur menciptakan kepercayaan. Kepercayaan mengurangi resiko dan ketidakpastian pada perdagangan heroin transnasional. Pada perdagangan heroin transnasional juga ditemukan Asia Selatan sebagai wilayah yang mendominasi asal kewarganegaraan aktor dan di mana heroin berasal. Ditemukan juga pola aktivitas perdagangan heroin transnasional yang meliputi produksi, impor dan distribusi. Kesamaan modus operandi juga ditemukan pada sebagian besar kasus yang dikelompokan menjadi tahapan yang meliputi komunikasi/negosiasi, pengiriman sampel, komunikasi/negosiasi kembali, dan impor. Adapun reaksi penegak hukum pada setiap kasus menunjukan kesamaan, yaitu dengan dibentuknya operasi investigasi melalui pendekatan multi lembaga.

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This paper discusses four cases of heroin trafficking in City of New York, United States as a form of transnational organized crime by focusing on the social relations of actors and crime patterns. The writing method in this paper is secondary data analysis derived from institutional data and news articles about the transnational heroin trade in City of New York. The analysis in this paper uses the theory of social embeddedness to explain social relations and the social environment of actors and the framework of the concept of transnational organized crime to explain patterns of crime.. The results of the analysis shows that the actor is a rational individual who trades heroin because it is materially profitable up to billions of rupiah. But this cannot stand alone. The heroin trade is an illegal activity which makes this activity full of risk and uncertainty. Similarity in social background, such as nationality, gender, and age creates trust. Trust reduces risk and uncertainty in the transnational heroin trade. In the transnational heroin trade, South Asia is also found as the region that dominates the origin of the actor's nationality and where heroin originates. The pattern of transnational heroin trading activity was also found which includes production, import and distribution. The same modus operandi was also found in most of the cases which were grouped into stages which included communication/negotiation, giving samples, re-communicating/re-negotiating, and importing. The reactions of law enforcement in each case show similarities, namely the establishment of an investigative operation through a multi institutional approach."