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"In this work the formation of Fe-Cr microalloy by ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of 20 kHz is presented. Two sample series were produced with different ultrasonic irradiation procedures. For the first sample, Fe and Cr powder were each separately brought into the ultrasonic device before they were mixed in 7:1 weight ratio and then together retreated using the ultrasonic method. Secondly, Fe and Cr powder with same weight ratio were mixed and directly ultrasonically irradiated. During the ultrasonic irradiation process both samples were put in a toluene solution of 99%. The formation of the Fe-Cr microstructure in conjunction with ultrasonication time were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM ), X-rayDiffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). After 40 hours of ultrasonicirradiation the particle sizes of the Fe powder of the first samples became significantly smaller; some particles were also fused together. However, with the exception of smaller-sized particles no fused Cr powders can be found even after 63 hours of ultrasonic irradiation. After both experiments Fe and Cr were mixed and again ultrasonically irradiated for 20 hours. Someparticles indicated as Fe-Cr alloys containing 24.34 wt.% Fe and 67.43 wt.% Cr were observed.In the sample produced from the second procedure in which both Fe and Cr powders were irradiated together by an ultrasonic method for 50 hours, some powder particles formed a Fe-Cr microalloy with the composition of 96.27 wt.% Fe and 3.73 wt.% Cr. The XRD analysis revealed that the Fe-Cr alloy from the first samples has a BCC structure with a mass fraction of Fe:Cr:Fe-Cr which is equal to 0.836:0.0294:0.135, while the mass fraction of the Fe-Cr alloy from the second sample series is equal to 0.736:0.0808:0.183, respectively. Analysis of the TEM selected area diffraction patterns (SAED) confirmed that the Fe-Cr microalloy occured originaly from the precursor Fe and Cr particles of size smaller than 2 µm. The Fe-Cr microalloy has been successfully synthesized by using an ultrasonic process."

"Kemajuan pesat di bidang teknologi mobile dan devices telah membuat mobile banking menjadi sangat penting dalam mobile commerce dan jasa finansial di Indonesia. Menggunakan innovation diffusion theory dan knowledge-based trust, penelitian ini mengembangkan sebuah model penelitian untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari innovation attributes (perceived relative advantage, ease of use dan compatibility) dan knowledge-based trust (perceived competence, benevolence dan integrity) terhadap attitude dan behavioral intention untuk menggunakan mobile banking. Berdasarkan survei dari 150 orang responden, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) untuk menginvestigasi model penelitian. Hasil pengolahan data mengindikasikan jika perceived compatibility, competence, benevolence and integrity secara signifikan mempengaruhi attitude, dimana secara langsung mempengaruhi behavioral intention untuk menggunakan mobile banking.

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Rapid advances in mobile technologies and devices have made mobile banking increasingly important in mobile commerce and financial services in Indonesia. Using innovation diffusion theory and knowledge-based trust literature, this study develops a research model to examine the effect of innovation attributes (perceived relative advantage, ease of use and compatibility) and knowledge-based trust (perceived competence, benevolence and integrity) on attitude and behavioral intention about using (or continuing to use) mobile banking across customers. Based on a survey of 150 participants, this study uses a structural equation modeling approach to investigate the research model. The results indicate that perceived compatibility, competence, benevolence and integrity significantly influence attitude, which in turn lead to behavioral intention to using (or continue-to-use) mobile banking."

"Seiring pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi saat ini, data dalam bentuk citra digital dengan mudah kita kirimkan kepada orang lain menggunakan internet. Akan tetapi, kemudahan tersebut bisa menjadi sebuah ancaman untuk diri kita maupun orang lain. Maka dari itu keamanan sebuah citra digital menjadi sangat penting agar terhindar dari ancaman tersebut. Untuk meningkatkan keamanan citra digital , kita dapat menggunakan sebuah teknik yaitu teknik kriptografi. Pada skripsi ini, teknik kriptografi yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan fungsi Ikeda dalam proses acak baris dan kolom yang dilanjutkan proses difusi menggunakan fungsi Henon, serta dilakukan uji coba dengan kombinasi penggunaan kedua fungsi pada proses acak baris kolom dan difusi. Adapun ruang kunci yang dihasilkan pada algoritma ini mencapai , sehingga algoritma ini bertahan dari serangan bruteforce attack. Sensitivitas kunci mencapai dan sehingga membuat algoritma ini bertahan dari serangan differential attack. Histogram yang dihasilkan oleh proses enkripsi berdistribusi uniform, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan uji goodness of fit untuk semua nilai statistik uji nilai pixel serta nilai maksimal koefisien korelasi tiap tingkat keabuan yang dihasilkan oleh proses enkripsi yaitu hampir mendekati 0 yang berarti bahwa citra terenkripsi tidak memberikan informasi yang cukup mengenai citra asli sehingga membuat algoritma ini bertahan dari serangan statistical attack. Oleh karena itu, algoritma ini cukup baik digunakan untuk menjaga kerahasiaan sebuah citra digital.

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Along with the rapid development of information technology today, the data in the form of digital images we easily send to others using the internet. However, the ease can be a threat to ourselves and others. Therefore the security of a digital image becomes very important in order to avoid the threat. To improve the security of digital imagery, we can use a technique that is cryptographic technique. In this research, cryptographic technique used is Ikeda function in random process of row and column which continued by diffusion process using Henon function, and tested with combination of use of both functions in column random process and diffusion. The key space generated in this algorithm reaches , so the algorithm survives the bruteforce attack. Key sensitivity reaches and so as to make this algorithm survive against differential attack. The histogram produced by the uniform distributed encryption process is shown by the goodness of fit test for all the pixel value test values and the maximum value of the correlation coefficient of each gray level generated by the encryption process is 0.0766 close to 0 which means that the encrypted image does not provide sufficient information about the original image so as to make this algorithm survive the attack statistical attack. Therefore, this algorithm is good enough to be used to maintain the confidentiality of a digital image."

"Pengembangan protokol dalam menentukan nilai koefisien dispersi akibat perbedaan gradien kecepatan dengan menggunakan mobile bed model tank telah diteliti oleh Adhi (2015). Pada penelitian ini, protokol tersebut dikembangkan dengan menggunakan alat permodelan matematis bernama Resources Modelling Associates (RMA) untuk melengkapi penelitian Adhi.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk (1) melakukan pencatatan proses permodelan numerik untuk mendapatkan nilai koefisien dispersi zat pewarna pada suatu saluran dengan menggunakan program RMA dan (2) mengembangkan protokol percobaan dengan melakukan simulasi aliran dua dimensi untuk mendapatkan nilai koefisien dispersi zat pewarna pada saluran. Program RMA dipakai untuk membandingkan visualisasi penyebaran zat pencemar antara permodelan numerik RMA dengan permodelan fisik.Asumsi aliran yang dipakai adalah aliran dua dimensi dengan kedalaman rata-rata. Zat pewarna yang dipakai Adhi diasumsikan sebagai zat pencemar total suspended solids (TSS). Kondisi batas yang digunakan adalah geometri saluran pada alat mobile bed model tank yang terdiri dari lebar, panjang dan kedalaman saluran, serta material pembentuk dasar saluran yaitu kaca. Proses melengkapi protokol secara umum terdiri dari empat perintah utama yaitu menyiapkan geometri saluran dengan RMA-GEN, mensimulasi aliran hidrodinamis dengan RMA-10, mensimulasi pola penyebaran zat pencemar dengan RMA-11 dan melakukan pengolahan data.Nilai koefisien dispersi larutan konservatif dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Sum of Squared Error (SSE). Nilai SSE terkecil adalah 3,354 untuk koefisien dispersi arah X 610 cm2/s dan koefisien dispersi arah Y 80 cm2/s. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah protokol untuk menentukan nilai koefisien dispersi larutan konservatif pada percobaan mobile bed model tank dengan menggunakan program RMA.

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Protocol development on predicting dispersion coefficient caused by velocity gradient using mobile bed model tank on straight channel has been investigated by Adhi (2015). This study develops a protocol, which uses mathematic modelling tool Resources Modelling Associates (RMA) as a continuation from Adhi?s physical modelling.

Objectives of the study are (1) record the numerical modelling process to determine dye tracer dispersion coefficient in a straight channel using RMA program, and (2) develop experiment protocol in simulating two dimension flow to determine dye tracer dispersion coefficient in a traight channel. The RMA program is used to compare the dispersion visualization of dye tracer between numerical modelling and experimental modelling.

The flow is assumed two dimension flow in the depth average. The dye tracer is assumed to be total suspended solids (TSS) constituent. Boundary condition is straight channel's geometry at the mobile bed model tank consisting of the width, length, depth and bed material. The protocol complementing process generally consists of four main components: straight channel?s geometry preparation using RMA-GEN, hydrodynamic flow simulation using RMA-10, constituent dispersion simulation using RMA-11 and data interpretation.

The conservative solution's dispersion coefficient values are analyzed using the Sum of Squared Error (SSE). The least SSE value is 3,354 for dispersion coefficient in X direction 610 cm2/s and dispersion coefficient in Y direction 80 cm2/s. The result of the study is a protocol to determine dispersion coefficient of conservative solution in mobile bed model tank experiment using RMA program."

"Latar Belakang: Cedera kepala merupakan penyebab kematian paling sering pada orang dewasa muda, Dari penelitian perkiraan keluaran pasien cedera kepala sudah dapat diprediksi dalam 3 hari perawatan. Klasifikasi diffuse injury berdasarkan tomografi komputer kepala saat pertama kali datang dengan melihat sisterna mesensefalika, derajat midline shift dan ada atau tidak rnassa intrakranial operatif dapat memprediksi kematian pasien cedera kepala. Skala diffuse injury dibagi menjadi 4 subgrup, makin tinggi skala diffuse injury-nya, makin tinggi angka kematiannya.Tujuan: Menentukan derajat diffuse injury untuk memperkirakan kemungkinan kematian 3 hari pertama pasien dewasa cedera kepala sedang dan berat,Desain dan Metode: Studi dengan disain nested case control yang bersarang pada penelitian prospektif tanpa pembanding. Pasien dewasa cedera kepala derajat sedang dan berat yang mengalami kematian dini akan dimasukkan sebagai kelompok studi, sedangkan kelompok kontrol akan diambil secara random dari pasien-pasien yang tidak mengalami kematian dini.Hasil: Dari 103 subyek penelitian didapatkan 24 (23,3%) penderita mengalami CKB dan 79 (76,7%) penderita CKS. Terdapat 23 (22,3 %) penderita yang meninggal daiam 3 hari pertama. Faktor yang berpeng ruh terhadap kematian adalah SKG, diffuse injury, sisterna mesensefalika, mid/Inc shift 5 mm atau lebih, denyut nadi, frekuensi nafas, jumlah leukosit dan tekanan PC02. Hasil analisis muitivariat menunjukkan bahwa faktor resiko independen kematian 3 hari pertama adalah skala diffuse injury (p=0,005), midline shift 5 mm (p=0,000) dan denyut nadi (p=0,016).Kesimpulan: Skala diffuse injury unfavorable dapat memprediksi kematian dalam 3 hari pertama. Midline shift 5 mm sebagai komponen skala berperan sebagai faktor resiko terjadinya kematian pasien dewasa cedera kepala sedang dan berat.

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Background: Head injury is the most frequent cause of mortality in young adult. Previous studies showed that outcome of head injured patient could be predicted in the first 3 days from the on set. Classification of head injury based primarily on information gleaned from the initial computerized tomography (CT) is described. It utilizes the status of the mesencephalic cisterns, the degree ofmidiine shift in millimeters, and the presence of absence of one or more surgical masses could be predict mortality in trauma. The term `diffuse injury' is divided into four subgroups, and the higher mortality had a strong correlation with the higher scale,

Objective: To formulate prediction scale using `diffuse injury' to know the risk of moderate and severe head injury in the first 3 days.

Methods: It was cross sectional study and continued with nested case control without comparison between moderate and severe head injury patient. Patient who was died in the first 3 days were included as study group while control group has been consisted of patient who was not died in the first 3 days and selected randomly.

Result: from 103 subject, there were 24 (23,3%) severe head injury and 79 (76,7%) moderate head injury. There were 23 (22,3%) patients who was died in the first three days. Significant factor that had influence to the mortality were GCS, diffuse injury, mesencephalic cisterns, midline shift 5 mm or more, pulse rate, respiratory rate, leucocytes count and PCO2 . Multivariate analysis showed the independent risk factors to mortality in the first 3 days were diffuse injury (p=0,006), midline shift 5 mm or more (p=0,000) and pulse rate (p=0,016).

Conclusion: Diffuse injury could predict mortality in the first 3 days of head injury patient. Midline shift as one of diffuse injury components is the leading risk factor of mortality in moderate and severe head injury patients in this research."

"Efek dari gradien medan magnet terhadap nyala api difusi mikro dengan bahan bakar LPG dan oksidator udara telah dipelajari untuk memahami interaksinya. Sebuah medan magnet tidak seragam yang dihasilkan oleh elektromagnet dari arus listrik searah diberikan diantara aliran udara dan nyala api difusi LPG divariasikan kecepatan alirannya untuk diketahui pengaruhnya tehadap intensitas medan magnet. Pengaruh dari kondisi operasi dari karakteristik nyala api difusi seperti panjang nyala api, luas nyala api, dan jarak lift-up yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran telah dipelajari. Panjang nyala api dan jarak lift-up diketahui terpengaruh oleh laju aliran udara dan intensitas medan magnet. Sementara itu, luas nyala api cenderung tidak berubah terhadap perubahan medan magnet. Panjang nyala api berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya laju aliran udara dan intensitas medan magnet. Begitu pula dengan jarak lift-up yang berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya kuat medan magnet dan bertambah seiring dengan penambahan laju aliran udara. Pemanfaatan medan magnet mengindikasikan sebuah cara yang lebih cepat untuk mempengaruhi oksidator nyala api dan juga dapat mengontrol pembakaran.

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The effect of a gradient magnetic field on a diffusion micro flame with LPG-air flame has been systematically studied to comprehend their interaction. A non-uniform magnetic field was produced in the air gap of an electromagnet which is powered by direct current power supply and the LPG diffusion flame corresponding to various flow velocities was subjected to the non-uniform field. The influence of the operating conditions on the fundamental characteristics of the diffusion flame, such as the flame length, area and lifted distance produced in these flames have been thoroughly investigated. The flame length and lifted distance were found to be influenced and the flame area remain constant with the application of the vertically decreasing gradient magnetic field. The flame length of the flame reduced when the magnetic field increased. Similarly, The flame lift-up distance reduced when the magnetic field increased. The application of the gradient magnetic field indicates a way to induce greater attraction of flame oxidizer and also provide a means to control combustion behavior. The results of this study are discussed and suggestions for future work are provided."

"Penelitian ini membahas proses difusi norma penanganan terorisme internasional PBB ke Kerangka Kerja Sama ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT). Pasca peristiwa 9/11, ancaman keamanan nontradisional dalam bentuk terorisme internasional memaksa PBB mengeluarkan resolusi A/RES/60/288 tentang Strategi Global Kontra Terorisme PBB yang mendorong setiap organisasi regional, termasuk ASEAN, untuk mempertimbangkan pengadopsian 16 norma penanganan terorisme internasional PBB. ASEAN merespons hal tersebut dengan membentuk ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) sebagai norma regional organisasi tersebut yang “hanya” mengadopsi 14 norma penanganan terorisme internasional PBB sebagai acuan dari ruang lingkup tindakan ofensif kriminal terorisme. Limitasi tersebut menjadi anomali di balik penelitian yang menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deduktif ini. Hasil penelitian yang menggunakan kerangka teori difusi norma ini menunjukkan bahwa ASEAN berupaya melakukan penyesuaian dengan norma eksternal PBB dengan melibatkan basis kognitifnya, yaitu Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC). Dalam proses difusi norma tersebut, ASEAN melakukan eliminasi dan inkorporasi untuk membentuk ACCT.

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This study discusses the process of diffusion of United Nations Counter Terrorism Norms in ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) Cooperation Framework. After the event of 9/11, non-traditional security threats in the form of international terrorism forced the United Nations to issue a UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the name of resolution A/RES/60/288 which encourages every regional organization, including ASEAN, to consider adopting 16 UN counter terrorism norms. ASEAN responded to this by establishing the ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) as the organization's regional norm which “only” adopted 14 UN prevention and suppression of international terrorism norms as a reference for the scope of criminal acts. This limitation becomes an anomaly behind the research that uses the deductive approach method. The results of this study that uses the theoretical framework of norm diffusion shows that ASEAN seeks to make adjustments to external UN norms by involving its cognitive prior, namely the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC). In the process of norm diffusion, ASEAN was eliminating and incorporating to form ACCT."

"Difusi yang terjadi di antara dua buah cairan dengan konsentrasi berbeda akan menghasilkan gradien indeks bias yang beragam. Sebuah alat untuk mengamati difusi antar dua cairan tersebut telah dibuat dengan menggunakan metode defleksi sinar laser. Pola defleksi sinar laser terjadi akibat adanya pembiasan cahaya ketika memasuki daerah perbatasan antara dua cairan dengan indeks bias yang berbeda. Koefisien difusi dapat ditentukan dengan mengamati gradien indeks bias yang terjadi pada area batas kedua cairan. Dalam fenomena ini, transfer massa yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai koefisien difusi dari satu cairan menuju cairan lain memiliki peranan penting dan dapat dijelaskan dengan menggunakan hukum Fick. Eksperimen difusi telah dilakukan menggunakan cairan NaCl dan Aquades. Menariknya, dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa nilai koefisien difusi dari NaCl dengan Aquades kesesuaian yang cukup bagus dengan koefisien difusi yang tertera pada literatur. Karakterisasi alat telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan metode pengukuran yang baik. Dengan susunan alat yang simpel, penggunaan yang baik, dan analisa data, sistem ini dapat digunakan untuk mengamati proses transfer massa antara dua cairan berbeda konsentrasi dengan cukup akurat.

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Interdiffusion between two liquids with different concentration produce diverse refractive index gradient. A measurement system to observe this phenomena has been carefully constructed using laser beam deflection method. The laser beam deflection pattern come from refraction of the beam when entering the interface of two different refractive index liquid. Diffusion coefficient value can be determined by observing the refractive index gradient of liquid liquid on the interface. In this phenomenon, mass transfer which shown by diffusion coefficient value of liquid liquid take an important role and can be described using Fick rsquo s law. The diffusion experiment have been performed with NaCl Aqueous solution. Interistingly, we have found the diffusion coefficient of NaCl Aqueous has reasonably good agreement with coefficient values specified in literature. The system characterization has been done to get a good measurement method. With simple setup, good method, and data analysis, this system can be used to observe mass transfer between two liquids with different concentration accurately."

"[ABSTRAKFe-Cr adalah paduan yang memiliki ketahanan temperatur tinggi danpotensial digunakan sebagai interkonektor pada sel bakar (SOFC=solid oxide fuelcell). Sintesis paduan Fe-Cr terus dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan metode yangefektif, dan efisien. Metode sintesis paduan Fe-Cr yang ada sekarang ini adalahmetode peleburan, metalurgi serbuk ataupun metode pemaduan mekanik. Metodemetodetersebut memiliki kelemahan misalnya paduan yang tidak homogen,terdapat oksida, proses panjang dan membutuhkan waktu lama. Untukmeminimumkan permasalahan ini, adalah penting untuk menghasilkan paduanmikro Fe-Cr yang memiliki kestabilan fasa dan sifat mekanis baik. Metodeultrasonik dapat dimanfaatkan untuk sintesis paduan mikro homogen melaluipenggunaan gelombang suara ultrasonik. Gelombang suara ultrasonikmenghasilkan gelembung-gelembung kavitasi, setiap runtuhan kavitasi dapatdianggap sebagai reaktor mikro yang mampu menghasilkan temperatur sekitar4737 oC dan tekanan sekitar 1000 atm dan yang terbentuk dengan sangat cepat,serta menghasilkan gelombang kejut. Dengan demikian metode ultrasonik dapatdimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan paduan mikro Fe-Cr yang homogen serta tanpaoksida dan diharapkan bisa mengatasi kelemahan metode pembuatan paduanberbasis Fe saat ini. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis paduan mikro Fe-Cr dengan metode ultrasonik pada frekuensi 20 kHz dalam cairan toluene.Tahapan yang telah dilakukan adalah perlakuan ultrasonik sebagai variasi waktuterhadap partikel prekursor (Fe, Cr), kemudian terhadap campuran partikelprecursor untuk mendapatkan paduan mikro Fe-Cr. Kemudian dilakukanpembuatan bongkah paduan Fe-Cr dari partikel hasil perlakuan ultrasonik melaluikompaksi tanpa lubrikan dan sintering dalam kapsul kaca kuarsa. Karakterisasiyang dilakukan adalah menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)terhadap partikel precursor hasil rekayasa ultrasonic. Untuk partikel campuranprekursor Fe-Cr hasil perlakuan ultrasonik karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakanSEM-EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) disertaianalisis dengan metode Rietveld, Transmission Electron Microscopy-SelectedArea Electron Diffraction (TEM-SAED). Untuk bongkah Fe-Cr hasil konsolidasidengan menggunakan SEM-EDS, XRD disertai analisis dengan metode Rietveld,pengukuran densitas sebenarnya, pengujian kekerasan Vickers. Efek perlakuanultrasonik terhadap partikel Fe adalah pengurangan ukuran, penyatuan, danaglomerasi. Setelah perlakuan ultrasonik 40 jam terjadi peningkatan ukuranpartikel Fe (>2μm). Terhadap partikel Cr memberikan efek erosi permukaan,pengurangan ukuran dan pemecahan partikel aglomerasi. Partikel Cr aglomerasiterurai sepenuhnya menjadi partikel Cr kecil (< 2 m) setelah 63 jam. Terhadapcampuran partikel Fe dan Cr dapat menyatukan partikel kohesif (Fe-Fe, Cr-Cr)dan adhesif (Fe-Cr), terbentuk paduan mikro Fe-Cr seutuhnya (setelah 20 jam)ataupun paduan mikro Fe-Cr sebagian (setelah 50 jam). Pembentukan paduanmikro Fe-Cr diawali pada ukuran partikel Fe ataupun Cr < 2m. Bongkah paduan mikro Fe-Cr yang diperoleh adalah homogen dan tanpa oksida, dengankarakteristik densitas melalui sintering dua tahap yaitu tipe O = 8.655 gr/cm3, tipeB=8.179 gr/cm3, dan tipe A=8.196 gr/cm3, dan melalui proses sintering satu tahaptipe O = 7.678 gr/cm3, tipe B=7.587gr/cm3, dan tipe A=7.092 gr/cm3. Kekerasanbongkah Fe-Cr terbesar melalui sintering satu tahap yaitu 88 VHN adalah tipe B,sementara terbesar dua tahap yaitu 81 VHN adalah tipe A. Proses perlakuanultrasonik memberikan dampak positif baik dari sisi waktu proses maupunkualitas hasil paduan Fe-Cr. Dengan demikian metode ultrasonik bisa diandalkansebagai alternatif dalam pembuatan paduan berbasis Fe untuk mengatasi kendalahomogenisasi dan oksidasi yang dihadapi pada metode saat ini.;

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ABSTRACTFe-Cr alloys have the potential for use as an interconnection material forsolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) due to its being resistance to high temperatures.Synthesis methods of Fe-Cr alloy continue to be developed in order to obtain amethod that is both effective and efficient. Presently, the synthesis of Fe-Cr alloysinclude the casting, the powder metallurgy, and the mechanical alloying method.These methods have several drawbacks such as inhomogeneity in the resultingproducts, oxidation, and require a very time-consuming process to accomplish. Inorder to minimize this problem, it is important to produce Fe-Cr microalloys. Fe-Cr microalloys exhibit phase stability and good mechanical properties. Ultrasonicmethods can be used in the synthesis of homogeneous microalloys by employingthe ultrasonic sound waves. Ultrasonic sound waves will generate cavitationbubbles. Any cavitation collapse can be considered as a micro reactor in which atemperature of about 4737 oC and a pressure of about 1000 atm a very rapidlycreated, thereby generating a shock wave. Thus, the ultrasonic method can beused in producing homogeneous and free-oxide Fe-Cr microalloys and can beexpected to overcome the limitations imposed by the current methods. In thiswork the formation of Fe-Cr microalloys by ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of20 kHz in toluene liquid is presented. In the synthesis procedure, the proceduresteps followed were: (1) the treatment of precursor particles (Fe, Cr) throughultrasonic method with a time-variation, followed by (2) the same time-varyingultrasonic treatment on the admixture of these specially prepared precursorparticles in order to obtain the Fe-Cr microalloys, and (3) finally, the lubricantlesscompaction method was employed on these precursor particles admixturefollowed by sintering process inside quartz tubes to obtain a bulk of Fe-Cr alloy.Observations of the specially prepared precursor particles using ultrasonictechnique were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.Observation of the precursor mixture of Fe-Cr particles mixture treatedultrasonically was performed using a SEM-EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy)apparatus, a X-Ray diffractometer and accompanied by the Rietveld analysismethod, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-selected area electrondiffraction (SAED) apparatus. The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy were observed using SEMEDS,XRD accompanied by analysis by the Rietveld method, true densitymeasurement, and Vickers microhardness testing. Ultrasonic treatment has causedFe particles to form agglomerations, an interparticles neck formation, and a fusingamong the particles. The size of the Fe particles increased (>2μm) after 40 hourstreatment. The agglomerated Cr particles experienced fragmentation, surfaceerosion, and reduction of particle size. The agglometrated Cr particles fullydisintegrated into Cr microparticles (<2μm) after 63 hours treatment. The mixtureof Fe-Cr forming cohesive (Fe-Fe, Cr-Cr) and adhesive (Fe-Cr) particles, formingcompletely (after ultrasonic treatment for 20 hours) and partially (after ultrasonictreatment for 50 hours) Fe-Cr microalloys. The complete formation of Fe-Cr microalloy was possible with an equal particle size of the precursor Fe and Cr(approximately <2 μm). The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy results are homogenous andoxide-free. For two-step sintering, its density (in gr/cm3 unit) is 8.655 for type O,is 8.179 for type B, and is 8.196 for type A, and for one-step sintering its densityis 7.678 for type O, is 7.587 for type B, and is 7.092 for type A. The greatestmicrohardness number of 88 VHN is of type B (one-step sintering), and of 81VHN is of type A (two-step sintering). The ultrasonic treatment process has apositive impact, with respect to both of quality and time-consumption to finish theFe-Cr alloying process. Therefore the ultrasonic method can be relied upon as analternative method in the production of Fe-based alloys to solve problems inhomogenization and oxidation encountered in current methods;Fe-Cr alloys have the potential for use as an interconnection material forsolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) due to its being resistance to high temperatures.Synthesis methods of Fe-Cr alloy continue to be developed in order to obtain amethod that is both effective and efficient. Presently, the synthesis of Fe-Cr alloysinclude the casting, the powder metallurgy, and the mechanical alloying method.These methods have several drawbacks such as inhomogeneity in the resultingproducts, oxidation, and require a very time-consuming process to accomplish. Inorder to minimize this problem, it is important to produce Fe-Cr microalloys. Fe-Cr microalloys exhibit phase stability and good mechanical properties. Ultrasonicmethods can be used in the synthesis of homogeneous microalloys by employingthe ultrasonic sound waves. Ultrasonic sound waves will generate cavitationbubbles. Any cavitation collapse can be considered as a micro reactor in which atemperature of about 4737 oC and a pressure of about 1000 atm a very rapidlycreated, thereby generating a shock wave. Thus, the ultrasonic method can beused in producing homogeneous and free-oxide Fe-Cr microalloys and can beexpected to overcome the limitations imposed by the current methods. In thiswork the formation of Fe-Cr microalloys by ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of20 kHz in toluene liquid is presented. In the synthesis procedure, the proceduresteps followed were: (1) the treatment of precursor particles (Fe, Cr) throughultrasonic method with a time-variation, followed by (2) the same time-varyingultrasonic treatment on the admixture of these specially prepared precursorparticles in order to obtain the Fe-Cr microalloys, and (3) finally, the lubricantlesscompaction method was employed on these precursor particles admixturefollowed by sintering process inside quartz tubes to obtain a bulk of Fe-Cr alloy.Observations of the specially prepared precursor particles using ultrasonictechnique were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.Observation of the precursor mixture of Fe-Cr particles mixture treatedultrasonically was performed using a SEM-EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy)apparatus, a X-Ray diffractometer and accompanied by the Rietveld analysismethod, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-selected area electrondiffraction (SAED) apparatus. The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy were observed using SEMEDS,XRD accompanied by analysis by the Rietveld method, true densitymeasurement, and Vickers microhardness testing. Ultrasonic treatment has causedFe particles to form agglomerations, an interparticles neck formation, and a fusingamong the particles. The size of the Fe particles increased (>2μm) after 40 hourstreatment. The agglomerated Cr particles experienced fragmentation, surfaceerosion, and reduction of particle size. The agglometrated Cr particles fullydisintegrated into Cr microparticles (<2μm) after 63 hours treatment. The mixtureof Fe-Cr forming cohesive (Fe-Fe, Cr-Cr) and adhesive (Fe-Cr) particles, formingcompletely (after ultrasonic treatment for 20 hours) and partially (after ultrasonictreatment for 50 hours) Fe-Cr microalloys. The complete formation of Fe-Cr microalloy was possible with an equal particle size of the precursor Fe and Cr(approximately <2 μm). The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy results are homogenous andoxide-free. For two-step sintering, its density (in gr/cm3 unit) is 8.655 for type O,is 8.179 for type B, and is 8.196 for type A, and for one-step sintering its densityis 7.678 for type O, is 7.587 for type B, and is 7.092 for type A. The greatestmicrohardness number of 88 VHN is of type B (one-step sintering), and of 81VHN is of type A (two-step sintering). The ultrasonic treatment process has apositive impact, with respect to both of quality and time-consumption to finish theFe-Cr alloying process. Therefore the ultrasonic method can be relied upon as analternative method in the production of Fe-based alloys to solve problems inhomogenization and oxidation encountered in current methods, Fe-Cr alloys have the potential for use as an interconnection material forsolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) due to its being resistance to high temperatures.Synthesis methods of Fe-Cr alloy continue to be developed in order to obtain amethod that is both effective and efficient. Presently, the synthesis of Fe-Cr alloysinclude the casting, the powder metallurgy, and the mechanical alloying method.These methods have several drawbacks such as inhomogeneity in the resultingproducts, oxidation, and require a very time-consuming process to accomplish. Inorder to minimize this problem, it is important to produce Fe-Cr microalloys. Fe-Cr microalloys exhibit phase stability and good mechanical properties. Ultrasonicmethods can be used in the synthesis of homogeneous microalloys by employingthe ultrasonic sound waves. Ultrasonic sound waves will generate cavitationbubbles. Any cavitation collapse can be considered as a micro reactor in which atemperature of about 4737 oC and a pressure of about 1000 atm a very rapidlycreated, thereby generating a shock wave. Thus, the ultrasonic method can beused in producing homogeneous and free-oxide Fe-Cr microalloys and can beexpected to overcome the limitations imposed by the current methods. In thiswork the formation of Fe-Cr microalloys by ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of20 kHz in toluene liquid is presented. In the synthesis procedure, the proceduresteps followed were: (1) the treatment of precursor particles (Fe, Cr) throughultrasonic method with a time-variation, followed by (2) the same time-varyingultrasonic treatment on the admixture of these specially prepared precursorparticles in order to obtain the Fe-Cr microalloys, and (3) finally, the lubricantlesscompaction method was employed on these precursor particles admixturefollowed by sintering process inside quartz tubes to obtain a bulk of Fe-Cr alloy.Observations of the specially prepared precursor particles using ultrasonictechnique were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.Observation of the precursor mixture of Fe-Cr particles mixture treatedultrasonically was performed using a SEM-EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy)apparatus, a X-Ray diffractometer and accompanied by the Rietveld analysismethod, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-selected area electrondiffraction (SAED) apparatus. The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy were observed using SEMEDS,XRD accompanied by analysis by the Rietveld method, true densitymeasurement, and Vickers microhardness testing. Ultrasonic treatment has causedFe particles to form agglomerations, an interparticles neck formation, and a fusingamong the particles. The size of the Fe particles increased (>2μm) after 40 hourstreatment. The agglomerated Cr particles experienced fragmentation, surfaceerosion, and reduction of particle size. The agglometrated Cr particles fullydisintegrated into Cr microparticles (<2μm) after 63 hours treatment. The mixtureof Fe-Cr forming cohesive (Fe-Fe, Cr-Cr) and adhesive (Fe-Cr) particles, formingcompletely (after ultrasonic treatment for 20 hours) and partially (after ultrasonictreatment for 50 hours) Fe-Cr microalloys. The complete formation of Fe-Cr microalloy was possible with an equal particle size of the precursor Fe and Cr(approximately <2 μm). The bulk of Fe-Cr alloy results are homogenous andoxide-free. For two-step sintering, its density (in gr/cm3 unit) is 8.655 for type O,is 8.179 for type B, and is 8.196 for type A, and for one-step sintering its densityis 7.678 for type O, is 7.587 for type B, and is 7.092 for type A. The greatestmicrohardness number of 88 VHN is of type B (one-step sintering), and of 81VHN is of type A (two-step sintering). The ultrasonic treatment process has apositive impact, with respect to both of quality and time-consumption to finish theFe-Cr alloying process. Therefore the ultrasonic method can be relied upon as analternative method in the production of Fe-based alloys to solve problems inhomogenization and oxidation encountered in current methods]"