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"The construction industry plays an important role in establishing the infrastructure required for socio-economic development and directly contributes to economic growth. On the other side, it also generates severe impacts on the environment. The construction industry is one of the biggest environmental polluters and it also consumes large quantities of raw materials. Value Engineering originates from the manufacturing industry in order to deliver higher value and quality to a product by means of an increase in efficiency. ‘Lean Construction’ (LC) concepts emerged as a consequence of the application of VE philosophy, specifically for construction industry. LC extends from the objectives of a lean production system – to maximize value and to minimize waste – in relation to specific techniques and then applies them conceptually in a new project delivery process. The aims of this paper are to present practical examples of the application of Value Engineering and Lean Construction concepts within a green building construction project and to qualitatively assess its benefits in terms of environmental impact and waste minimization. A detailed case study was conducted for project execution of a new multi-storey government institutional building in the Jakarta central business district. This project adopts a Green Building and a Green Site concept in order to reduce potential environmental impact during the construction phase itself and during the occupancy phase of the building. The case study primarily concerns issues such as water consumption, power usage, etc. This project is a perfect example for the application of Value Engineering and Lean Construction philosophies in order to deliver better quality, faster completion, environmentally friendly practice, and less waste generation. The adoption of environmental awareness in the context of building design, the application of alternative and/or recycled/environmentally friendly materials, along with a number of “green” technologies and building systems featured in this building concept will deliver greater value without jeopardizing the ecology. Meanwhile, the adoption of prefabrication construction methods, intelligent excavation works, ‘Reduce-Reuse-Recycle’ principles, and simple ‘environmentally-aware’ on-site practices can minimize the waste produced and the local environmental impact emitted during project execution."

"Produktivitas sudah menjadi suatu ukuan dalam mempertimbangkan apakah suatu proyek dilaksanakan secara efektif atau tidak. Produktivitas kerja suatu proyek rendah maka akan menimbulkan dampak berupa keterlambatan proyek sehingga proyek terlambat dan terjadi penyimpangan biaya akhir proyek. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas kerja dalam proyek konstruksi adalah manajemen material. Terlebih lagi, material merupakan sumber daya yang paling besar persentase biayanya dari keseluruhan biaya proyek. Pada proyek konstruksi biaya material dan peralatan nilainya bisa mencapai 50-60% dari total biaya proyek. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi kasus dan survey dengan mencari keterkaitan produktivitas kerja proyek X dengan kinerja manajemen material dalam proyek tersebut. Hasil penelitian didapatkan faktor-faktor dominan dalam manajemen material yang mempengaruhi produktivitas kerja proyek dan strategi pengendaliannya. Faktor-faktor dominan yang didapat yakni X33 (letak penyimpanan material di area kerja) dan X 38 (Pemahaman karakteristik lokasi pekerjaan) dengan model regresi Y = -0,640 + 0,485 X38 + 0,286 X33.

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Productivity has become a criterion in considering whether a project is carried out effectively or not. If the productivity is low, it will result delays in the project that can effect on delay of the projects and that cause deviates from the final cost of the project. One of the factors affecting productivity in construction projects is material management. Moreover, the material is the greatest resource cost of the overall percentage of project cost. On construction projects worth the cost of materials and equipment can reach 50-60% of the total project cost.

This research is a case study and survey by looking for project-X work productivity with performance of material management in the project. The results showed that the dominant factors in the management of materials are affecting work productivity and project control strategies. Dominant factors obtained namely X33 (material storage location in the work area) and X 38 (Understanding the characteristics of the location of work) with the regression model Y = -0.640 + 0.485 X38 + 0.286 X33."

"Industri konstruksi merupakan pengonsumsi bahan baku material terbesar di antara industri lain. Sedangkan, pelaksanaannya masih tertinggal dalam hal efisiensi, sehingga masih banyak terjadi pemborosan pada pekerjaan konstruksi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yakni mengidentifikasi pemborosan pekerjaan dan limbah lingkungan yang muncul pada proses produksi kolom struktur bangunan gedung rumah sakit menggunakan metode Value Stream Mapping yang sudah dimodifikasi, menganalisis penyebab terjadinya pemborosan dan timbulan limbah menggunakan Value Stream Analysis Tools dan Fishbone Diagram, serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan pencegahan dan perbaikan untuk mengurangi pemborosan dan limbah yang dihasilkan.Untuk mengidentifikasi pemborosan pekerjaan, penulis mengambil data pengamatan di lapangan berdasarkan indikator Value Stream Mapping, tepatnya pada pekerjaan kolom struktur, yakni proses perakitan besi, pemasangan besi, bekisting, pengecoran, dan bongkar bekisting serta memberikan lembar kuesioner mengenai peringkat keterjadian pemborosan kepada pihak proyek terkait. Penelitian dilakukan dengan lima tahap, yaitu identifikasi pemborosan dan limbah pada proses produksi menggunakan Value Stream Mapping, penentuan jenis pemborosan terbesar dan alat Value Stream Analysis menggunakan kuesioner pembobotan metode Borda, menganalisis pemborosan yang terjadi menggunakan Process Activity Mapping, menentukan penyebab terjadinya pemborosan dan limbah menggunakan Fishbone Diagram, serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan perbaikan.Penelitian ini memperoleh hasil persentase pekerjaan yang memberikan nilai tambah bagi produk (VA) sebesar 15,24%, pekerjaan yang tidak memberikan nilai tambah (NVA) sebesar 13,21%, dan pekerjaan yang tidak memberikan nilai tambah namun diperlukan (NVAN) sebesar 71,55% pada satu siklus produksi kolom. Adanya pemborosan juga ditunjukkan dengan indikator index kontributif kerja (CWI), persentase waktu persiapan (STP), persentase durasi operasional (UTP), dan persentase aktivitas yang menambah nilai (VAP) pada masing-masing proses. Pemborosan bahan bakar juga teridentifikasi sebesar 53,45% dari durasi penggunaan mesin concrete pump.Berdasarkan kuesioner dan analisis Process Activity Mapping, aktivitas yang teridentifikasi sebagai pemborosan yang terjadi di lapangan yaitu Delay/Waiting sebanyak 19,15% dan Transportation sebanyak 12,77% dari keseluruhan aktivitas. Sedangkan limbah yang dihasilkan selama proses berupa logam sebesar 31,12 kg/m3, kayu sebesar 22,377 kg/m3, dan beton sebesar 0,23 m3. Selain limbah, diperoleh juga konsumsi energi listrik setiap proses dengan total 20.370,4 Watthour.Penyebab utama terjadinya Delay/Waiting yakni ketidakseimbangan beban produksi antar proses, pekerja banyak menganggur, dan waktu persiapan alat. Sedangkan Transportation disebabkan oleh keterbatasan kapasitas Tower Crane, kurangnya koordinasi antar pekerja, material menumpuk, dan jarak stasiun kerja yang berjauhan. Limbah material yang dihasilkan selama proses disebabkan oleh ketiadaan metode kerja yang memperhatikan efisiensi penggunaan material, budaya pekerja boros, kurangnya pengawasan pekerja, dan pekerjaan yang dipercepat untuk mengejar target (crashing).Rekomendasi pencegahan dan perbaikan berdasarkan metode lean, green, dan sustainable construction pada Delay/Waiting adalah mengimplementasikan analisis Setup Time Reduction atau pengurangan durasi persiapan, melakukan standarisasi kerja yang telah dianalisis VA, NVA, dan NVAN dan diimplementasikan oleh pekerja, dan meningkatkan pengawasan pekerja di lapangan. Untuk Transportation, rekomendasi pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan ialah menumbuhkan budaya kaizen dan kaikaku pada pekerja untuk menemukan inovasi pemindahan material yang lebih cepat dan minim tenaga manusia, melakukan analisis Site Layout untuk mendekatkan jarak penyimpanan dengan lokasi pekerjaan, dan mengimplementasikan 5R atau Visual Work Place agar material tidak menumpuk di area proyek. Sedangkan limbah material yang dihasilkan mendapat rekomendasi berikut: melakukan standarisasi kerja dan sosialisasi terhadap metode kerja yang ekonomis dan efisien terhadap material, merancang petunjuk gambar kerja berbasis keberlanjutan pada tahap desain, melakukan pengumpulan, pengklasifikasian, dan pendauran ulang limbah konstruksi yang dihasilkan, dan bekerja sama serta mengevaluasi pemasok dan subkontraktor terhadap limbah yang dihasilkan selama proses produksi.

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The construction industry is the largest raw materials consumer among other industries. Nevertheless, its implementation is still left behind in terms of efficiency, there is still plenty of waste in construction work. The objectives of this study are to identify performance and environmental waste that appears along the production processes of hospital building’s structure columns using the modified Value Stream Mapping method, to analyze the roots of performance and environmental waste using Value Stream Analysis Tools and Fishbone Diagram, and to provide preventive and corrective recommendations to reduce waste.

To identify performance waste, the author took observational data in the field based on the Value Stream Mapping indicator, specifically on structural column work, namely the process of iron fabrication, installation, formwork, casting, and formwork disassembly, and provided a questionnaire regarding the ranking of the occurrence of waste to the related project parties. The research was carried out in five stages, namely identification of performance waste and environmental waste in the production process using Value Stream Mapping, determining the largest type of waste and the Value Stream Analysis Tools using a weighting questionnaire using the Borda method, analyzing the waste that occurs using Process Activity Mapping, determining the causes of waste and waste using Fishbone Diagram, and provide recommendations for preventive and corrective action.

This study shows the percentage of jobs that grant added value to the product (VA) of 15.24%, jobs that do not grant added value (NVA) of 13.21%, and jobs that do not grant added value but are necessary (NVAN) of 71.55% in one column production cycle. The existence of waste is also proved by indicators such as the Work Contributive Index (CWI), Set-Up Time Percentage (STP), Up Time Percentage (UTP), and Value Adding Percentage (VAP) to each process. Fuel wastage was also identified at 53.45% of the duration of using the concrete pump machine.

Based on the questionnaire and Process Activity Mapping analysis, the activities that are identified as waste that occurred in the field were Delay/Waiting as much as 19.15% and Transportation as much as 12.77% of all activities. While the environmental waste during the process was in the form of 31.12 kg/m3 metal, 22.377 kg/m3 wood, and 0.23 m3 concrete. In addition, the electricity consumption was also obtained for each process with a total of 20,370.4 Watthours.

Delayed time happens because there is an unbalanced production load between processes, unoccupied workers, and relatively-long tool preparation time. While the Transportation waste is caused by the limited capacity of Tower Crane, the lack of coordination between workers, excessive raw materials, and the far apart distance between their workstations. The absence of work methods that focuses on the efficiency of material use, wasteful habits among workers, supervision deficiency, and project acceleration to catch up with targets (Crashing) are the main reasons why environmental waste has resulted.

Based on lean, green, and sustainable construction methods, preventive and corrective recommendations for Delay/Waiting are by implementing Setup Time Reduction analysis or reducing preparation time, creating a standardized work frame that has been analyzed by VA, NVA, and NVAN that will be implemented by workers, and rising supervision. Preventive recommendations that can be carried out for Transportation waste are by cultivating a culture of Kaizen and Kaikaku for workers to find innovations to move materials faster and with less manpower, performing a Site Layout analysis to bring storage distance closer to the work location, and implementing 5R or Visual Workplace so that materials do not accumulate in the certain project area. While the material waste produced received the following recommendations, such as carrying out standardization of work and socialization of work methods that are economical and efficient for materials, designing a shop drawing based on sustainability from the design stage, collecting, classifying, and recycling environmental waste, and working together as well as evaluating suppliers and subcontractors for waste generated during the production process."

"Peոelitiaո iոi berkaitan dengan analisis atas implementasi sistem Building Information Modeling (BIM) di PT ABC. Menurut beberapa penulis Building Information Modeling (BIM) merupakan sistem informasi yang terintegrasi yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja proyek konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan masukan atas implementasi Building Information Modeling (BIM) di PT ABC. Implementasi Building Information Modeling (BIM) akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Technology Organization Environment (TOE) Framework yang dibuat oleh Tornatzky dan Klein tahun 1982. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah PT ABC. Jumlah proyek yang dianalisis sebanyak 4 proyek yang telah selesai proses konstruksinya di akhir tahun 2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang melakukan pendekatan mix method dengan melakukan wawancara dan analisis atas data laporan keuangan proyek. Hasil dari penelitian ini berkesimpulan bahwa PT ABC memperoleh manfaat dengan diterapkannya sistem Building Information Modeling (BIM), namun demikian masih terdapat beberapa kekurangan dalam pelaksanaan Building Information Modeling (BIM) yang dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan aspek-aspek Technology Organization Environment (TOE) Framework.

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This research related with the analysis of implementation Building Information Modeling (BIM) system at PT ABC. According to several authors, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an integrated information system that can improve the performance of construction projects. This study aims to provide input on the implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) at PT ABC. Implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) will be analyzed using the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) Framework created by Tornatzky and Klein in 1982. The unit of analysis in this study is PT ABC. The number of projects analyzed were 4 projects that had completed the construction process at the end of 2020. This research uses a mix method approach by conducting interviews and analysis of project financial report data. The results of this study conclude that PT ABC benefits from the implementation of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) system. However, there are still some shortcomings in the implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) which can be grouped based on aspects of the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) Framework.

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"Ditemukan fenomena pembengkakan (cost overrun) pada PT. XYZ yang disebabkan oleh pemborosan (Waste). Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Mengevaluasi Work breakdown structure (WBS) yang menyebabkan Waste (pemborosan) sehingga menyebabkan pembengkakan biaya proyek, serta mengevaluasi metode yang cocok yang dapat diterapkan serta dampaknya dengan konsep / prinsip Lean Construction. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan penerapan lean construction dapat menurunkan deviasi progress sebesar 4,27%; memperbaiki kinerja biaya sebesar 18,15%; serta memperbaiki durasi selama 134 hari. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesa awal diterima, yaitu penggunaan kombinasi Lean Construction tools dapat memperbaiki kinerja biaya proyek pada proses berulang pada proyek gedung bertingkat tinggi.

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The phenomenon of cost overrun was found at PT. XYZ caused by waste. So the purpose of this research is to evaluate the work breakdown structure (WBS) that causes waste, causing project cost overruns, as well as evaluating suitable methods that can be applied and the impact on the concept/principle of Lean Construction. The results obtained show that the application of lean construction can reduce the deviation of progress by 4.27%;

improve cost performance by 18,15%; and improved duration by 134 days. It can be concluded that the initial hypothesis is accepted, namely the use of a combination of Lean Construction tools can improve project cost performance in iterative processes in high-rise building projects. "

"ABSTRAKGreen building adalah konsep bangunan ramah lingkungan yang merupakan salah satu bentuk respon dunia mengenai kondisi lingkungan saat ini. Meskipun demikian, masih banyak anggapan bahwa konsep bangunan ramah lingkungan ini mahal sehingga masih sedikit owner yang menerapkan konsep ini pada bangunan mereka. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi value engineering (VE) untuk mendapatkan biaya yang optimal pada bangun green building. VE pada penelitian ini dilakukan pada system pengkondisian udara dengan fokus penelitian adalah pada pemilihan refrigerant ramah lingkungan untuk menggantikan refrigerant r134a yang tidak ramah lingkungan karena dapat menyebabkan pemanasan global. Hasil dari penelitian adalah sistem pengkondisian udara yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan efisien terhadap biaya.

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ABSTRACTGreen building is the concept of environmentally friendly building, which is one form of response the world about the current enviromental conditions. Nevertheless, there are many assuming that enviromentally friendly building concept is still expensive so only many owners who apply this concept in their building. In this study, Value Engineering (VE) was used to obtain the optimal cost for green building. VE in this study was conducted on air conditioning system. Focus in this reasearch is the selection of environmentally friendly rerigerants to replace refrigerant R134a which less sustainable for environment because it can cause global warming. The result are air conditioning system that enviromentally friendly and efficient of cost."

"Munculnya construction waste pada pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi tidak dapat dihindari. Munculnya construction waste pada proyek konstruksi ini tentunya berdampak pada kinerja biaya proyek. Apabila construction waste dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi tidak dikendalikan, maka dapat terjadi pembengkakan biaya proyek. Untuk itu perlu adanya suatu usaha untuk mengendalikan munculnya construction waste ini. Salah satu usaha dalam mengendalikan munculnya construction waste adalah dengan penerapan Waste Management Plan. Dalam kaitannya dengan konsep konstruksi ramping (lean construction), Waste Management Plan diharapkan tidak hanya terfokus pada masalah waste dalam bentuk material saja. Tetapi juga perlu dilihat waste dalam bentuk kehilangan waktu, tenaga kerja yang tidak produktif dan penggunaan peralatan yang tidak efektif dan efisien. Data diperoleh dengan penyebaran kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling dengan bantuan program SmartPLS. Hasil dari pengolahan data tersebut berupa matriks dampak ? penyebab dan grafik pola hubungan dampak - penyebab.

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Construction waste in the construction project can not be avoided. This condition is certainly has an impact to the project cost performance. If construction waste are not controlled, they can make cost overrun. Therefore, there needs to be an effort to control construction waste during the proses of construction. Waste Management Plan is one of the way to control the construction waste. In relation to the concept of lean construction, Waste Management Plan is expected to not only focus on the problem of material waste, but also needs to be seen in time loses, labour productivity and equipment that's not effective and efficient. Quesionner used to collect the data from the responden. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Modeling with tool SmartPLS. The result is shown by the matrix of impact-causes and pattern graphic of impact-causes relation."

"Ce rapport de stage est fait à partir du stage qui effectué à Dragages Singapore Pie Ltd dans un des ses sites de consturction à Jurong West Executive Condominium Project. Ce stage est réalisé à patir du 8 juin jusqu?à 3 1 août 2000.Ce rapport de stage analyse comment Bouygues ConstructIon voit le changement contemporaire, qui ensuite cherche à l?anticiper en restructurant sa politique et son organisation. Réalisant le changement rapide du monde, Bouygues Construction, dans ce cas Bouygues Batîment, refixe sa stratégie efficient basé sur les valeurs originaux fixes par les fondateurs de Bouygues. Bouygues Batîment possède ce plan de restructuration et nouvelle politique dans son projet s?appelle Magellan Project.Magellan Project est un projet préliminaire de Bouygues Batîment pour faire face à la globalisation. Ce plan couvre toutes les régions d?activité de Bouygues Batîment. Dans sa redaction, l?auteur aborde en bref l?histoire de Bouygues, pour faire apparaître le grandeur des activités du groupe Bouygues. A partir de ça l?auteur va concentrer son exploration au Magellan Project dans tous ses aspects. Concernant le stage que l?auteur a effectué dans un site de construction de Bouygues, il compare les éléments du Magellan Project avec ce qui a effectué actuellement au site. Est-ce qu?ils sont succès ou quels sont les obtacles? Après avoir la réponse de ces questions, ¡I est espéré que nous puissions savoir ses avantages et faiblesses. Ensuite, les conclusions et suggestions sont montrées.Le stage sert à placer les étudiants aux activités journalières pour qu?ils puissant comprendte les principles économiques qui se marchent. Pour savoir comment l?entité économiqUe réagit ou repond à la situation qui change, et pour l?étudier à partir de feedback qui obtenu après une stratégie ou une mission est implementée. Finalement, tous ces éléments qu?un étudiant a obtenu auprès le stage va l?emmener à une nouvelle phase de comprehension sur l?activité des affaires. Donc, à l?avenir ces éléments pouffaient aider les étudiants à adapter avec la situation necessaire, pour bien repondre ou anticiper les problèmes qui va apparaître.

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This report was conducted in Dragages Singapore Pte Ltd, more precisely in one of its site named Jurong West Executive Condominium Project, Singapore. The internship started on 8 July up to 3 1 August 2000. This internship will discuss about how Bouygues Construction at the changes and try to anticipate it by restructuring its organization, policy, and strategy. Realizing that the world is changing so fast, Bouygues Construction, in this case, Bouygues Bâtiment, do reset up all of its vision, mission, strategy base on its original values given by the founder of Bouygues. Recently Bouygues has a big plan to reorient its activities in form of special project, called Magellan Project.Magellan Project is aproject for Bouygues to anticipate the Globalization. This plan covers all region activities under Batiment International. The report lay out will high light, first Bouygues Holding as a general information, shortly tells about its history, then notes few condition that Bouygues concern on. Based on that study or observation, Bouygues try to anticipate for its future activities. This is the subject, where Magellan Project does exist. So the report will state the project stream and target. In line of this internship, as it was conducted in one of Bouygues site construction, so this report try to compare between the project set up or line of policy, to what has been done in Jurong West site. This site could be a good example test to know how well they are running their plan. Is the Magellan Project well implemented? Or is there any obstruction? Then can we call this site success? And what is the feed back expected from this case. Obtaining the answers, we hopefully know the strong and the weakness of theproject. This internship has a purpose to carry in the student to the real daily business activity in order to understand the principles of economic that it goes on and implemented as well.To know how the economic entity reacts or response to the changing situation, and to learn from the feed back that it obtained after a strategy or a vision and mission implemented. Finally all of those learning input from internship bring the student to the new stage of understanding and comprehension business activity better. So in the future it may helps the student to adapt the situation necessary, to response or anticipate the problem that lies a head."