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"This book addresses all the current, up-to-date developments in this scientific discipline. Liver is the chief metabolizing site in the body, and thus, it is a major target organ for drug and chemical toxicity. Therefore, hepatotoxicity is an important endpoint in the safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals.Contributions from leading investigators in hepatotoxicity research address current developments in this scientific discipline and discuss use of current cutting edge technology such as microarrays in hepatotoxicity thus providing a better understanding of hepatotoxins, their interactions and mechanisms of action."

"Nanomaterials, substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size, have been added in recent years to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day-to-day life; in food packaging, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, odor-resistant textiles and household appliances. The extensive application of nanomaterials in a wide range of products for human use poses a potential for toxicity risk to human health and the environment. Such adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health have triggered the development of a new scientific discipline known as "nanotoxicity" - the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicity: From in vivo and in vitro Models to Health Risks provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by recognized experts in this emerging new field in toxicology. It discusses the safety evaluation of nanomaterials in foods, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics and other regulated products and its use in risk analysis for potential regulatory use. Topics covered include: biomarkers for nanotoxicity assessment nanotoxicity assessment by gene expression analysis in vivo and in vitro models for nanotoxicity testing mechanisms of nanotoxicity pharmakokinetics of nanomaterials nanotoxicity of foods including food processing, food packaging and food safety nanotoxicity of drugs including drug development and drug delivery nanotoxicity of cosmetics and consumer products health and environmental impact of nanotoxicity safety evaluation of nanomaterials regulatory impact of nanomaterials."

"Toxicogenomics is the integration of genomics to toxicology. This technology is a powerful tool for collecting information from a large number of biological samples simultaneously and thus it is very useful for large-scale screening of potential toxicants.Toxicogenomics : a powerful tool for toxicity assessment provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by the recognized experts, and is therefore an authoritative source of current knowledge in this field of research. The potential link between toxicology, genetics and human diseases makes this book very useful to investigators in many and varied disciplines of science and toxicology. "

"This book examines genotoxic impurities and their impact on the pharmaceutical industry.Specific sections examine this from both a toxicological and analytical perspective. Within these sections, the book defines appropriate strategies to both assess and ultimately control genotoxic impurities, thus aiding the reader to develop effective control measures. An opening section covers the development of guidelines and the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and is followed byasection on safety aspects, including safety tests in vivo and vitro, and data interpretation.The second section addresses the risk posed by genotoxic impurities fromoutside sources and from mutagenswithin DNA.In the final section, the book deals with the quality perspective of genotoxic impurities focused on two critical aspects, the first being the analysis and the second how to practically evaluate the impurities."

"Vaksinasi merupakan upaya kesehatan preventif terhadap penularan penyakit infeksi, terutama oleh bakteri dan virus. Vaksin hepatitis B yang tersedia di pasar berbentuk suspensi cair yang sensitif terhadap panas. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menghasilkan formula vaksin hepatitis B yang dapat dikelola di luar sistem rantai dingin. Optimisasi pada alat pengering menunjukkan bahwa formula vaksin cair dapat dikeringkan dan dimonitor untuk menghasilkan serbuk vaksin yang berkualitas. Teknik pengeringan yang digunakan meliputi : spray drying, freeze drying dan vacuum drying. Formula vaksin yang disiapkan sebanyak 6 sampel dengan kode A sampai F yang merefleksikan komposisi bahan pengisi dan teknik pengeringan. Serbuk vaksin dikarakterisasi secara fisik, kimia dan potensi antigenik serta dilakukan uji stabilitas dipercepat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengeringan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan pH dan potensi antigenik vaksin. Kombinasi trehalosa dan mannitol tidak memberikan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap pH dan potensi relatif vaksin kering. Vaksin yang dikeringkan secara freeze drying dengan komposisi trehalosa: mannitol 7:3 menunjukkan potensi relatif secara in vitro sebesar 97,78 dan in vivo 35,6 serta berpotensi untuk dikelola di luar sistem rantai dingin.

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Vaccination is a preventive health measure against the transmission of infectious diseases, especially by bacteria and viruses. Hepatitis B vaccines are available in the market in the form of liquid suspensions that is heat sensitive. The study was conducted to produce the hepatitis B vaccine formula which can be managed out of the cold chain system. Optimization of the drying instrument indicates that liquid vaccine formula can be dried and monitored to produce quality vaccines powder. Drying techniques used include spray drying, freeze drying and vacuum drying. Vaccine formulas were prepared as much as 6 samples with codes A through F, which reflects the composition of fillers and drying techniques. The powder vaccine was characterized by physical, chemical and antigenic potential as well as an accelerated stability test.

The results showed that the drying technique affecting the decrease of pH and the potential of antigenic vaccine. The combination of trehalose and mannitol did not provide a significant difference to the pH and the relative potency of dried vaccine. The vaccine which was dried by freeze drying with the composition of trehalose mannitol 7 3 showed the relative potency in vitro at 97,78 and in vivo at 35,6 and has an opportunity to be managed out of the cold chain system."

"Pruatjan (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant which is categorized as endangered plant and included in Appendix I based on CITES. The in vitro conservation techniques have been studied. However, the storage period was very short (4 months) when plant growth retardant and media dilution were applied. Beside that, the residual effect of growth retardant was strong enough so that it needed more than 4 months for recovery. Thus, the use of certain carbon source may prolong the preservation period with shorter time for recovery. The objective of the study was to know the effects of carbon sources (sucrose and mannitol) and culture conditions (culture room and growth chamber) to the growth of pruatjan cultures. This application was hoped to prolong preservation period of pruatjan longer than 4 months and to cut the recovery period after presservation. The study was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory in Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development from August 2006 to July 2007. The activities included propagation of in vitro shoot grown in vitro as explants source, preservation of in vitro shoots of pruatjan, and regeneration of the cultures after preservation. The experiment was designed as factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design with 6 replications. The DKW basal media containing 1 ppm BA, 0.2 ppm thidiazuron, and 100 ppm arginine were supplemented with mannitol or sucrose at the level of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. The observed variables were total number of leaves, number of shoot, and number of wilt leaves. The result revealed that pruatjan cultures could be stored longer than 4 months. Generally, the effect of mannitol or sucrose was more dominant than that of cultures condition. The mannitol (1-5%) strongly inhibited the growth of pruatjan cultures so that only a few cultures survived at 7 months preservation period and needed about 1 month for recovery. On the contrary, the effect of sucrose (at the same level) was better than mannitol. The 2.5% sucrose optimally inhibited pruatjan cultures. At that condition, the cultures could be stored for 10 months withoutmorphological changes so that they could recover spontaneously."

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Doksorubisin merupakan obat kemoterapi yang efektif. Namun, dalam kerjanya, doksorubisin menghasilkan reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang bersifat hepatotoksik. Moringa oleifera merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki potensi hepatoproteksi dengan kandungan senyawa fenolik dan flavonoidnya yang merupakan antioksidan dan antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek hepatoproteksi ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera (MO) melalui kadar GGT, bilirubin, dan albumin serum. Ketiga parameter ini merupakan biomarker diagnostik dan keparahan kerusakan hati yang dapat dideteksi pada plasma darah. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel plasma darah tikus tersimpan. Sebanyak 24 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan dirandomisasi ke dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok pertama adalah kontrol (Normal) yang diinjeksi NaCl. Ketiga kelompok lainnya diberikan injeksi doksorubisin 4 mg/kgBB/minggu (Dox) atau doksorubisin 4 mg/kgBB/minggu dan MO-200 mg/kgBB/hari (Dox + MO 200) atau doksorubisin 4 mg/kgBB/minggu dan MO-400 mg/kgBB/hari (Dox + MO 400), selama 4 minggu. Pada akhir minggu keempat, tikus dimatikan, lalu darah diambil, disentrifugasi, dan plasma disimpan. Plasma darah tikus tersebut digunakan di penelitian ini untuk dilakukan analisis kadar GGT, bilirubin, dan albumin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok Dox mengalami kerusakan hati yang ditunjukkan oleh peningkatan kadar bilirubin serum secara signifikan. Kadar GGT serum meningkat dan kadar albumin menurun namun tidak signifikan. Kelompok Dox + MO 200 menunjukkan penurunan kadar bilirubin secara bermakna, dan Dox + MO 400 menunjukkan penurunan kadar GGT secara bermakna, sedangkan kadar albumin tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada keempat kelompok. Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak Moringa oleifera dosis 200 mg/kgBB dan 400 mg/kgBB menunjukkan potensi dalam melindungi hati dari toksisitas doksorubisin.

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Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapy drug but can lead to hepatotoxicity due to the generation of ROS. Moringa oleifera, rich in flavonoid and phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is a potential hepatoprotective agent. This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MO) on doxorubicin through GGT, bilirubin, and albumin levels, which serve as diagnostic biomarkers for liver damage. This study utilized stored rat plasma samples. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups. The first group (normal control) received NaCl injections. The other three groups were administered doxorubicin at 4 mg/kgBW/week (Dox) or doxorubicin at 4 mg/kgBW/week along with MO at 200 mg/kgBW/day (Dox+MO-200) or doxorubicin at 4 mg/kgBW/week along with MO at 400 mg/kgBW/day (Dox+MO-400) for four weeks. At the end of the fourth week, the rats were euthanized, blood was collected, centrifuged, and plasma was stored. The rat plasma samples were used for analyzing GGT, bilirubin, and albumin levels in this study. The results showed that the Dox group exhibited liver damage as indicated by a significant increase in serum bilirubin levels. Serum GGT levels increased, and albumin levels decreased, although not significantly. The Dox+MO-200 group showed a significant decrease in bilirubin levels, and the Dox+MO-400 group showed a significant decrease in GGT levels. No significant differences were observed in albumin levels among groups. From these results, it can be concluded that MO at doses of 200 mg/kgBW and 400 mg/kgBW demonstrated potential in mitigating doxorubicin-induced liver damage.

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"Mathematical concepts and methods in modern biology offers a quantitative framework for analyzing, predicting, and modulating the behavior of complex biological systems. The book presents important mathematical concepts, methods and tools in the context of essential questions raised in modern biology.Designed around the principles of project-based learning and problem-solving, the book considers biological topics such as neuronal networks, plant population growth, metabolic pathways, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. The mathematical modeling tools brought to bear on these topics include boolean and ordinary differential equations, projection matrices, agent-based modeling and several algebraic approaches. Heavy computation in some of the examples is eased by the use of freely available open-source software."