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"Given the rapid evolution of radiological imaging in the past four decades, medical image processing nowadays is an essential tool for clinical research. Applications range from research in neuroscience, biomechanics and biomedical engineering to clinical routine tasks such as the visualization of huge datasets provided by modern computed tomography systems in radiology, the manufacturing of patient-specific prostheses for orthopedic surgery, the precise planning of dose distributions in radiation oncology, the fusion of multimodal image data for therapymonitoring in internal medicine, and computer-aided neurosurgical interventions."

"Revised and updated for its Fourth Edition, Aunt Minnie's Atlas and Imaging-Specific Diagnosis is an excellent study tool for the oral radiology board examination. It features more than 360 cases and over 1,000 images, divided by region, that follow a standard format: images, history, findings, diagnosis, discussion and "Aunt Minnie's Pearls," which reinforce the key features of each case while providing a quick review of salient points. The cases represent all modalities and cover all subspecialties tested on the oral boards.This edition contains new classic cases and online access containing all the cases from the book plus additional cases"

"Most books discuss general and broad topics regarding molecular imagings. however, Ultrasmall lanthanide oxide nanoparticles for biomedical imaging and therapy, will mainly focus on lanthanide oxide nanoparticles for molecular imaging and therapeutics. multi-modal imaging capabilities will discussed, along with up-converting FI by using lanthanide oxide nanoparticles. the synthesis will cover polyol synthesis of lanthanide oxide nanoparticles, surface coatings with biocompatible and hydrophilic ligands will be discussed and tem images and dynamic light scattering (dls) patterns will be provided. various techniques which are generally used in analyzing the synthesized surface coated nanoparticles will be explored and this section will also cover ft , ir analysis, xrd analysis, squid analysis, cytotoxicity measurements and proton relaxivity measurements. in vivo mr images, ct images, fluorescence images will be provided and therapeutic application of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles will be discussed. finally, future perpectives will be discussed. that is, present status and future works needed for clinical applications of lanthanide oxide nanoparticles to molecular imagings will be discussed."

"Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membuat perangkat lunak simulasi penyinaran radiografi dengan metode ray tracing menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Python. Metode ray tracing dilakukan dengan menghitung intensitas yang diterima detektor setelah melewati suatu materi dan mengalami atenuasi. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan memodelkan fantom TOR 18FG sebagai objek penyinaran. Merancang dan membuat modul simulasi penyinaran monoenergi pada energi 50 keV dan melakukan validitas terhadap perangkat lunak dengan membandingkan citra hasil simulasi dengan citra referensi kemudian menghitung persentase kesalahannya pada geometri dengan perhitungan statistik Mean Absolute Error (MAPE) dan nilai kontras citra dengan perhitungan statistik Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAE). Pada validasi geometri, persentase kesalahan absolut perangkat lunak sebesar 4,082%. Sedangkan pada validasi nilai kontras, besar kesalahan absolut perangkat lunak sebesar 27,5%. Hasil dari penelitian ini, didapatkan perangkat lunak sederhana yang menyajikan pemodelan penyinaran dengan metode ray tracing dalam bentuk GUI yang dapat menginput nilai intensitas awal berupa jumlah foton dan menghasilkan output berupa citra fantom dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi secara geometri, tetapi tingkat akurasi secara nilai kontras masih rendah.

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In this study aims to design and manufacture radiographic irradiation simulation software using the ray tracing method using the Python programming language. The ray tracing method is performed by calculating the intensity received by the detector after passing through a material and experiencing attenuation. This research begins by modeling the TOR 18FG phantom as an irradiating object. Designing and manufacturing a monoenergy irradiation simulation module at 50 keV energy and validating the software by comparing the simulated image with a reference image and then calculating the percentage error in the geometry by calculating the Mean Absolute Error (MAPE) and the contrast value of the image by calculating the Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAE). In geometry validation, the software absolute error percentage is 4.082%. Whereas in the validation of contrast values, the software absolute error is 27.5%. The results of this study, obtained simple software that presents irradiation modeling with the ray tracing method in the form of a GUI that can input the initial intensity value in the form of the number of photons and produces an output in the form of a phantom image with a high degree of accuracy in terms of geometry, but the level of accuracy in terms of contrast value is still low."