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"This reference handbook is the first to provide a comprehensive overview, systematically characterizing all known transporters involved in drug elimination and resistance. Combining recent knowledge on all known classes of drug carriers, from microbes to man, it begins with a look at human and mammalian transporters. This is followed by microbial, fungal and parasitic transporters with special attention given to transport across those physiological barriers relevant for drug uptake, distribution and excretion. As a result, this key resource lays the foundations for understanding and investigating the molecular mechanisms for multidrug resistance in cancer cells, microbial resistance to antibiotics and pharmacokinetics in general."

"This is a comprehensive guide to drug transporters that influence the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs in the body. The development of powerful expression cloning and genome analysis techniques has facilitated the molecular identification and characterization of numerous transporters that play a crucial role in drug disposition. Explaining the principles of drug transport and the associated techniques, "Drug transporters : molecular characterization and role in drug disposition": provides a comprehensive overview of drug transporters; and, includes specific descriptions of transporter families, including substrate and inhibitor specificity, subcellular and tissue localization, mechanisms governing transport, species differences, the clinical implications of these transporters in human physiology and disease, and their role in drug distribution, elimination, and interactions in drug therapy.It describes transporter-mediated drug disposition, a newly emerging field in drug therapy. It gives a comprehensive summary of drug transport across biological membranes in the liver, brain, kidney, and intestine."

"Niosomes are non ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential application in the delivery of hydrophobic or amphilic drugs. We developed proniosomes, a dry formulation using a maltodextrin as a carrier coated with non ionic surfactant, which can be used to produce niosomes within a minutes by addition of hot waterfollowed by agitation. A novel method is reported here for rapid preparation of proniosomes with wide range of surfactant loading. Maltodextrin DE 5-10 was hidrolyzed from tapioca starch using Thermamyl L 120 da Novo at 85o C. The result from SEM analyses shown that proniosomes appear very similar to the maltodextrin, but the surface was more smooth. Niosome suspensions which was observed under the optical microscopy and particle size analyzer were evaluated asdrug carrier using ibuprofen as a model. The result provide an indication of maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch are potentialy carrier in the proniosome preparation which can be used for producing niosomes. "

"Liposom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa obat berbentuk vesikel yang dapat mengenkapsulasi siprofloksasin HCl dan berpotensi untuk memgatasi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Multidrug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat liposom siprofloksasin HCl unilamellar yang steril dengan metode sterilisasi filtrasi. Metode hidrasi lapis tipis yang digunakan akan menghasilkan liposom Multilamellar Vesicle (MLV). Liposom MLV yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengecilan ukuran partikel secara ekstrusi melewati membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm sebanyak 1 siklus dan disterilisasi secara filtrasi dengan membran selulosa asetat 0,22 μm sebanyak 5 siklus untuk mendapatkan liposom unilamellar yang kecil. Suspensi liposom steril yang didapat kemudian dipisahkan secara sentrifugasi dandiuji sterilitasnya pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah. Efisiensi penjerapan liposom menurun seiring dengan proses ekstrusi melewati membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dimana mengalami penurunan efisiensi penjerapan berturut-turut sebesar 71,46%, 33,94%, 30,37% pada liposom formula I dan liposom formula II sebesar 90,96%, 44,83%, 36,11%. Proses ekstrusi dengan membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dapat menghasilkan ukuran liposom yang kecil, namun belum dapat menyerupai ukuran pori membran. Selain itu, penambahan asam oleat cenderung meningkatkan ukuran diameter liposom. Liposom siprofloksasin HCl yang dihasilkan terbukti tidak steril setelah diujikan pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah.

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Liposome is a vesicular drug delivery system that able to encapsulate ciprofloxacin HCl, and have potential to cure an infection that caused by Multi Drug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This study aimed to produce sterile and unilamellar ciprofloxacin HCl liposome usingfiltration sterilization method. Thin-film hydration method will be use to produce Multilamellar Liposome Vesicle (MLV). Later, the MLV liposome, will going through a particle size reduction using extrusion method through polycarbonate membrane (pore size 0.45 μm) for 1 cycle and being sterilized by filtration through cellulose acetate membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) for five cycles to get the small unilamellar liposome. The sterile liposome suspension is separated using centrifugation method and its sterilities will be test on medium thioglychollate fluid and blood agar plate. The entrapment efficiency of liposome decrease along the extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane, of which the entrapment efficiency decreased respectively by 71.46%, 33.94%, 30.37% for formula I and 90.96%, 44.83%, 36.11% for formula II. The extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane can produce the small size liposome, but still can not reach the average diameter of membrane pore size. Moreover, mostly the addition of oleic acid will increase the diameter size of liposome. Ciprofloxacin HCl liposome is proved to be unsterile according to the sterility test in fluid thioglycollate medium and blood agar plate."

"Apotek online BPJS merupakan layanan terbaru dari BPJS untuk membantu masyarakat peserta BPJS dalam mendapatkan obat-obatan secara mudah. Unit Farmasi Rawat Jalan RSUI dalam melakukan klaim obat kronis pasien BPJS dengan pemberian selama 7 hari menjadi satu paket pembayaran INA CBG dan untuk 23 hari dibayarkan dengan tarif apotek online BPJS. Proses pengadaan obat Formularium Nasional yang dilakukan oleh RSUI tidak selalu mendapatkan harga beli yang lebih murah atau sama dengan tarif apotek online BPJS. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan perbandingan harga pembelian obat Formularium Nasional RSUI dengan harga obat Apotek online BPJS pasien rawat jalan periode Mei- Juni 2023 sehingga dengan data ini RSUI dapat meminimalisir kerugian dari harga beli obat yang terlalu mahal dibandingan dengan tarif apotek online BPJS. Tugas khusus ini menggunakan metode deskriptif observasional dengan metode pengumpulan data retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder yang di dapat dari sistem informasi rumah sakit dan juga dari aplikasi apotek online. Berdasarkan hasil analisa data perbandingan harga beli RSUI dengan harga apotek online yang dilakukan, didapatkan obat kategori lebih mahal mendapat persentase tertinggi yaitu sebesar 77%, kemudian obat kategori sama 15 % dan lebih murah 8%. Ini dapat menggambarkan bahwa mayoritas obat Formularium Nasional di RSUI memiliki harga beli yang mahal dibandingkan dengan tarif klaim dari apotek online BPJS. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kerugian kepada pihak rumah sakit. Sehingga perlu dilakukannya perbaikan harga beli obat Formularium Nasional oleh RSUI.

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BPJS online pharmacy is the latest service from BPJS to assist BPJS participants in obtaining medicines easily. RSUI Outpatient Pharmacy Unit in claiming chronic drugs for BPJS patients with 7 days of administration into one INA CBG payment package and for 23 days paid at the BPJS online pharmacy rate. The National Formulary drug procurement process carried out by RSUI does not always get a purchase price that is cheaper or the same as the BPJS online pharmacy rate. For this reason, it is necessary to compare the purchase price of RSUI National Formulary drugs with the price of BPJS online pharmacy drugs for outpatients for the May-June 2023 period so that with this data RSUI can minimize losses from buying drugs that are too expensive compared to BPJS online pharmacy rates. This special assignment uses descriptive observational methods with retrospective data collection methods using secondary data obtained from hospital information systems and also from online pharmacy applications. Based on the results of data analysis of the comparison of RSUI purchase prices with online pharmacy prices carried out, it was found that the more expensive category of drugs got the highest percentage of 77%, then the same category of drugs 15% and cheaper 8%. This can illustrate that the majority of National Formulary drugs at RSUI have expensive purchase prices compared to the claim rates from BPJS online pharmacies. This can result in losses to the hospital. So it is necessary to improve the purchase price of National Formulary drugs by RSUI."

"Penyimpanan obat merupakan salah satu standar pelayanan kefarmasian yang diaplikasikan di apotek menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 73 Tahun 2016. Kriteria yang perlu diperhatikan terkait dengan penyimpanan obat yaitu obat yang disimpan harus ditempatkan dalam kondisi yang sesuai untuk meminimalisir kontaminasi sehingga mutu dari suatu obat tersebut dapat terjamin. Penyimpanan obat yang baik dapat memudahkan dalam pencarian sediaan pada saat pelayanan kefarmasian. Penyimpanan obat yang tidak sesuai dengan standar yang ada dapat menimbulkan beberapa masalah, di antaranya yaitu sulit dalam melakukan penelusuran atau pencarian sediaan farmasi sehingga dapat memperlambat proses dispensing. Melihat permasalahan tersebut, maka dilakukan manajemen terkait dengan penyimpanan obat ethical di Apotek Kimia Farma 0267 Bintaro yang bertujuan untuk mengoptimalisasi manajemen penyimpanan obat ethical, dan mempermudah pencarian obat ethical sehingga waktu pelayanan obat pasien lebih cepat. Metode yang dilakukan ialah dengan mencatat obat-obatan atau vitamin yang belum memiliki tempat untuk disimpan, menyusun obat secara alfabetis di setiap kelas terapi yang sudah ada sebelumnya, dan membuat list atau menyantumkan daftar nama obat di tempat penyimpanan (lemari) stock obat guna mempermudah dalam pencarian, pengambilan, dan penyimpanan stock obat. Pengelolaan penyimpanan sediaan farmasi di Apotek Kimia Farma 0267 Bintaro dikategorikan berdasarkan kelas terapi, bentuk sediaan, obat khusus, dan kestabilan obat yang disusun berdasarkan alfabetis dan diberi label berwarna pada kotak obat guna memudahkan dalam pencarian obat dan membedakan satu kelas terapi dengan yang lainnya. Penyimpanan obat juga ditandai dengan sticker LASA dan terdapat daftar obat yang ditempel di pintu lemari kecil penyimpanan obat bertujuan untuk memudahkan pencarian stock obat.

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Proper drug storage is essential in upholding pharmaceutical service standards within pharmacies, aligning with the Indonesian Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 73/2016. This regulation aims to ensure that drugs are stored optimally, minimizing contamination risks and preserving their quality. Effective storage not only maintains medication quality but also streamlines pharmacy operations by facilitating efficient drug retrieval for dispensing. Failure to comply with storage standards can lead to challenges in locating and tracking medicines, resulting in delays in the dispensing process. Addressing these issues, Kimia Farma 0267 Bintaro Pharmacy has implemented strategic practices for ethical medicine storage, aiming to improve storage management and expedited patient services. The pharmacy utilizes a systematic approach involving recording unallocated medicines, arranging them alphabetically within therapy classes, and creating a comprehensive drug list within the storage area. Their storage management strategy categorizes medicines based on therapeutic class, dosage form, specific drug, and stability. These categories are organized alphabetically and color-coded on medicine boxes, simplifying drug retrieval and differentiation. The pharmacy also employs a "Look-Alike Sound-Alike" (LASA) sticker system and attaches a drug list to the storage cabinet door, further enhancing efficient drug stock searching. In conclusion, adhering to proper drug storage practices is crucial for maintaining pharmaceutical quality and expediting patient care. Kimia Farma 0267 Bintaro Pharmacy's strategic approach to drug storage management stands as a noteworthy model for optimizing pharmaceutical services through organized and efficient storage protocols."

"Successful delivery of biopharmaceuticals is a major challenge because their molecular properties lead to poor physical and chemical stability in the body and limited membrane permeability. Delivery technologies for biopharmaceuticals is the first single-volume reference to describe the strategies to overcome the main barriers for successful delivery of all major classes of biopharmaceuticals--peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and vaccines. With extensive case studies showing how the science has been put into practice."