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"Nanomaterials, substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size, have been added in recent years to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day-to-day life; in food packaging, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, odor-resistant textiles and household appliances. The extensive application of nanomaterials in a wide range of products for human use poses a potential for toxicity risk to human health and the environment. Such adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health have triggered the development of a new scientific discipline known as "nanotoxicity" - the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicity: From in vivo and in vitro Models to Health Risks provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by recognized experts in this emerging new field in toxicology. It discusses the safety evaluation of nanomaterials in foods, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics and other regulated products and its use in risk analysis for potential regulatory use. Topics covered include: biomarkers for nanotoxicity assessment nanotoxicity assessment by gene expression analysis in vivo and in vitro models for nanotoxicity testing mechanisms of nanotoxicity pharmakokinetics of nanomaterials nanotoxicity of foods including food processing, food packaging and food safety nanotoxicity of drugs including drug development and drug delivery nanotoxicity of cosmetics and consumer products health and environmental impact of nanotoxicity safety evaluation of nanomaterials regulatory impact of nanomaterials."

"This book addresses all the current, up-to-date developments in this scientific discipline. Liver is the chief metabolizing site in the body, and thus, it is a major target organ for drug and chemical toxicity. Therefore, hepatotoxicity is an important endpoint in the safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals.Contributions from leading investigators in hepatotoxicity research address current developments in this scientific discipline and discuss use of current cutting edge technology such as microarrays in hepatotoxicity thus providing a better understanding of hepatotoxins, their interactions and mechanisms of action."

"Infestasi Pediculus humanus capitis banyak terjadi di negara berkembang namun masih terabaikan. P. h. capitis telah menjadi resisten terhadap insektisida umum di dunia. Sebagai alternatif, diperlukan senyawa aktif yang berasal dari ekstrak tanaman yang dapat memberantas infestasi P. h. capitis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi toksisitas in vitro 6-paradol terhadap P. h. capitis dan mendeskripsikan mekanisme toksisitas tersebut yang dimediasi oleh pengamatan aktivitas enzim detoksifikasi dan perubahan ultrastruktur P. h. capitis. Stadium dewasa P. h. capitis dipaparkan dengan kertas filter yang ditetesi larutan 6 paradol (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 ppm) dan permethrin (1%). Perubahan ultrastruktur P. h. capitis diperiksa dengan scanned electrone microscope (SEM). Bioassay in vitro dilakukan selama 10, 20, 30, dan 60 menit. Aktivitas asetilkolinesterase (AChE), glutation-S-transferase (GST), sitokrom C-oksidase (COX) dianalisis menggunakan metode CDC (Centers for Disease Control). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, 6-paradol menyebabkan kerusakan yang serius (bentuk kepala, toraks, abdomen tidak normal, kerusakan spirakel di bagian abdomen, kerusakan lapisan kitin, serta kerusakan rambut sensori). Permethrin tidak menyebabkan perubahan ultrastruktur yang berarti. 6-paradol memperlihatkan toksisitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan permethrin. 6-paradol meningkatkan aktivitas AChE, GST dan COX. Permethrin meningkatkan aktivitas AChE, GST, dan COX. 6-Paradol bersifat lebih toksik dan lebih merusak ultrastruktur P. h. capitis dibandingkan permethrin melalui peningkatan aktivitas AChE, GST, dan COX.

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Pediculus humanus capitis infestation happens a lot in some developing country but still neglected. P. h. capitis has become resistant to common insecticides worldwide. As an alternative, bioactive compound from plant extracts are needed so that it can eradicate P. h. capitis. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of 6-paradol against P. h. capitis and to describe the mechanism of the toxicity which mediated by detoxification enzymes activity and changes in the ultrastructure of the headlice. Adult stage of P. h. capitis were exposed to filter paper that has been dripped with 6-paradol (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ppm) and permethrin (1%). Ultrastructural changes P. h. capitis was examined with scanned electrone microscope (SEM). In vitro bioassays were performed for 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome C-oxidase (COX) were analyzed using the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) method. As a result, 6-paradol caused serious damage (abnormalities in head, thorax, and abdomen, spiracle damage in the abdomen, chitin layer damage, and sensory hair damage). Permethrin did not cause significant ultrastructural changes. 6-paradol showed higher toxicity than permethrin. 6-paradol increases the activity of AChE, GST, and COX. Permethrin increases AChE, GST, and COX activity. 6-paradol is more toxic and causes more damage in the ultrastructure of P. h. capitis than permethrin by increasing the activity of AChE, GST, and COX."

"Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) pembuatan alas kaki berperan penting dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja di Indonesia, namun sayangnya peran UMKM tersebut masih belum diimbangi dengan perlindungan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) kepada para pekerjanya. Setiap hari para pekerja di UMKM pembuatan alas kaki terpajan dengan berbagai bahan kimia baik melalui inhalasi maupun dermal yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pernapasan, iritasi mata dan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait penggunaan bahan kimia pada pekerja di UMKM pembuatan alas kaki di Ciomas Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga UMKM pembuatan alas kaki di Ciomas – Bogor dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional dan menggunakan metode Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment dari Department of Safety and Health Malaysia Tahun 2018. Bahan kimia yang dianalisis dibatasi hanya untuk benzene dan toluene. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mix-method, di mana tahap rekognisi bahaya dan evaluasi pajanan melalui dermal dilakukan dilakukan secara kualitatif, sementara evaluasi pajanan melalui inhalasi dilakukan secara kuantitatif berdasarkan pengukuran personal air sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa level risiko bahan kimia melalui pajanan inhalasi termasuk kedalam level risiko moderat dan tinggi, di mana pajanan inhalasi yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan efek karsinogenik. Sementara melalui pajanan dermal masuk kedalam level risiko moderat, dengan efek kesehatan yang dapat terjadi yaitu, iritasi kulit dan mata. Tingginya pajanan yang diterima pekerja di UMKM alas kaki diperburuk dengan minimnya pengendalian yang dilakukan UMKM terhadap pajanan bahan kimia.

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Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) in footwear manufacturing sector contribute to provide jobs in Indonesia, but the role is still not balanced with the protection of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) for workers. Workers are daily exposed to extensive range of potential chemical occupational hazards either through inhalation or dermal which may lead to respiratory problem, eye and skin irritation. The research aimed to analyze health risks related to the use of chemicals among workers in MSME’s in footwear manufacturing. This research was conducted in three MSME’s in Ciomas - Bogor using cross sectional design and the Chemical Health Risk Assessment method by the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia Year 2018. The chemicals analyzed were limited to benzene and toluene. The data collection technique was carried out using mixmethod: qualitative method for hazard recognition and evaluation of exposure through dermal; and quantitative method for evaluation of exposure through inhalation, based on measurement of personal air sampling. The results showed that the level of risk of chemicals through inhalation exposure is included to the level of moderate and high risk, where high exposure can cause carcinogenic effects. While through dermal exposure is included to the level of moderate risk, with health effects that can occur, namely, skin and eye irritation. The high exposure received by workers in MSME footwear is exacerbated by the lack of control by MSMEs on exposure to chemicals."

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi virus dengue (DENV) masih endemis di Indonesia dan di banyak negara tropis. Hingga saat ini belum ada antivirus terhadap DENV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan antivirus dari tanaman Cassia alata Linn (CA) terhadap DENV-2 secara in vitro, in vivo, dan in silico.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dilakukan di Laboratorium LIPI dan Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI, 2017-2019. Penelitian in vitro menggunakan DENV serotipe 2 strain New Guinea C (NGC) dan sel Huh 7it-1. DENV diberi perlakuan ekstrak CA dan fraksi dan senyawa murni hasil isolasi dengan bebagai dan konsentrasi untuk menentukan nilai IC₅₀ dan CC₅₀. Penentuan nilai IC₅₀ dan CC₅₀ melalui uji fokus dan MTT secara berurutan. Selanjutnya dilakukan percobaan untuk menentukan mekanisme penghambatan pada tahapan reseptor, pre, post dan pre/post infeksi dari ektrak CA dan fraksinya. Uji efikasi ekstrak CA in vivo dilakukan pada model mencit Balb/c dengan melakukan pengukuran titer virus dengue, jumlah trombosit, leukosit, IL-6 dan IL-10 yang dilanjutkan dengan uji  toksisitas akut  ekstrak CA.  Dilakukan juga uji in silico untuk mengetahui interaksi antara senyawa dengan  protein DENVmenggunakan software Autodock 1.5.6.Hasil: Uji in vitro menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ ekstrak CA, fraksi heksan, etil asetat, butanol, dan air berturut-turut adalah 0,026; 0,004; 0,0013; 4,6; dan 2,5 mg/ml dengan nilai CC₅₀ berturut-turut adalah 208,9; 47,46; 57,2; 753,8; 311,33 mg/ml. Hasil uji mekanisme pada dosis 10 mg/ml, ekstrak CA, fraksi heksan dan etil asetat menunjukkan hambatan pada tahapan reseptor, pre, post dan pre/post infeksi yang lebih baik dibandingkan fraksi butanol dan etil asetat. Ekstrak CA dapat menghambat keempat mekanisme di atas dengan nilai >95%. Fraksi heksan dan etil asetat menghambat 100% pada post dan pre/post infeksi. Hasil uji in vivo dengan pemberian ekstrak 1 hari setelah infeksi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak CA dosis 0,2; 0,4; 1 g/kg bb menurunkan titer virus DENV-2 dan menaikkan hitung trombosit  secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok DENV-2 tanpa ekstrak . Ekstrak CA tidak  memberikan efek terhadap jumlah leukosit dan kadar sitokin IL-6 dan IL-10. LD₅₀ semu ekstrak CA > 15 g/kg bb. Aloe-emodin diisolasi dari ekstrak CA dengan metode kolom kromaografi. IC₅₀ senyawa kaempferol, emodin dan aloe-emodin  terhadap DENV-2 berturut-turut adalah  22,24; 42,47; 7,51 mg/ml, dan CC₅₀ terhadap Huh7-it 1 berturut-turut 68,28; 74,19; 68,28 mg/ml. Uji in silico  ketiga senyawa menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme penghambatan ekstrak CA yang paling stabil adalah terhadap protein NS5 (IL9K4) dimana diperoleh tingkat energi bebas (DG) terendah.Kesimpulan: Ekstrak CA menghambat DENV-2 secara in vitro dan in vivo. Selain menurunkan titer virus dengue, ekstrak CA juga  meningkatkan hitung trombosit, dengan mekanisme penghambatan in vitro >95% pada tahap pre, post, pre/post dan reseptor. Mekanisme penghambatan fraksi heksan dan EA terbaik pada post dan pre/post infeksi sebesar 100%. Ikatan paling stabil senyawa yang terdapat didalam ekstrak CA adalah ikatan dengan protein NS5.

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Background: Dengue virus infection (DENV) is still endemic in Indonesia and in many tropical countries. Until now there is no anti viral available against dengue virus. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral effects of Cassia alata Linn (CA) leaves on DENV in vitro, in vivo, and in silico.Methods: This research was carried out at Laboratories of LIPI, Department of Microbiology  FMUI, 2017-2019. In vitro tests of CA extract,fractions and isolated compound were carried out to determine the IC₅₀, CC₅₀  and the inhibition mechanism  at receptor, pre, post and pre/post infection stages. In vivo efficacy  of CA extract was tested in mice Balb/c model. Dengue virus titers, platelet, leukocytes and IL-6 and IL-10 in bloods were measured. Acute oral toxicity test was carried out to determine the LD₅₀ of CA extract.  Isolation of compounds was carried out  from CA extract. In silico test was carried out to know interaction test compound with DENV protein using Autodock 1.5.6 software.Results: The results of the in vitro test showed that  the IC₅₀ of CA extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fraction  against DENV-2 were 0.026; 0,004; 0.0013; 4.6; and 2.5 mg/ml and the CC₅₀ to Huh 7 it-1 were 208.9; 47.46; 57.2; 753,8; 311.33 mg/ ml, respectively. The results of the  mechanism study showed that at a dose of 10 mg/ml, CA extract, the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions  inhibited DENV-2 at the receptor stage, pre, post and pre/post infection which were better than the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. CA extract inhibited the four mechanisms above by more than 95%.  Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited DENV-2 100% at post and pre-post infection stages. In vivo test showed that  the administration of CA extract at doses of 0.2; 0.4; 1 g/kg bw 1 day after DENV-2 infection  significantly reduced virus titers and increased platelet counts compared to DENV-2 infected group only. CA extract did not affect the number of leukocytes and  cytokines of IL-6 and IL-10 back to normal which had been altered in  the DENV-2 group. LD₅₀ of CA extract was more than 15 g/kg bw. Aloe-emodin was isolated from CA extract used column chromatography. The IC₅₀ of  kaempferol, emodin and aloe emodin to Huh7-it 1, respectively were 22.24; 42,47; 7.51 mg ml, and the CC₅₀ respectively were 68.28; 74,19; 68.28 mg/ml. In silico study of the three compounds showed that the most stable inhibition mechanism of CA extract was on protein NS5 (IL9K4) which had the lowest free energy (DG) level.Conclusion: CA extracts have high inhibitory activity against DENV-2 in vitro and in vivo. In addition to reducing dengue virus titers, CA extract also increased platelet count, with in vitro inhibition mechanism >95% at the pre, post, pre/post and receptor stages. Hexane and ethyl acetate fractions inhibit DENV-2 100% at post and pre/post infections. The most stable bond of the compounds contained in CA extract is the bond with NS5 protein."

"Energi merupakan suatu komoditi utama yang menjadi penggerak kehidupan bagi hampir seluruh sektor kehidupan Namun adanya pandemi COVID-19 membuat distribusi kebutuhan energi mengalami perubahan dimana terjadi penurunan secara signifikan, namun untuk sektor energi terbarukan justru mengalami kenaikan terutama untuk saat ini. Geotermal merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang memiliki potensi sangat besar di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini terdapat dua skema model bisnis yaitu steam direct sales dan electricity sales yang penggunaannya terbagi pada dua jenis lingkup pengembangan yaitu reservoir dan PLTP. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan keekonomian dengan melihat nilai NPV, IRR, PBP, dan PI diketahui bahwa kedua skema layak untuk digunakan dalam pengembangan energi geotermal di Indonesia. Untuk mendukung hasil perhitungan keekonomian, dilakukan analisis resiko dengan menggunakan metode Monte Carlo terlihat bahwa kedua skema memiliki nilai derajat keyakinan terhadap nilai NPV, IRR, PI, dan waktu PBP yang memenuhi parameter. Dengan melihat analisis keekonomian dan didukung dengan analisis risiko, diketahui bahwa skema terbaik yang layak untuk dilaksanakan adalah skema steam direct sales karena memenuhi semua parameter keekonomian serta hasil derajat keyakinan terhadap nilai NPV, IRR, PBP, dan PI diatas 90% serta memberikan revenue yang cukup menjanjikan dibandingkan dengan skema electricity sales. Berdasarkan analisis sensitivitas terlihat bahwa harga jual listrik dan steam serta production capacity merupakan komponen paling berpengaruh pada penelitian ini.

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Energy is a major commodity that drives life for almost all sectors of life. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the distribution of energy needs, where there has been a significant decline, but for the renewable energy sector, it has increased, especially at this time. Geothermal is a renewable energy that has enormous potential in Indonesia. In this study, there are two business model schemes, namely steam direct sales and electricity sales, the use of which is divided into two types of development scope, namely reservoir and PLTP. Based on the results of economic calculations by looking at the NPV, IRR, PBP, and PI values, it is known that both schemes are feasible for use in the development of geothermal energy in Indonesia. To support the results of economic calculations, a risk analysis was carried out using the Monte Carlo method. Both schemes have a degree of certainty in the NPV, IRR, PI, and PBP values ??that meet the parameters. By looking at the economic analysis and supported by risk analysis, it is known that the best scheme that is feasible to implement is the steam direct sales scheme because it meets all economic parameters and results in the degree of confidence in the NPV, IRR, PBP and PI values ??above 90% and provides sufficient revenue. promising compared to the electricity sales scheme. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the selling price of electricity and steam and also production capacity are the most influential factors in this study."

"Mathematical models can be very helpful to understand the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. This book presents examples of epidemiological models and modeling tools that can assist policymakers to assess and evaluate disease control strategies. Contents: Development and Analysis of Models for Infectious Diseases; Application of Models to Real Disease Data; User-Friendly Modeling Tools for Public Health Policymakers. Readership: Researchers in mathematical biology, mathematical modeling, infectious diseases and complex systems."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan suatu pemodelan matematis, Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) yang dapat menggambarkan biodistribusi Nivolumab pada pasien. Penelitian ini menggunakan data biodistribusi dari 89Zr-nivolumab pada tikus humanized-Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu-PBL-SCID) atau tikus PBL. Kompartemen organ pada struktur pemodelan PBPK terdiri dari ruang vaskular, interstitial, serta endothelial. Parameter yang diestimasi adalah faktor modulasi laju transkapiler (MK) dan faktor modulasi laju pinositosis (F2) dari masing-masing organ, serta clearance dari plasma (CLePL). Setelah berhasil mendapatkan nilai parameter yang diestimasi, model PBPK akan ditranslasikan ke manusia untuk dianalisa nilai area di bawah kurva (AUCs) terkait toksisitas obat di dalam tubuh. Parameter yang tidak diketahui dalam model PBPK berhasil diestimasi dari data, ditunjukkan dengan visualisasi grafik dengan koefisien variasi dari parameter (%CV≤50%). Nilai parameter yang diestimasi adalah CLePL=5,56x10^-5 (%CV = 25,60%), MK=5,26x10^-1 – 4,27 (%CV=15,09% – 24,91%), dan F2=2,41x10^-2 – 4,31x10^-2 (%CV=23,84% – 29,55%) untuk hati; limpa; ginjal; dan jaringan otot. Studi simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dosis Nivolumab yang diinjeksikan akan meningkatkan nilai AUCs toksisitas obat pada setiap organ di dalam tubuh manusia. Pemodelan matematis telah berhasil dikembangkan dan mampu menggambarkan biodistribusi dari 89Zr-Df-nivolumab pada tikus.

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This study aimed to develop a mathematical model, Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) to describe the biodistribution of Nivolumab in patients. This study used biodistribution data from 89Zr-nivolumab in humanized-Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu-PBL-SCID) mice or PBL mice. The organ compartments in the PBPK modeling structure consist of vascular, interstitial, and endothelial spaces. The estimated parameter were the modulation factor of transcapillary flow (MK) and modulation factor of pinocytosis rate (F2) from each organ, as well as plasma clearance (CLePL). After successfully obtaining the estimated parameter values, the PBPK model will be translated to humans to analyze the value of the Area Under the Curves (AUCs) related to drug toxicity in the body. The unknown parameters in the PBPK model was successfully estimated from the data, shown by the visualization of the graph with the coefficient of variation of the parameters (%CV≤50%). The values of the estimated parameters were CLePL=5,56x10^-5 (%CV = 25,60%), MK=5,26x10^-1 – 4,27 (%CV=15,09% – 24,91%), dan F2=2,41x10^-2 – 4,31x10^-2 (%CV=23,84% – 29,55%) for liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle. The simulation study showed that increasing the injected dose of Nivolumab will increase the value of AUCs and drug toxicity in the human body. Mathematical modeling has been successfully developed and was able to describe the biodistribution of 89Zr-Df-nivolumab in mice."

"Infestasi Pediculus humanus capitis (kutu kepala) merupakan masalah kesehatan yang masih sering ditemukan di seluruh negara di dunia. Namun, penggunaan permetrin 1% telah dilaporkan mengalami resistensi di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan pencarian obat alternatif yang berasal dari ekstrak tanaman Cymbogon citratus (sereh). Sereh sendiri merupakan tanaman yang banyak ditemui di Indonesia. Kutu kepala stadium dewasa diberikan perlakuan ekstrak daun sereh dengan konsentrasi (0,15 mg/cm2, 0,3 mg/cm2, dan 0,6 mg/cm2) dan permetrin 1% yang dilarutkan pada kertas filter. Pengamatan pada bioassay in vitro diamati pada menit ke-10, 20, 30, dan 60. Aktivitas dari enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE), glutation-S-Trasnferase (GST), dan sitokrom C-oksidase (COX) dianalisis menggunakan metode CDC. Perubahan ultrastruktur kutu kepala stadium dewasa scanned microscope electron (SEM). Toksisitas ekstrak daun sereh lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang diperlihatkan dengan jumlah mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Esktrak daun sereh menyebabkan kerusakan yang masif pada ultrastruktur yang dapat diamati pada perubahan lapisan kitin pada toraks dan abdomen, rontoknya rambut sensori, dan spirakel yang membengkak. Permetrin 1% tidak mengakibatkan kerusakan yang masif pada kutu kepala stadium dewasa. Ekstrak daun sereh meningkatkan aktivitas enzim AChE, GST, dan COX secara tidak signifikan. Permetrin 1% meningkatkan aktivitas enzim AChE, GST, dan COX secara signifikan. Ekstrak daun sereh memiliki toksisitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan permetrin 1%

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Infestation of Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse) is a health problem that is still often found in all countries in the world. However, the use of 1% permethrin has been reported to experience resistance worldwide. Therefore, the search for alternative drugs derived from plant extracts of Cymbogon citratus (lemongrass) was carried out. Lemongrass itself is a plant that is widely found in Indonesia. Adult head lice were treated with lemongrass leaf extract with concentrations (0.15 mg/cm2, 0.3 mg/cm2, and 0.6 mg/cm2) and 1% permethrin dissolved on filter paper. Observations on in vitro bioassays were observed at 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. The activities of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and cytochrome C-oxidase (COX) were analyzed using the CDC method. Ultrastructural changes of adult-stage head lice scanned electron microscope (SEM). The toxicity of lemongrass leaf extract was higher than indicated by the higher number of head lice mortality. Lemongrass leaf extract causes massive damage to the ultrastructure which can be observed in changes in the chitin layer in the thorax and abdomen, loss of sensory hairs, and swollen spiracles. Permethrin 1% does not cause massive damage to adult head lice. Lemongrass leaf extract insignificantly increased the activity of AChE, GST, and COX enzymes. Permethrin 1% increased the activity of AChE, GST, and COX enzymes significantly. Lemongrass leaf extract has a higher toxicity than 1% permethrin"

"This book provides a timely overview of toxicogenomics, with special emphasis on the practical applications of this technology to the risk assessment process. Introductory sections are followed by a series of chapters highlighting practical and systematic applications of toxicogenomics in informing the risk assessment process, including the areas of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine toxicity, organ, specific toxicity, population monitoring, and ecotoxicology. The book concludes with approaches for the integration of this technology in safety evaluation studies, and an outlook on how toxicogenomics and complementary technologies can reframe the current risk assessment paradigm."