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"Pendahuluan: Peningkatan resistensi antibiotik global menjadikan kolistin sebagai pilihan terapi untuk infeksi bakteri pandrug resistant (PDR). Namun, karena efek nefrotoksiknya, pemilihan kolistin harus dilakukan secara hati-hati setelah diperoleh hasil uji kepekaannya. Sifat molekul kolistin yang kompleks menyebabkan uji kepekaan tidak dapat dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram atau mesin otomatis yang tersedia, sehingga diperlukan metode lain yang praktis dan dengan hasil yang baik.Metode: Sebanyak 120 isolat bakteri Gram negatif, terdiri dari Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, masing-masing berjumlah 30 isolat diuji kepekaannya terhadap kolistin. Metode uji menggunakan media CHROMagar Col-APSE dan sebagai baku emas digunakan metode broth microdilution (BMD). Hasil uji kepekaan dianalisis untuk mendapatkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio serta akurasi.Hasil: Ditemukan sebanyak 20 isolat yang resisten terhadap kolistin dari 120 isolat yang diuji pada media CHROMagar Col-APSE. Diantara 20 isolat yang resisten kolistin tersebut, hanya 10 isolat yang resisten kolistin pada uji kepekaan dengan metode BMD. Didapatkan nilai sensitivitas 100% (95% CI, 72,25 – 100), spesifisitas 90,91% (95% CI, 84,07 – 94,9), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 50% (95% CI, 29,93 – 70,07), Negative Predictive Value 100% (95% CI, 96,3 – 100), positive likelihood ratio 11 (95% CI, 9,04 – 13,38), negative likelihood ratio 0 (95% CI 0), dan nilai akurasi diagnostik 91.67% (95%CI, 85.34 – 95.41).Kesimpulan: Uji kepekaan bakteri Gram negatif terhadap kolistin dapat dilakukan menggunakan CHROMagar Col-APSE, dengan interpretasi dengan hati-hati. Bila hasil uji kepekaan bakteri Gram negatif terhadap kolistin ditemukan resisten berdasarkan CHROMagar Col-APSE, maka hasil tersebut perlu dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut menggunakan metode BMD.

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Introduction: The global increase in antibiotic resistance has made colistin a therapeutic option for infections caused by pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria. However, due to its nephrotoxic effects, the use of colistin must be administered carefully after susceptibility test results are obtained. The complex molecular structure of colistin renders susceptibility testing unsuitable using the disc diffusion method or automated systems. Therefore, alternative methods that are both practical and capable of delivering accurate and reliable results are required.

Methods: A total of 120 Gram-negative bacterial isolates, consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a total of 30 isolates were tested for susceptibility to colistin. The susceptibility testing was conducted using CHROMagar Col-APSE, with the broth microdilution (BMD) method serving as the gold standard. The results were analyzed to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy.

Results: A total of 20 colistin resistant isolates were identified out of 120 isolates tested on CHROMagar Col-APSE. Among these, only 10 isolates were confirmed as colistin-resistant by the broth microdilution (BMD) method. The analysis yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 72.25–100), specificity of 90.91% (95% CI, 84.07–94.9), positive predictive value (PPV) of 50% (95% CI, 29.93–70.07), negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% (95% CI, 96.3–100), positive likelihood ratio of 11 (95% CI, 9.04–13.38), negative likelihood ratio of 0 (95% CI, 0), and diagnostic accuracy of 91.67% (95% CI, 85.34–95.41).

Conclusion: Colistin susceptibility testing for Gram-negative bacteria can be performed using CHROMagar Col-APSE, with careful interpretation. When colistin resistance is detected in Gram-negative bacteria based on CHROMagar Col-APSE results, these findings should be further confirmed using the broth microdilution (BMD) method."

"Kelas Ktedonobacteria dari filum Chloroflexi terdiri atas sejumlah besar taksa yang tidak dapat dikultur, klona-klona gen 16S rRNA yang berasal dari lingkungan, dan sejumlah kecil taksa yang dapat dikultur. Tulisan ini mengulas temuan terakhir mengenai taksonomi dan ekologi kelas Ktedonobacteria dari filum Chloroflexi berdasarkan karateristik yang ditemukan pada biakan Ktedonobacteria dan analisis molekuler. Sejauh ini, mikroorganisme yang telah dikarakterisasi mencakup empat spesies dari tiga marga, yaitu Ktedonobacter, Thermosporothrix, dan Thermogemmatispora. Ketiga marga tersebut diusulkan untuk mewakili tiga famili, yaitu Ktedonobacteraceae, Thermosporotricaceae, dan Thermogemmatisporaceae, dan dua bangsa, Ktedonobacterales dan Thermogemmatisporales. Strain-strain Ktedonobacteria memiliki ciri-ciri umum gram-positif, bersifat aerob, menghasilkan hifa vegetatif yang bercabang, dan membentuk spora dengan cara pertunasan.

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The clas Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi is known to contain a large number of uncultured, environmental 16S rRNA gene clones, and cultured representatives are alimited number. In this review, recent findings on the taxonomical and ecological significance of the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi are discussed based on the findings from both the characteristics of the cultured Ktedonobacteria and molecular-based analysis. The microorganisms characterized so far include four species in three genera, Ktedonobacter, Thermosporothrix and Thermogemmatispora , and were proposed to represent three families, Ktedonobacteraceae, Thermosporotricaceae, and Thermogemmatisporaceae, and two orders, Ktedonobacterales and Thermogemmatisporales. Ktedonobacteria strains showed a common property of gram-positive, aerobic organisms that produce branched vegetative mycelia and form spores by budding."

""The founding objective of Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology is to provide a clear exposition of procedures routinely employed in the laboratory identification of microbial agents causing infectious diseases"--Provided by publisher."

"Summary: This new 13th edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content - and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory. A NEW section on clinical laboratory management. More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix. More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms."

"Summary:With its concise and readable style, this book offers coverage of the concepts, including advances in immunology and genomics, while also ensuring that students have the knowledge and mastery of the fundamentals necessary to understand the advances of the future. It explains microbiology, providing a strong foundation in the fundamental concepts"

"Glycyrrhizae Succus dan air yang terdapat di dalamObat Batuk Hitam akan mempermudah tumbuhnya mila'oorganismesehingga Obat Batuk Hitam tidak bisa tahan lama. Telah di:lakukan perielitian stabilitas mil'obio1ogik Obat Batuk Hitam de=an pengawet NiDagin dan Asam Benzoat.Femeriksaan stabilitas milobiologik dilakukan de -ngan menghiturig jumlah miioo.anis1e total yang, terdaçatdi dalam Obat Batuk 1-litam den-an mempergunakan perbenihanAgar tripton soya. Untuk pemeriksaan bakteri patogen Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella..dan Staphylococcus aureusdigunakan perbenihan perbenihan Agar Endo, Agar EMB, AgarSalmonella Shigella dan perbenihan gula-gula.Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa Obat Batul: -Hitam dent--an pengawet Nipagin 0,1% ; 0,15% dan 02% sesu -dali enam bulan masih memenuhi syarat. Demikian juga Obat -Batuk Hitam dengan pengawet Asam Benzoat 0,05% ; 0,1% dan0,15% sesudah enambulan masih memenuhi syarat.

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The Glycyrrhizae Succus and water contained in Potio

Nigra Contra Tussim will make the microorganism's growth

easier, that cause Potio Nigra Contra Tussim unstable.There

fore the study to determine microbiological stability of Po

tio Nigra Contra Tussim with Ni pagin and Benzoic acid .• as

reservatives have been done.

The observation of microbiological stability carried

out by counting the total microorganism contained in Potio

Nigra Contra Tussim using Tryptic soya agar medium • To

observe patogeni.cmicrooranism such as Escherichia coli,

Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus, the media

Endo agar, EMB agar, Salmonella Shigella agax and sugars

media have been used.

The result obtained showed Potio Nira Contra Tussim

containing Nipagin 00% ; 0,15% and 0,2% after six month

still qualified.

The Potio Nigra Contra Tussim that contained Benzoic

acid 0,05% ; 00% and 0,15% after six month also give the

same result"